Download Individual Differences

AGE
Age affects physical maturity which in turn, affects
performance:

Flexibility – Decrease with age.

Strength – Increases till fully grown.

Oxygen Capacity – Decreases with age.

Skill Level – Can improve with age.

Recovery from injury - Takes longer as get
older.
Age divisions overcome this problem.
PHYSIQUE/BODY TYPE
Somatotype may determine which sport you may find
easier or more difficult:
Endomorph
Wide hips, shoulders and high body fat. Suitable for
Weightlifter. Unsuitable for Weight bearing exercise
such as cross country running
Mesomorph
Broad shoulders with muscular arms and legs. Suitable
for a football player. Sprinter etc.
Ectomorph
Narrow shoulders and hips. Thin lean build with little
body fat. Suitable for Ballet dancer, a gymnast, long
distance runner etc. Unsuitable for Power/strength
sports.
TRAINING
Level of participation
The higher the level, the more training required
Available Time
Professionals have the most time available for
training because participation is their full time
commitment. Amateurs have to fit in a high level of
training with competing demands.
Available Funds
The more funds available, the better training will be,
e.g. better facilities and equipment, specialist
coaches, etc. .
Individual
Differences
Disability
Four categories: physical, mental, permanent, temporary
Facilities legally have to cater for disabled people:
Access (widened doorways, wheelchair access and
ramps), parking (disabled bays), provision (disabled
toilets, activities).
Sporting adaptations:
All sports can be adapted to cater for specific needs, e.g.
wheelchair basketball and football for the blind (ballbearing in ball)
Disability classifications:
Exist for all activities to make competition fair
Opportunities for disabled people are increasing # 400
took part in 1960 Olympics. In 2012 4,00 athletes took
part.
CULTURE
Positive Impact on Participation
Some ethnic groups are interested in certain sports,
which can encourage participation.
Negative Impact on Participation

Single sex rules

Strict dress code

Traditional values followed
Risk and Challenge
Some people participate in physical activity for the
element of risk or challenge.
OAA activities such as rock climbing and white water
rafting have challenges and risk.
Risk Assessment: Before activity assess the level of risk
and check there are no potential dangers
Risk Control: Its important to continue the activity
safely after initial assessment. This is the responsibility
of the participants (correct clothing, not wearing
jewellery), and organisers (e.g. correct warm up, not
mixing age).
GENDER
There are a number of physical differences between men
and women:

Physique –Women generally smaller and higher %
of fat.

O2 carrying capacity –Lower for women due to
smaller heart and lungs.

Strength and Power – Lower for women due to
less muscle mass.

Hormone Imbalance –Affects women due to
menstruation.

Metabolic rate –Lower for females due to higher
% body fat and lower muscle mass.
Opportunities for females are increasing
Activity Levels
Competitive or Recreational
Competitive activities require a higher level of
commitment due to training and competition.
Professional competitors focus on their sport/activity full
time.
Performance Level
As the level increases, more commitment is required.
Individual Factors
May influence the demands placed on them, e.g. age –
younger people tend to have more time available for
participation.
Benefits to the Participant
The level of participation affects the benefits received,
e.g. health benefits of high level competition are greater
than infrequent recreation.
Environment
Weather: Affect ability to train
Pollution: High levels of pollution are serious health risk.
Altitude: Living and training at high altitude can be
advantageous, particularly for endurance events.
Humidity: High levels of humidity and heat make it difficult
to keep the body cool and increase dehydration
Terrain: Some sports require a specific landscape, e.g. skiers
What is fatigue? A state of extreme
tiredness resulting from extreme
exertion; can be physical or mental
What is stress? The body’s reply to a
change requiring physical, mental or
emotional adjustment
Consequences of Fatigue
• Muscular fatigue can cause
you to have to stop the
activity completely
• Decline in concentration levels
• Make mistakes
• Incorrect execution of
techniques
• Can lead to injury if you don’t
stop
Consequences of Stress
• Aggression
• Increased arousal
• Muscle tightness (caused
by excitement, suspense
or nervousness)
• Decline in motivation
Injury
Boredom/Tedium
Participants who get
bored during training or
practice are less likely
to achieve in their sport
Fatigue and Stress
Who experiences stress?
