Download Chapter 1: A Geographic Perspective on History

UNIT
A Nation of Nations
1
40,000 B . C .– A . D . 1800
HISTORY
YOU
&
The Americas had long been the home to a rich variety of Native
American cultures. Hundreds of years ago, however, other peoples—–
Europeans and enslaved Africans—–set foot in what was to them a new
world. Together they created the United States of America—–a nation
founded on the promise of liberty and equality for all the diverse people
who have contributed to its success.
Historic America Electronic Field Trips
Independence Hall, also known as the Old State House in Philadelphia,
was the birthplace of the Declaration of Independence and the United
States Constitution—–the two documents that enshrine the rights and
freedoms enjoyed by all Americans. To learn more about the unique
role of Independence Hall in United States history, view video Chapter 7:
Independence Hall in Historic America Electronic Field Trips.
See pages 964–965 for
primary source readings
that accompany Unit 1.
NORTH AMERICA
c. 40,000 B.C. First migrants
arrive in North America.
c. 3400 B.C. Corn and beans
cultivated in the Americas.
40,000 B.C.
c. 35,000 B.C. Cro-Magnons
invent bow and arrow.
THE WORLD
x
c. 1500 B.C. People learn
metalworking techniques.
1 B.C.
c. 8000 B.C. Agriculture begins.
c. 3500 B.C. Sumerians
build first cities.
c. 551 B.C. Confucius
is born.
c. 566 B.C. Siddharta Gautama
(the Buddha) is born.
L A U R I E P L AT T W I N F R E Y I N C .
Native American art, such as this intricate Inca knife handle, shows the
complexity of the cultures that first inhabited the Americas.
A.D. 1607 Jamestown
settlement founded.
A.D. 1085 Anasazi build
pueblos in North America.
A.D. 1300 Cahokia is largest
North American community.
A.D. 1000
c. A.D. 33 Jesus dies
in Jerusalem.
A.D. 570 Muhammad is born.
A.D. 1570 Iroquois form
League of Five Nations.
A.D. 1789 George Washington
becomes first U.S. President.
A.D. 1775 American
Revolution begins.
A.D. 1400
A.D. 1215 Magna
Carta is signed.
A.D. 1492 Columbus
lands in the Americas.
A.D. 1800
A.D. 1522 Magellan’s crew
completes first world voyage.
A.D. 1789 French
Revolution begins.
1
LITERATURE
Castaways
B Y
A L V A R
N Ú Ñ E Z
C A B E Z A
D E
V A C A
Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca landed in present-day Florida in 1528, part of
an expedition that was to explore and claim territory for Spain. After losing
contact with their ships, the Spaniards found themselves stranded in a harsh
land with no supplies, among often hostile local peoples. Cabeza de Vaca and
3 others reached Spanish territory (in present-day Mexico) after an 8-year
odyssey; the 4 were the only survivors from a group of 300. This excerpt from
Cabeza de Vaca’s account of the expedition concerns an attack on the
Spaniards as they were crossing one of many lakes in Florida.
SUPERSTOCK/NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY
a poplar tree that had penIn view of this [the
etrated into it two handIndians’ aggression] the
breadths. All the Indians
governor ordered the
that we saw, from Florida
horsemen to dismount and
to here, use arrows; and
attack them on foot. The
they are so tall . . . they
auditor dismounted with
look like giants when seen
them, and they attacked
from a distance. They are
the Indians and they all
wonderfully handsome
fought together in the lake,
folk, very lean and exand so we forced our way
tremely strong and agile.
through. In this affray
The bows they use are as
some of our men were
Exploration European explorers approach the coast of
thick as a man’s arm and
wounded, and the good
Florida. Native Americans are gathered along the shore.