More commonly
experienced by individual
performers due to increased
focus on that person, but
also experienced in team
games.
Link between Stress
and Anxiety
Feelings of anxiety can
increase tension and
agitation
Negative feedback/Criticism
Participants that are fatigued may
appear to spectators to not be
putting enough effort in, and are
subject to criticism
How can Injury be prevented?
•
Carry out and follow a risk
assessment
•
Carry out a warm-up
•
Enforce and follow code of
conduct
•
Wear the
correct safety
equipment/
clothing
The Demands of Performance
Abide by the Rules
Players should ensure that
they follow the rules of
their sport to help prevent
injury to others.
There are specific rules for
safety, e.g. no slide tackling
in rugby.
‘Play Safe’ policies in
schools are in place to
ensure activities are taught
in line with safety
legislation.
Clothing
Most sports have a kit that must be worn for
competition, but any suitable clothing can be
worn to training.
Health, Safety
and WellBeing of
Others
Lifting and Carrying
It is important to use the correct
technique when lifting or carrying
to avoid injury.
Bend the knees, keep the back
straight and keep the object close
to your body.
If something is too heavy to carry
on your own, get help
Causes of Injury
• Incorrect execution of technique can lead
to injury to the individual or their
opponent, e.g. going in for a sliding tackle.
• Overuse injuries caused by over training,
e.g. tennis elbow.
• Sudden injuries caused by movements
such as stretching and twisting, e.g.
damage to ACL during a netball pivot.
• Foul play from the opponent, e.g. pulling
shirt
• Impact injuries, e.g. with equipment or
playing surface
• Equipment/clothing: faulty equipment or
badly fitting clothing, e.g. football boots
causing blisters.
• Accidents: accidents occur, despite
precautions to try to prevent them.
Footwear
Some sports require specific
footwear to be worn for safety
and practicality:
Athletics: track runners must
wear spiked shoes
Games: studs need to be worn
on grass to prevent player
slipping
Gymnastics: no footwear
required
Some sports have specific requirements, e.g.
loose clothing can not be worn during
trampolining in case it gets caught, and outdoor
adventure activities may require warm,
waterproof clothing to be worn to prevent
getting too cold, etc.
Rules Relating to Sport and
Equipment
Equipment
Almost all sports require
safety equipment to be
worn.
e.g. ice hockey players
must wear a helmet,
gloves and pads
Functions
•
•
•
•
Cardiovascular Endurance:
Transports nutrients and waste
Delivers oxygen to the working muscles
Removes heat (temperature regulation)
Dilutes/carries away lactic acid (acidic
balance)
The ability of the heart, blood vessels, blood and respiratory system to supply
oxygen and fuel to the muscles at a steady rate for a considerable length of time.
Effects of Exercise
• Increase in breathing rate
• Increase in heart rate
• Increase in blood pressure
Testing CV Endurance
•
•
Veins
•
•
•
•
•
Carry blood to the heart (always deoxygenated apart from the
pulmonary vein which goes from
the lungs to the heart)
Have thin walls
Have larger internal lumen
Contain blood under low pressure
Have valves to prevent blood
flowing backwards
Arteries
•
•
•
•
Carry blood away from the heart
(always oxygenated apart from the
pulmonary artery which goes to the
lungs)
Have thick muscular walls
Have small passageways for blood
(internal lumen)
Contain blood under high pressure
Capillaries
•
•
•
•
Found in the muscles and lungs
Microscopic – one cell thick
Very low blood pressure
Where gas exchange takes place.
Oxygen passes through the
capillary wall and into the tissues,
carbon dioxide passes from the
tissues into the blood
Resting pulse rate – lower it is the
better your endurance
Pulse recovery rate – the quicker HR
returns to normal, resting rate, the
higher your endurance levels are.
Leisure and Recreation
Characteristics and Benefits of Leisure and Recreation
In recent years, there has been an increase in opportunities for leisure
time due to:
• Greater unemployment, giving people more free time.
•
Leisure time refers to the time left over after eating, sleeping,
school, work, etc. when you can choose what you would like to do.
•
Recreation refers to time to relax and enjoy yourself, and is a good
opportunity to do something active and healthy.
•
Physical recreation refers to participating for intrinsic rather than
extrinsic reward. For example, participating for health benefits.
•
Outdoor recreation refers to activities with an element of
challenge, such as climbing, caving and white water rafting, in
which you have to cope with the natural environment.
The leisure industry(local authorities and private clubs) have grown to
meet the increased demand for leisure provision.
•
Lifelong sports are sports that can be carried on throughout life,
such as swimming, and allow maximum benefit gained.
Specific ‘user’ groups have been identified and the leisure industry has
targeted their provision at them. For example, mothers and toddlers,
unemployed people and shift workers.
•
Being active during leisure time helps people to live a healthy
lifestyle.
•
Shorter working week, allowing people to finish work earlier and
therefore have more time in the evenings.
•
Advances in technology, such as labour-saving devices like
washing machines, allowing more time to be spent on leisure
activities rather than household chores.
Fairness and Personal and Social Responsibility
Etiquette in sport refers to taking part in the correct way and following
the unwritten rules.
Some examples are:
Kicking the ball out of play when a player goes down injured
•
•
Shaking hands with opponents before and after a game
•
Bowing to your opponent in certain martial arts
•
•
Respecting the official’s decisions
Adhering to the rules and the spirit of the game
This allows the games to be played fairly and safely.
The nutrients that make up a balanced diet are
shown in the ‘eat well’ plate below
Specific Diets
•
Maintaining a
balanced diet
Aerobic respiration
Carbohydrate loading – used by
endurance athletes, e.g. marathon
•
Occurs in the presence of oxygen
runners. Involves eating excess starch-
•
Glucose + Oxygen-  Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water
rich foods one week prior to an event
•
Used during sustained exercise
to increase glycogen stores in the
•
Constant supply of oxygen to the body is required
muscles. This helps delay tiredness by
providing a slow release of energy.
•
School Lunches
Anaerobic respiration
High-protein diet – used by
•
Occurs in the absence of oxygen
bodybuilders to gain muscle and lose
•
Glucose  Energy + Lactic Acid
fat. However, eating extra protein
•
Used during short bursts of exercise
does not directly add muscle and can
•
During anaerobic respiration oxygen is ‘borrowed’,
be difficult to digest
which is then ‘owed’ to the body – this is called the
Dietary Imbalance
Schools have to meet national nutritional standards for school lunches:
oxygen debt. It causes a build up of lactic acid in the
If you do not maintain a balanced diet, it could lead
•
Regular servings of quality meat and oily fish
muscles which causes pain. Completing a cool-down
to dietary imbalance:
•
A minimum of two portions of fruit and veg with each meal
•
allows the lactic acid to disperse.
Malnutrition – insufficient nutrient intake
•
Bread, cereals and potatoes regularly available
causing physical weakness
•
Maximum of two portions of deep-fried food per week
Obesity – overweight caused by overeating,
•
No fizzy drinks or confectionaries in meals or vending machines
•
leading to many health problems
•
Nutrient
What is it for?
Anorexia – self-starvation due to the fear of
gaining weight, usually occurring in females
Carbohydrates
Main source of energy
Whole-School Food Policy
•
Healthy eating is one component of the National
Healthy Schools Programme
•
Fats
Cheese, cream, meat, oils,
butter
Proteins
Important for growth and
repair of tissue
Animal products and plant
foods
Vitamins
Essential for good health
Fruit and veg
Minerals
A number of different
functions, required in small
amounts
Vegetables and meat
Lack of water leads to
dehydration
Water
Aids the digestive system
Cereals, wholegrain bread,
oats
themselves.
Healthy food and drink must be available across
the school day.
•
•
Whole-school approach is required, including
pupils, parents, staff and the community, in
order to successfully deliver the programme
After exercise:
•
We take in extra oxygen to replace the oxygen debt.
•
We expire carbon dioxide and other waste products.
•
We perspire to remove excess sweat and let heat
escape.
•
We excrete urine and faeces to remove excess water
and other waste products from lactic acid.
The Role of the Blood
•
Transport oxygen and glucose to working muscles for
respiration.
Works with the School Food Trust to support
schools in delivering this programme.
Simple carbs, e.g. glucose
and sugar
Complex carbs e.g. pasta,
bread and rice.