eleven or twelve handweapons they carried were
breadths long, which they shoot at a distance of two
of no use; and there were men that day who swore
hundred paces, so surely that they never miss anythey had seen two oak trees, each as thick as the lowthing. After we had made this crossing, a league farer part of a man’s leg, shot clear through by the Indither on we came to another that was very like it,
ans’ arrows. And this is not so much to be wondered
except for the fact that, as it was half a league wide,
at considering the strength and skill with which they
it was much worse; this one we crossed without hinshoot them, for I myself saw an arrow at the foot of
2
LITERATURE
LITERATURE
and find the sea, for the Indians said it was very close
drance and without attacks by Indians, for as they had
by: during this journey we thought we had discovered
used up all their supplies of arrows in the first enit because of a very large river that we found, which
counter, they had nothing left with which they dared
we named the Magdalena. In view of this, on the next
to confront us. On the following day, as we made anday I set off to find it, along with the commissary and
other similar crossing, I found traces of people who
Captain Castillo and Andrés Dorantes and seven othhad gone ahead of us and warned the governor of it,
er mounted men and fifty on foot, and we marched
for he was in the rear guard; and so, although the Inuntil the hour of vespers, when we reached an inlet
dians attacked us, they were unable to harm us beor arm of the sea where we found many oysters, which
cause we were forewarned, and when we emerged on
the men enjoyed greatly, and we gave great thanks to
level ground they continued to follow us. We attacked
God for having brought us there.
them on two sides and killed two Indians, and they
Next morning I sent twenty men to explore the
wounded me and two or three other Spaniards, and
coast and find out
because they took
what it was like; they
shelter in the woods
returned on the folwe were unable to
WE ATTAC KE D
lowing night saying
do them any more
that those inlets and
TH E M ON TWO SI DES AN D
harm or damage. We
bays were very large
marched like this for
KI LLE D TWO I N DIANS ,
and entered so deeply
eight days, and after
AN
D
TH
EY
WOU
N
DE
D
M
E
AN
D
into the land that they
the crossing I have demade it extremely difscribed no more IndiTWO OR TH R E E OTH E R
ficult to find out what
ans attacked us until a
.
.
.
SPAN
IAR
D
S
we wished to know,
league farther on,
and that the coast was
which is the place
very far away. Once
that, as I have said, we
we had learned this, and considering the fact that we
were going.
were ill prepared and ill equipped to explore the coast,
As we were going our way, Indians came out of
I returned to the governor. When we arrived we found
the woods without our hearing them and attacked the
him and many others sick, and the previous night the
rear guard, and among them was a hidalgo [a man of
Indians had come upon them and placed them in
the lower nobility in Spain] named Avellaneda who
great peril owing to the illness they had suffered; also,
turned around on hearing the cries of a lad who was
one of the horses had died. I reported to him what I
a servant of his and went to his aid, and the Indians
had done, and the unfavorable lie of the land. That day
hit him with an arrow at the edge of his cuirass
we stayed there.
[breastplate], and the wound was so severe that almost
all the arrow went into his neck and he died on the
spot, and we carried him to Aute [community near
R e s p o n d i n g t o L i t e r at u r e
present-day Tallahassee, Florida]. We arrived after
nine days of journeying from Apalachee [village near
1. What difficulties did Cabeza de Vaca enpresent-day Tallahassee], and when we reached there
counter while trying to explore Florida?
we found all the people fled, and the houses burned,
2. Do you find Cabeza de Vaca to be a careand a great quantity of maize and pumpkins and
ful observer? Support your answer with
beans, all ready to be harvested. We rested there for
examples from the selection.
two days, and after that the governor asked me to go
LITERATURE
3
CHAPTER
1
A Geographic
Perspective
on History
L AT E 1 4 0 0 s : E A G E R E X P L O R E R S P O R E O V E R T R AV E L J O U R N A L S A N D M A P S
“Just as we roof our houses or churches with
lead, so this palace is roofed with fine gold. And
the value of it is almost beyond computation.”
HISTORY
JOURNAL
R
E write
O a description of the
As you read this chapter,
ways that the geography of your locale has affected
the events that have occurred there in the past and
in the present.
4
During the 1200s, people copied books by
hand, so books were scarce. About 1440, however, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing
press. Soon printing presses were common, and
Europeans were exchanging ideas at an unprecedented rate. Polo’s journal was now available to
explorers. In 1492, the Genoese Christopher
Columbus set sail to find the riches of Japan and
China, he took along Polo’s book as a guide. NAL
S E
UR
N
O
Thus did Marco Polo describe Japan, a country he had never visited. Polo, a trader from Venice,
lived in China for about 20 years in the
late 1200s. While there, he heard stories about a
mysterious country now called Japan. After
returning home, Polo was commanding a Venetian
ship in a war against Genoa when he was captured and held prisoner. During his imprisonment,
he recorded the story of his travels.