Major source of energy
The aim is to give children the confidence and
knowledge to make healthy food choices for
•
Which foods contain it?
The Recovery Period
Water/fluids
Fibre
•
Transports water, carbon dioxide and other waste
products away from working muscles.
•
Produces antibodies to fight infection.
•
Clot to seal open wounds
•
Regulate body temperature.
It’s easy to incorporate good exercise habits in
everyday life!
Here are some examples:
Fitness
The ability of the body to meet
the demands that are placed
upon it on a daily basis, without
stress
• Walk or cycle short distances instead of driving.
• Get off the bus one stop early.
• Take the stairs instead of the lift or escalator.
Balanced
Healthy
Lifestyle
Healthy
Active
Lifestyle
There are a number of factors which affect how much
physical activity different people do!
Type of job is a major factor. Jobs involving manual
labour or being on your feet all day will incorporate a
lot more physical activity compared to a SEDENTARY
office job
Health
Exercise
Mental,
Social,
Physical
Any form of
physical
activity
Strength
Speed
Strength is the ability of the muscles to exert force on an object.
There are three types:
1. Dynamic strength – strength required to support weight or exert force against an object ( kicking a football)
2.
Explosive strength – strength required for a short burst of movement (Sprinting , long jump take off or pushing a shot putt)
3.
Static strength – strength applied to a static object (holding a position on gymnastic rings)
Speed is the ability to move as fast as possible.
It is the combination of reaction time and movement time.
It is affected by strength and the percentage of fast twitch fibres.
Power
Power is the combination of maximum speed and maximum strength. Such as pushing the shot putt as far as possible.
Strength training increases power.
Cardiovascular
Endurance
Flexibility
This is the ability of the heart and lungs to function efficiently during endurance exercise.
Training can improve cardiovascular endurance.
Flexibility is the range of movement at a joint.
It can improve the effectiveness of a performance, reduce risk of injury and improve posture
Agility
Balance
Coordination
Reaction Time
Timing
Agility is the ability to move at speed, changing direction and speed
Balance is the ability to distribute weight evenly and remain in a steady and upright position
It is important for most sports, but more so in sports such as gymnastics.
It is linked to agility.
Coordination is the ability to produce a smooth movement by efficiently linking all parts of a movement together.
Good hand-eye coordination is required for some sports, e.g. darts and any sport that requires catching.
Reaction time describes the time taken for a response to occur after a stimulus.
It consists of a simple reaction time (reacting to something as it happens) and choice reaction time (deciding when to react after analysing a situation).
Timing is coinciding movements in relation to external factors
It is a combination of decision-making, reaction time and coordination.
Functions of Skeletal System:
•
Protection - the cranium and ribs protect the brain and
vital organs in the chest.
Shape - gives shape to the body and makes you tall or
short.
Support - holds your vital organs in place when playing
sport. The vertebral column holds the body upright.
Movement - muscle are attached to bones, which are
jointed. When the muscles contract the bones move.
Blood production - red blood cells (to carry oxygen)
and white blood cells (to protect against infection) are
produced in the bone marrow of some bones.
•
•
•
•
Synovial joints and Connective Tissue Functions:
•
•
•
•
•
Cartilage reduces friction. Acts as a shock absorber.
Synovial fluid lubricates the joint.
Synovial membrane produces synovial fluid.
Tendon joins muscle to bone enabling movement.
Ligament joins bone to bone, stabilising the joint
Name of
muscle
Function
Example in sport
Triceps
Extend the arm at the elbow
Press-up, throwing a javelin
Biceps
Flex the arm at the elbow
Pull-up, drawing a bow in archery
Deltoids
Move the arm in all directions at the
shoulder
Bowling a cricket ball
Pectorals
Adduct the arm at the shoulder
Forehand drive in tennis
Trapezius
Hold the shoulders in place, move head
back and sideways
Holding head up in rugby scrum
Gluteals
Adduct and extend leg at the hips
Pulling back leg before kicking a ball
Quadriceps
Extend the leg at the knee
Kicking a ball jumping upwards
Hamstrings
Flex the leg at the knee
Bending knee before kicking a ball
Gastrocnemius
Pointing the toes, help to flex the knee
Running
Type of
bone
Example
Function in sport
Latissimus dorsi
Adduct and extend the arm at the shoulder
Butterfly stroke in swimming
Long
Femur,
humerus
Movement - to generate strength and
speed
Abdominals
Flex the trunk across the stomach
Pulling the body down when hurdling
Short
Carpals, tarsal
Shock absorption - spreading load
Flat (Plate)
Ribs, cranium
Protection of vital organs, attachment of
muscles to help movement
Irregular
Vertebrae, face
Provide shape, protection
Movement
Description
Abduction
Movement away from the mid-line of the body
Adduction
Movement towards the mid-line of the body
Extension
Straightening limbs at a joint
Flexion
Bending the limbs at a joint.
Rotation
A circular movement around a fixed point
Muscles and Movement:
Muscles only provide one type of movement as they
can only pull and not push. All muscles work in pairs,
with one muscle pulling while the other relaxes, and
then vice versa. These are called an ‘Antagonistic Pair’.
The Prime mover muscle contracts to start a
movement. It is also known as the ‘agonist’.
The Antagonist muscle relaxes to allow movement to
take place.
Origin: the end of the muscle attached to the fixed
bone.
Insertion: the end of the muscle attached to the bone
that moves.
Muscle Contractions
Muscles contract when they work. If a
muscle contracts to create movement, it is
called an isotonic contraction.
An isotonic contraction can be concentric,
which is where the muscle shortens as the
fibres contract or eccentric, where the
fibres contract as the muscle lengthens.
When a muscle contracts with no resulting
movement, it is an isometric contraction.
Types of
Training
Interval training involves a short intense
work period followed by a rest period.
Advantage: good for game players because
you can mix aerobic and anaerobic exercise.
Disadvantage: can become boring.
Fartlek means ‘speed play’ and involves fast
and slow running over a variety of terrain or
hills. Its useful for individual sports, e.g.
athletics and team sports, e.g. football.
Advantage: can be easily adapted for
different sports and fitness levels.
Disadvantage: difficult to see how much
effort is being exerted.
Circuit training involves a number of
exercises set up at stations. It may
incorporate skills. It can be useful to
team sports, e.g. football, racquet
sports, e.g. tennis and individual sports
e.g. running. Advantage: varied, so
doesn’t get boring. Disadvantage:
requires a lot of equipment and time to
set up.
Sets
Oxygen levels are lower at high altitude
It increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
Warm Weather Training
British weather is unpredictable
And, therefore, athletes often train
Abroad in warm weather where
Training will not need to be cancelled.
In weightlifting, the number of times you move the
weights
In weightlifting, the number of times a weight activity
is carried out, e.g. a set of repetitions
Thresholds
The minimum heart rate that must be achieved in
order to improve fitness
Maximum Heart rate (MHR) = 220 - Age
Training Zone
The heart rate zone in which a training effect will
occur
Training
Session
Carrying out aerobic exercise at high altitude
Weight training uses resistance either by
weight lifted or the number of repetitions
the exercise is performed. It is useful for
sports which require strength, e.g. long
jump and rugby. Advantage: improves
muscular strength and tone. Disadvantage:
muscles can be sore after.
Continuous training is slow and steady
training. It is useful to improve aerobic
fitness in, for example, cycling, running,
and also for a sedentary adult who has not
trained for a period of time. Advantage:
doesn’t require much equipment.
Disadvantage: not useful for game players
because it doesn’t improve anaerobic
fitness.
Repetitions
Altitude Training
Training session is split into phases: Warm-up, Fitness
phase, skill phase and a warm-down.
Key Term
FIT
Specificity
Definition
Frequency – how often we train
Intensity – how hard we train
Time – the length of time we train
Matching training to the requirements of your sport
Progression
Making training gradually harder the fitter you are
Overload
Overloading your body by increasing the frequency,
intensity or duration of exercise
Reversibility
Rest
Recovery
Individual
Differences/Needs
Physical benefits gained from training will be reversed
when you stop
Recovery time
Allowing body tissues to recover and repair following
training or competition
Take into account a person’s body build / level of
fitness, the sport (and position played) and their
particular aims
Games
Outwitting opponents to
succeed in competition
e.g. Football, netball, hockey
Player/Performer
Gymnastics
Accurately repeating
movements, which
can be put together
to form a routine
Aims to improve
performance in a
particular sport or
activity by developing
good knowledge, skills,
tactics, positioning,
technique and
movement
e.g. handspring,
somersault,
cartwheel
Dance
Communicating ideas and
emotions through choreographed
routines to an audience
e.g. Ballet, ball room, street dance
Organiser
Responsible for bringing
everything together at
the right time and place.