HISTORY
Chapter Overview
Visit the American Odyssey Web site at
americanodyssey.glencoe.com and click on
Chapter 1—Chapter Overview to preview
the chapter.
F R O M “ L I V R E D E S M E R V E I L L E S ” ( D E TA I L ) M A R C O P O L O W I T H E L E P H A N T S A N D C A M E L S A R R I V I N G AT H O R M U Z / B I B L I O T H E Q U E N AT I O N A L E , P A R I S / T H E B R I D G E M A N A R T L I B R A R Y
By sharing his discoveries about the
geography of Asia, Marco Polo
influenced the history of the world.
5
SECTION
1
The Five Themes
of Geography
1 5 4 2 : E X P L O R E R P U B L I S H E S S E N S AT I O N A L T R AV E L J O U R N A L
© SUPERSTOCK
It was a gripping story
tions of native peoples, the
of survival that Alvar
environment, the kinds of
Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
food people ate, and the lohad to tell. This Spanish
cation of places and the disnoble had been a member of
tances between them.
an expedition sent to claim
In describing these disnew lands in America for the
coveries to the king, Cabeza
Spanish king. The explorers
de Vaca was writing about
experienced terrible misforgeography, the study of
tunes, including shipwreck
people, places, and environand disease. In presenting his
ments. Geography looks at
A Land of Great Variety
journal to King Charles V,
space on the earth and how
Newcomers to the Americas saw animals
Cabeza de Vaca admitted
specific spaces are alike or
and plants that they had never seen before.
that the expedition had
different. It is a rich subject
failed to achieve its goals. He
filled with intriguing, even
was convinced, however, that his journal was a worthastonishing information. To help organize such a huge
while offering to the king.
body of information, today’s geographers cluster their
The value of his report, Cabeza de Vaca wrote, was
subject matter around five themes: location, place,
its information about the new lands, including descripmovement, human/environment interaction, and region.
Guide to Reading
6
Main Idea
Vocabulary
Read to Find Out . . .
Geographers use five themes
to study and describe spaces
on the earth.
CHAPTER 1
geography
location
place
movement
human/environment
interaction
region
what geography is and what it
reveals about people, places, and
environments.
how the five themes of geography
help organize geographical
information.
A GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE ON HISTORY
B R I T I S H L I B R A R Y, L O N D O N / B R I D G E M A N A R T L I B R A R Y, L O N D O N
A World Map From 1570 This map shows many misunderstandings about the size and shape of North America, South America,
Australia, and Antarctica. Which parts of this map look like maps of today?
The theme of location focuses on a specific place
and considers the question of its position on the earth’s
surface. People may talk about the location of a place just
out of curiosity, or they may actually want to visit it.
Meridian. For a long time, individual mapmakers chose
where to locate the Prime Meridian——usually putting it
where they lived. Finally, in 1884, the United States held
the First International Meridian Conference where delegates decided to locate the Prime Meridian at an observatory in Greenwich, England. The other meridians are
measured east or west of the Prime Meridian up to 180°.
This grid system enables people to give the exact, or absolute, location for any place on the earth.
Absolute Location
Relative Location
In 25 B.C. a young man named Strabo visited Alexandria, then the Roman capital of Egypt. In a library built
by Egyptian royalty, Strabo pored over an enormous
collection of scholarly writings on geography and mapmaking. He later published his conclusions in an 18-volume book on geography. Two of Strabo’s central
conclusions were that the earth had the shape of a sphere
and that the best map of the earth would employ a grid
of intersecting lines, a plan that is still in use today.
One set of grid lines consists of the lines of latitude,
which circle the earth parallel to each other and to the
Equator, an imaginary line around the center of the earth.
The Equator is measured at 0°, and the poles are measured
at 90° N (north) or S (south). The other set of lines comprises longitude lines, which run from pole to pole and measure distance east or west of a starting line called the Prime
People usually think of a place’s location in relation
to other known places, a concept called relative location.