Needs to have good
managerial and
organisational skills
Has a range of duties
including booking
facilities and managing
funds
Range of Physical
Activities
Give three
examples for each.
Athletics
A variety of track and field
events whereby athletes
compete in terms of speed,
height, distance, strength
or accuracy
e.g. hurdles, pole vault,
discus
Roles of
Participants
Leader/Coach
Specialises in a particular
activity or sport
Helps the
player/performer to
improve their
performance through
appropriate training.
Fitness and Health Activities
Exercising safely to improve
health, fitness and well-being
e.g. Aqua aerobics, yoga, Zumba
Official
Outdoor and Adventurous
Activities
Overcoming adventurous
challenges through problem
solving
e.g. rock climbing, canoeing, rafting
Responsible for controlling a sport or
activity, based on the rules and
regulations of the game
Ensures that the activity is played or
performed safely and fairly
e.g. referee, umpire, judge, marshal,
timekeeper
Influences achievement
of goals and behaviour in
sport.
Positive Effects
Peers
Family
Influences on
Physical
Activity
Participation
Gender
Negative Effects
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•
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Support your views and participation
Encouragement, e.g. watch you play
Listen to advice, e.g. your friend tells you its important
Admire/follow their example
Join in with them
•
•
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Go along with negative views of physical activity, PE lessons, etc.
Choosing not to be active because your friends aren’t
Not going to training when your friend doesn’t go
•
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•
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Role model: set a good example by being active
Financial support, e.g. buying new equipment
Provide transport for training and matches
Encouragement and motivation
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•
•
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Poor role model: set a bad example by leading an inactive lifestyle
Lack of financial support
Lack of social support/ encouragement
Pressure to focus on academic work
•
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Less of an issue than previous years
More opportunities for women to play same sports as
men
More opportunities for female roles within sport
•
Some gender differences do still exist, e.g. professional male football players
get paid more than professional female football players.
Role models: there has been
an increase in ethnic minority
participation in elite sport
•
Traditional views don’t always support participation, e.g. some religions
don’t encourage females to take part in PE due to clothing issues
Influenced by visibility of role models of a similar racial background, e.g.
there are few black people in sports such as tennis and golf compared to
football.
Incidences of racial abuse in sport
•
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Ethnicity
•
•
School Influences
National Curriculum
• Teaching PE is a legal requirement.
• Aims to improve health and fitness, provide a balance with other subjects by offering
a practical element, prepare pupils for physical activity post-school, provide
qualifications and teach the value of physical activity and sport in society.
• Opportunities for PE in school: timetabled lessons, extra curricular activities, clubs,
sports performance awards, links with local clubs and outside visits.
• Cross curricular links between PE and other subjects, e.g. Science, ICT and Maths.
• Consists of a variety of categories, such as games activities, dance and outdoor
adventurous activities.
National Healthy school Programme
• Long term initiative
• Aim: to help young people be able to make informed health and life choices
• Whole-school approach: everyone needs to be involved in order to successfully
achieve the aim, e.g. pupils, parents, staff and the community
• Four core themes:
1. Personal, social and health education (PSHE) – sex, relationship and drug education
2. Healthy eating – teaching healthy food choices and providing nutritious food and
drink
3. Physical activity – provide pupils with a range of opportunities for participation, and
teach why it is important
4. Emotional health and well-being – support provided for vulnerable pupils, bullying
and behaviour and reward policies in place, and confidential pastoral support
system available.
Organisations that provide increased opportunities for physical activity participation
Sport England
Sport England is a government agency which
aims to help people to ‘start, stay and succeed’
in sport, particularly focusing on priority groups.
Its main role is to provide funding a facilities, and
measure participation.
National Governing Bodies (NGBs)
NGBs are responsible for their particular sport.