Even before there was a written language, people indicated relative location by drawing simple maps in sand
or by saying, for example, that Europe is north of Africa.
People still use directions based on relative location to
get to their destinations.
Location
Finding Places Anywhere on Earth
HISTORY
Student Web Activity 1
Visit the American Odyssey Web site at
americanodyssey.glencoe.com and click on Chapter
1—Student Web Activities for an activity relating to
location.
SECTION ONE
7
In 1596 explorer William Barents and his crew experienced the extremes of a place in the Arctic when
their ship was frozen in the ice at 76° N latitude. Gerrit
de Veer, one of the crew, recorded their experiences in
a detailed account accompanied by illustrations.
Place
Describing a Location
Every place, or specific location, on the earth has
a set of characteristics that distinguish it from
other places. When geographers focus on
place, they look at the physical features of
a location as well as its human features.
A place’s physical features include
the nature of the land and water as well
as the weather, soil, plants, and animals.
The human features include the
number and kinds of people
who live in a place, the activities that occur there,
and the cultures, languages, and religions
represented. The combination of all these
different characteristics
gives each place its own
distinctive flavor.
Movement
Monitoring a Continuing Flow
From the beginning of human history, people have
moved from one location to another, sometimes migrating great distances. They may have moved out of necessity, because of catastrophic natural events such as
droughts or because of conflicts with other people. They
may also have moved out of curiosity or from a desire
to seek a better life. Such movements may be temporary,
such as the travels of explorers or traders, or permanent,
when people move to a new location and settle there.
Geographers are also interested in the transfer of goods
from place to place and the spread of information and
ideas. All these activities are examples of the theme of
movement.
B I B L I O T H E Q U E N AT I O N A L E D E C A R T E S E T P L A N S , P A R I S / B R I D G E M A N A R T L I B R A R Y, L O N D O N
R E P R O D U C E D B Y C O U R T E S Y O F T H E T R U S T E E S , T H E N AT I O N A L G A L L E R Y, L O N D O N
Moving Into the Unknown Determining location at sea or in a new land presented explorers with a challenge. They used an
astrolabe like the one shown (upper left) to determine latitude. Which geography themes does this painting illustrate?
8
CHAPTER 1
A GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE ON HISTORY
A Story of a Close
Relationship
B R I T I S H L I B R A R Y, L O N D O N / B R I D G E M A N A R T L I B R A R Y, L O N D O N
Human/
Environment
Interaction
B R I T I S H L I B R A R Y, L O N D O N /
B R I D G E M A N A R T L I B R A R Y,
LONDON
The theme of human/
environment interaction explores the interdependence of people and their surroundings. People
depend on the environment for
fresh water, food, and shelter, their
three most basic needs. For much
of human history, people have settled near rivers, lakes, or other
sources of fresh water.
The simplest and earliest
way that people obtained food
was as hunter-gatherers. They
Picturing New Discoveries Explorers returned to their Euhunted, fished, or collected vegropean homelands with tales of new regions such
etables and fruits found where
as the Arctic (above). Books illustrated new kinds of plants
they lived. Of all the ways that
(right). What does the image above tell you about the explorer’s life in the Arctic?
people have lived, the huntergatherer way of life produces the
fewest environmental changes.
About 10,000 B.C., some hunter-gatherer societies beSection Assessment
gan to experiment with the domestication of plants and
animals, leading to the development of agriculture. AgriMain Idea
culture revolutionized the way people interacted with
1. Use a diagram like this one to summarize how
their surroundings. It also changed the environment far
the five themes help geographers to study
more extensively than had their former way of life, a patspaces on the earth.
tern that continues today.
Five Themes
Region
A Versatile Organizing Concept
The theme of region is the most flexible of the five
themes. A region is an area that is defined according to
one or more characteristics. Those characteristics may
be physical features, or they may be based on other
types of human concepts such as political divisions,
kinds of languages, or types of industry.
Geographers often need to consider the physical
features of an area, even when they are focusing on another type of region concept. The physical features of a
region, such as the type of land, the bodies of water, the
climate, and the vegetation, often influence whether or
not the region will be heavily populated and what types
of industries will flourish there.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Vocabulary
2. Define: geography, location, place, movement,
human/environment interaction, region.