They provide funding to support the
development of talented athletes and
competition at different levels. They also provide
support to coaches and officials in sport.
E.g. The FA (football), England Netball (netball)
Youth Sport Trust (YST)
YST aims to increase the participation of young
people in PE and school sport. It is responsible
for managing national school sport competitions,
as well as leadership and volunteering
programmes.
Dame Kelly Holmes Legacy
Aims to inspire young people to participate and
mentor them, using elite sport role models.
Extra Curricular
Provisions
Activity Range
Only traditional sports need to be
offered during PE lessons.
Extra curricular activities offer a wider
range of activities.
Activities can be recreational or
competitive.
English: speaking and listening skills and specialised
vocabulary
Mathematics: scoring, measuring distances and calculating
speeds
Science: biology and physiology links
Geography: orienteering, landscapes and weather
Club Links
Schools can
develop links
with clubs to
offer a wider
range of extracurricular
activities, e.g.
hockey,
basketball,
health clubs
and golf clubs.
Food technology: diet, nutrition and energy balance
Facilities
Citizenship: themes and values, such as trust,
responsibility, inclusion, respect, etc.
Some schools lack facilities,
while others are well
resourced and have extra
staff and facilities to offer
other activities.
Vocational Opportunities
Different roles that people
can adopt:
Outside Visits
Provides more
opportunities for
schools which lack
facilities, e.g. dry
ski slopes , ice
rinks, etc..
Performer, leader/coach,
organiser, or official
Sports performers: professional (sport is their full time job
and they get paid), amateur (they take part in the
sport/activity alongside their job, as a hobby and don’t get
paid), semi-professional (work but play sport in their spare
time for payment).
Open sports enable amateurs to get paid through
loopholes, e.g. sponsorship, expenses payments and
scholarships.
Careers: many opportunities, e.g. PE teacher, coach,
physiotherapist, manager, personal trainer, etc.
Attitudes of Staff
Further Qualifications
Attitudes, interests and abilities
affect what activities they offer.
BTEC, GCSE and GCE
A negative attitude to helping out
with after-school activities will
reduce the number of opportunities
available to pupils.
CrossCurricular
Links
PE Links with number of other subjects:
Sports performance awards (e.g.
leadership awards)
Proficiency testing and awards
(available through NGBs and
delivered by schools, e.g. swimming
awards that qualify people as
lifesavers
Extra Curricular
Provisions
International
Sport and
Events
Competitions
Examples of high profile events include football and rugby world cups,
cricket test matches, athletics world championships, formula One world
championships, Wimbledon, Super Bowl and the Olympic Games.
Advantages of hosting international sporting events:
•
Likely to make profit through sponsors, media rights and selling
merchandise.
What is it?
Advantages
Disadvantages
•
Facilities are updated / new facilities are built especially for the
event but can be used in the future.
Knockouts
One team plays
another.
The winner
progresses to
the next round
and loser drops
out of
competition.
Usually played
in rounds.
Darts is an
example
Ladders
Set number of
players/teams
on the ladder.
Challenge
people higher
up the ladder
to games and
take their place
if you win.
Combination
Can be
organised
quickly and
easily.
Competition is
over quickly if
you lose your
first game.
High numbers
can participate
due to drop out.
Qualifying
events or byes
may be required
to get the right
number in each
round.
Suited to racket
sports such as
squash,
badminton and
tennis.
Slow progress.
Can play as
many games as
you like.
For example
qualifying
leagues, and
winners’
progress to
further leagues
or knockout.
More than one
opportunity to
qualify.
The Football
World Cup is
an example
A large number
of teams can
participate.
Raising the profile/reputation of the host country worldwide.
Disadvantages of hosting international sporting events:
•
Security/risk of terrorist attack
•
Political protests or boycotts
•
Expensive to provide facilities and security
Science and
ICT in Sport
Only small
number of
participants can
take part.
Easy to run and
administer.
Combination of
some or all
types.
•
Its time
consuming.
‘Meaningless’
games may be
played where
teams have
already
qualified for the
next stage.