Checking Facts
3. What is the difference between absolute and
relative location?
4. What is the simplest method people have used
to obtain food?
Critical Thinking
5. Evaluating Information Do you agree that
region is the most flexible of the five geographic
themes? Why or why not?
SECTION ONE
9
Social Studies Skill
READING A MAP
T H E R E G I O N S O F T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S, 2 0 0 0
CANADA
N
Washington
North
Dakota
Montana
M
i
New
York
ch
Idaho
Wyoming
Nevada
Utah
Colorado
California
New
Mexico
Arizona
Wisconsin
an
South
Dakota
ig
Oregon
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Vermont
Minnesota
Mississippi
Rhode Island
Texas
160°W
22°N
60°N
170°W
160°W
155°W
150 mi.
0 150 km 140°W
20°N
Hawaii
0 100 mi.
18°N 0
100 km
MEXICO
Midwest
West
Regional
boundary
Gulf of Mexico
0
0
30°N
Northeast
South
Florida
65°N
CANADA
REGIONS
Louisiana
110°W
55°N
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Georgia
Alabama
70°N
40°N
New
Hampshire
Massachusetts
Connecticut
Pennsylvania New
Jersey
Iowa
Delaware
Nebraska
Indiana Ohio
West
Maryland
Illinois
Virginia
Virginia
Missouri
Kansas
Kentucky
North
Carolina
Tennessee
South
Oklahoma
Carolina
Arkansas
120°W
Alaska
Maine
500 mi.
250
State
boundary
0
250
500 km
Albers Equal-Area projection
100°W
20°N
80°W
90°W
70°W
The four regions shown here are based partly on geographical location and partly on history and other factors such as climate. In which region do you live? Which regions border your region?
Learning the Skill
Maps are visual tools that show to scale the relative
size, location, or even environmental aspects of specific
geographic areas. Maps contain symbols and other
elements that enable you to interpret them accurately.
Reading a Map
To read a map, follow these steps:
Practicing the Skill
Study the map above and answer the following
questions.
1. Which region has no coastline?
2. Which region has the greatest number of
states? Which has the fewest?
a. Examine the title to determine the map’s content.
3. Which state is closest to the Equator?
b. Examine the map’s scale, which indicates the ratio
between the map’s size and the actual area being represented. A scale also shows the ratio between distance on the map and real distance on the earth.
4. Which state has a place with a location of
120° W and 45° N?
c. Look for a compass rose or directional arrow to find
the map’s directions.
d. Examine the lines of latitude and longitude to find
the absolute location of specific places. Express the
latitude and longitude in degrees and direction. For
example, the tip of Florida is about 80° W and 25° N.
e. Read the legend, or key, to interpret any boundary
lines, shapes, or other symbols.
10
SOCIAL STUDIES SKILL
5. Approximately how long is the western border
of the state of Idaho?
Applying the Skill
Use the map on page 15 to write two statements about your geographic area.
The Glencoe Skillbuilder Interactive
Workbook, Level 2 CD-ROM provides
more practice in key social studies skills.
SECTION
2
The Themes as
Guides to History
E A R LY 1 5 0 0 s : T R A N S F E R O F M A P A C R I M I N A L A C T
( D E TA I L ) C H AT E A U D E V E R S A I L L E S / L A U R O S - G I R A U D O N /
B R I D G E M A N A R T L I B R A R Y, L O N D O N
“It is impossible to get a
Spices were valuable bechart of the voyage because Europeans lacked the
cause the king has decreed
fodder to keep domesticated
the death penalty for anyflocks alive through the winone sending one abroad.”
ter. Each fall people butchered
The king was Manuel I of
many of their animals and
Portugal, and the chart was a
then salted the meat to keep
map of Vasco da Gama’s travel
it from spoiling. If the meat
route from Lisbon around
spoiled, people masked the
Africa to India. The person
taste of decay with spices.
Sailors Gossip
making the complaint was a
Before da Gama’s voyage,
In the busy ports of Europe, sailors often spread news
visitor to Portugal frantically
the merchants of Venice had
of new discoveries that rulers tried to keep secret.
trying to discover exactly how
monopolized trade in the
da Gama had accomplished his
spices that came westward by
historic voyage.
the traditional route from
Today, when many kinds of maps are freely availAsia. Now the Venetians saw their wealth disappearing,
able, people may find it hard to imagine that maps were
and they were desperate to counter Portugal’s threat.
once kept strictly secret. In the past, possession of a
This series of events was only one of countless occasions
map could mean great power, in this case, control of the
when knowledge about geography has had a major
lucrative spice trade.
impact on historical events.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Vocabulary
Read to Find Out . . .
A knowledge of geographic
concepts such as the five
themes can illuminate the
study of past events that
have shaped the development of the United States.
history
climate
vegetation
how an understanding of geography
helps people understand history.
the ways in which the five themes of
geography relate to United States
history.
SECTION TWO
11
NORTH
AMERICA
EUROPE
ASIA
P H Y S I C A L M A P O F T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S
AFRICA
KA
AS GE
AL A N
R
SOUTH
AMERICA
AUSTRALIA
r
Yukon Rive
60°N
ANTARCTICA
50°W
HUDSON
BAY
N
CANADA
Co l u
r
ve
Ri
St
.L
aw
r
en
ce
o
lif
0
S
AU
N
AI
PL
AT
E
NT
Y
EN
OU
M
IN
PL A
TA
L
NT
IC
CO
AS
B
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
30°N
A
LAI N
TAL P
OAS
FC
L
GU
70°W
or
a
AS
M
ni
BA
HA
Gulf of
Mexico
MEXICO
120°W
Continental Divide
70°N 160°E
170°E
180°
RUSSIA
N
ARCTIC
OCEAN
CUBA
State boundary
HAITI
JAMAICA
kon Riv
er
Yu
leu
ti a
n Is
0
200
400 mi.
0
200 400 km
Albers Equal-Area projection
110°W
CARIBBEAN SEA
22°N
Oahu
Gulf of
Alaska
l ands
Hawaii
Kauai
AL
AS
A
55°N
CANADA
RANGE
KA
60°N
20°N
O KS R A NGE
Alaska
Bering Sea
er
Canc
c of
Tropi
National Boundary
170°W 160°W 150°W 140°W 130°W 120°W
BRO
65°N
40°N
MT
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L. Superior
PLAI N S
S I ER R A
RA N
A
CENTR
C OA S T
GREAT
BASIN
AT
r
GRE
Riv e
UNTAI
Y MO
a
AU
Sn
TE
PLA
BIA
ke
ROCK
COLUM
AD
ER
A
NG
PACIFIC
OCEAN
m
E
b ia
R iv e r
50°N
60°W
100°W
Molokai
PACIFIC
Maui
Lanai
OCEAN
0
100
200 mi.
0
100 200 km
Mercator projection
160°W
90°W
0
250
500 mi.
0
250
500 km
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area
projection
20°N
Hawaii
SOUTH
AMERICA
155°W
80°W
The altitude key shows that the United States has land at most of the different altitude levels on the earth. What are some of the
ways that the presence of these different landforms might influence people and events?
12
CHAPTER 1
A GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE ON HISTORY
© G. BRAD LEWIS/TONY STONE IMAGES
© DAVID MUENCH
© JON ORTNER/TONY STONE IMAGES
A Country Characterized by Diversity These four locations—Oregon,
Hawaii, New York, and Alaska (moving from left to right)—look very different from each other. What are some of those differences?
© GEORGE SCHWARTZ/FPG
I N T E R N AT I O N A L C O R P.
History is the study of people and events over time.
Geography looks at people and events not over time but
in space. Focusing on geographic concepts such as the five
themes can illuminate the study of the past as well as make
it easier to understand the present and the future.
The Location of the
United States
Forty-eight Plus Two
The United States is located in the Northern Hemisphere west of the Prime Meridian. The United States
currently includes 48 states that are contiguous, that is,
that share borders, and 2 other states. The state of Alaska shares a border with Canada. The state of Hawaii is
a group of islands located in the central Pacific Ocean.