Developments in sport through the contribution of
science:
• Equipment: e.g. lighter rackets made of
fibreglass, Kevlar and Titanium instead of wood;
stronger pole vault poles made of fibreglass or
carbon fibre instead of bamboo; lighter cricket
pads made of high density compressed foam;
and lighter and aerodynamic bicycles.
• Materials: e.g. Lycra swimsuits which are more
streamlined, artificial pitch surfaces and
footwear made of a combination of natural and
synthetic material with increased strength and
flexibility.
• Facilities: e.g. purpose-built facilities for
gymnasts, indoor tennis areas to allow play to
continue when its raining, stadiums with
retractable roofs, air conditioning and humidity
control, and fitness gyms with significantly
updated equipment.
•
•
•
•
Developments in sport through the contribution of
ICT:
Storing, analysing and presenting large data sets
using computers.
Using software and hardware to record and
analyse performance, e.g. Dartfish allows
individuals to review their own performance
through video playback and ProZone, used by
professional football clubs, allows analysis of an
individual player, such as distance run and passes
made.
Performance aids, e.g. fitness monitoring devices
such as heart rate monitors, Hawk-Eye technology
used in tennis and cricket to track the trajectory of
the ball, and video officials used to support
referees’ decisions.
Interactive games and devices, such as games
consoles, allowing people to play interactive games
and improve their fitness.
How Can The Media Influence Performance and Participation?
Television
• One of the most powerful forms of media
• Increase in the amount of televised sport
when digital transmission was introduced
• Large numbers of channels dedicated to
sport are now available
• The government set rules regarding
events shown on TV, e.g. ‘listed events’
such as the FA Cup Final cannot be shown
exclusively on ‘pay per view’ or satellite/
cable channels.
Magazines
Newspapers
•
•
•
Often contain
sport stories
Increasing
number of
specialised
magazines in
specific sports
Have dedicated
sports section at
the back
Books
•
•
High standards of performance are shown – gives and example
of people to follow
•
Slow motion replays allow good points to be emphasised and
the viewer can learn from it
Radio
• Increase in the number of radio stations
broadcasting sport since the introduction
of DAB
• There are now a number of stations
dedicated to sport
• Cheaper to broadcast via radio than TV,
and cheaper and more
accessible/portable for listeners
•
Promotion of physical activity and its health benefits
Edited Coverage
•
Writers or directors can edit coverage so that an inaccurate
representation of the action is seen by the viewer
Different Types of Output
Information Technology
•
•
Lots of information available on CD-ROMS
and the Internet
Increasing number of sites on the Internet
broadcasting TV and radio
E.g. textbooks,
autobiographies,
novels
•
Informative – sports news
•
Educational – documentaries
•
Instructional – coaching DVD
•
Entertainment – live matches
Role Models
Role models are people that others aspire to be like, and should
therefore set a good example.
Range and Scope of Sponsorship
• Individuals: individual
sponsorship deals whereby
the athlete gets given money
to endorse a good, e.g.
wearing a specific brand of
footwear.
• Teams and clubs: payments
made to the team, and used
for equipment, kit etc.
• Sports: major sponsorship
associated with the sport to
promote leagues or
competitions.
• Events: big events such as
the Olympic Games attract
many sponsors because it
increases publicity
Sponsorship
Unacceptable Sponsorship
• Anything associated
with poor health, e.g.
smoking and alcohol
Advantages of
Sponsorship
Disadvantages of
Sponsorship
•
•
•
Financial support
for the athlete
Promotion of the
sport
•
•
Raise profile and
image of sport
•
Increased revenue
for the sponsor,
and gives them a
good image
Effects of Sponsorship
•
•
Provision of equipment,
clothing accessories,
facilities, transport/travel
Entry fees and expenses
paid, e.g. hotel bills
•
Sponsors may start
to dictate changes,
e.g. to the rules,
clothing, timings
etc.
Sponsors can
withdraw if the
image of the sport
is damaged
Difficult for
minority (less
well-known)
sports to get
sponsorship
How can role models shape attitudes?
•
The way in which they play, e.g. fairly, abiding
by rules or playing unfairly against the rules.
•
Setting trends
•
The way in which they conduct themselves in both
their sporting and private life.
How can role models influence participation?
•
By being an inspiration
•
By being successful through good performances
•
By representing a group, e.g. ethnic group, gender group or
disability