A consideration of such a location can raise many
questions about the history of the United States. How
and when did the 48 states come together as a single
political body? How and when did Alaska and Hawaii
join the contiguous states? How has the location of the
United States affected its relations with other nations in
different parts of the world? The location of the United
States has influenced many events in its history, including events that are occurring today.
Places in the United States
Richness and Variety
When a person pictures the physical characteristics
of all the places in the United States, an extraordinary
variety of environments becomes apparent. When the influences of all the different cultural heritages are added,
the picture becomes even more amazingly diverse.
The concept of “place” can illuminate the study of
history by showing how different people at different
times came to this land and chose where to live. The earliest Americans settled in many diverse environments and
developed ways of life that harmonized with those diverse places. Later settlers from Europe looked for harbors or farmland or opportunities for fur trapping. At
each new stage of United States history, people have
come seeking a place where they could live and prosper.
Regions of the United States
Natural Versus Human Divisions
The map on page 10 shows various political
regions——areas defined by governments acting individually or jointly. The regions that nature has created are
equally interesting and important.
Landforms
When someone looks at a physical map of the United
States, like the one on page 12, the region that seems
most prominent may be that of the mountain ranges that
SECTION TWO
13
run down the west side of the continent. These westernmost mountains make up the Coast Ranges, with the
Rocky Mountains slightly to the east. These impressive
mountains arose millions of years ago when tectonic
plates (the huge pieces of the earth’s outer crust) collided.
To the east of the western mountains lies a series of
Plains areas. The Plains are generally flat and lack significant changes in landforms, though the elevation drops
gradually from west to east.
Between the Plains and the Atlantic Ocean lie the
Appalachian Mountains, less impressive in height than
their counterparts to the west. East and south of these
mountains are the coastal lowlands.
For someone studying history, these landforms can
suggest many questions. Where could people settle most
easily? Which landforms are the easiest for people to traverse? When the early European settlers tried to migrate,
for example, the Appalachian Mountains prevented easy
access to western territories. For those hardy people
who faced the challenge, moving uphill and through
forests often meant carrying possessions on their backs
and sometimes canoes as well. Most migrants chose to
move along the coastal plain and up low-lying rivers instead, where the geography made movement easier.
Water Systems
14
CHAPTER 1
The term climate refers to the set of meteorological conditions, including sunlight, temperature, precipitation, and wind, that characterize an area. An area
having the same meteorological conditions is called a climate region. The United States has a wide variety of climate regions from the subarctic areas of Alaska to the
tropical regions of Hawaii.
The climate of a region is like a meteorological
boundary that sets limits for all aspects of life, including
the extent to which humans can survive. In particular,
climate determines the kinds of plants that can grow in
an area and the kinds of animals that can thrive there.
Vegetation Regions
The term vegetation refers to the collection of
plants that grow in an area. When people travel from one
area to another that is very different, it is usually the vegetation that first draws their notice.
Given the variety of climate areas and landforms that
characterize the United States, it is not surprising that
the vegetation regions of the country are equally diverse. There are several kinds of forests, each with its own
distinct family of trees. There are desert areas and flat
grassland regions. Each type of vegetation supports a
specific type of human lifestyle and activities.
© TOM DIETRICH/TONY STONE IMAGES
Throughout history, people have settled near a supply of fresh water. In North America fresh water in lakes
and river systems is abundant. Several lakes are so large
that they are easily visible on the map on page 12.
Many lakes were formed as a result of the Ice Age
that took place from about 2 million years ago to about
10,000 B.C., when sheets of ice moved down from the
north as far as the valleys of the Missouri and Ohio
Rivers. The ice blocked the water of some rivers and
formed lakes, such as Great Bear Lake in northern
Canada. The ice also dug out hollows as it moved over
rocks, and water later filled these hollows creating,
among other bodies of water, the Great Lakes, which lie
between Canada and the United States.
The United States also contains several major river
systems, which consist of brooks and streams that flow
into small rivers that, in turn, flow into larger ones.
The Mississippi River system is the largest in the United
States both in the size of its drainage area and in its
volume of water.
Throughout history, rivers have been important in
the exploration, trade, and control of an area because
rivers offer a natural route of transportation. For example, when settlers from the British colonies tried to migrate westward, they found their progress impeded by
the French, who had built a network of settlements and
forts that helped them control large parts of the Mississippi River system.
Climate Regions
Moving Through the Locks Locks are sections of a waterway that can be closed off with gates so that the water level
can be raised or lowered. How can locks make it easier to
travel on waterways that have variations in water level?
A GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE ON HISTORY
FA C T O R S I N F L U E N C I N G V E G E TAT I O N
Climatic factors—such as the amount and intensity of sunlight, annual temperature patterns, and the
annual rate of precipitation—limit the kinds of plants that grow naturally in a region. The type of soil
and the local landforms also affect a region’s vegetation.
GRASSLAND
© DAVID MUENCH
Jan.
10°F to –12°C to
20°F
–7°C
July
80°F to
90°F
Temperature
Annual
Precipitation
0
Alaska
0
0
200 mi.
0
200 km
Less than Less than
20 in. 51 cm
Grasses feed animals and people
throughout the year. In the winter,
cattle and other grazing animals
eat dried or fermented grass
products. People eat foods made
from wheat, oats, corn, and rice.
200 mi.
200 km
Hawaii
27°C to
32°C
Agate Fossil Beds, Nebraska
MEAN ANNUAL AIR
TEMPERATURE
°F
°C
Over 75 Over 24
70 to 75 21 to 24
65 to 70 18 to 21
60 to 65 16 to 18
55 to 60 13 to 16
50 to 55 10 to 13
45 to 50 7 to 10
40 to 45 4 to 7
35 to 40 2 to 4
30 to 35 –1 to 2
25 to 30 –4 to –1
20 to 25 –7 to –4
DESERT
0
Jan.
20°F to –7°C to
30°F
–1°C
July
74°F to 23°C to
82°F
28°C
Annual
Precipitation
Monument Valley,
Arizona
15 to 20 –9 to –7
500 mi.
10 to 15 –12 to –9
0
250
500 km
Albers Equal-Area projection
5 to 10
Adaptations enable desert
plants to survive in a dry
climate. Mesquite tree
roots can grow to depths
of about 260 feet (79 m).
Many cacti expand to store
rainwater and then shrink
as they use water during dry
periods.
The temperature and rainfall statistics given here are averages for
these three specific locations. Other grassland, desert, and forest
locations may have different climate patterns.
–15 to –12
FOREST
8 in. to 20 cm to
12 in. 30 cm
© MICHAEL GADOMSKI/PHOTO RESEARCHERS
© ROB BOUDREAU/TONY STONE IMAGES
Temperature
250
Jan.
24°F to
28°F
–4°C to
–2°C
July
72°F to
74°F
22°C to
23°C
Temperature
Annual
Precipitation
Delaware Water
Gap, Pennsylvania
44 in. to 112 cm to
48 in. 122 cm
Every autumn the flat green
leaves of this forest change
color. The cooler, shorter
days cause the breakdown
of the green pigment
chlorophyll. Other pigments in
the leaf now become visible
as the yellow, orange, and red
colors of fall foliage.
Climate and vegetation are interrelated. How important is a region’s vegetation to the people who live there?
SECTION TWO
15
© TONY STONE WORLDWIDE
the end of that Ice Age, while the ocean floor between
Alaska and Asia was exposed and could serve as a “land
bridge,” the first humans migrated into North America
from Asia.
From that moment until the present, a series of
migrations have populated the United States and the
other countries of the Americas. A rich understanding of
United States history can be developed, in part, by tracing the reasons for and the effects of those migrations. A
consideration of the goods, information, and ideas that have
flowed into and out of the United States over the centuries
can further enhance one’s knowledge of history.
Human/Environment
Interaction
An Inevitable Interdependence
Facilitating Movement Modern highways include many features to improve safety, such as controlled traffic patterns at
intersections. How might a well-planned network of highways
influence people’s lives?
Groups of people have always interacted with their
surroundings in ways that affected the people as well as
the environment. These interactions have produced
human culture——the combination of institutions, ideas,
and products that people have created and passed on
from generation to generation. The time line below
describes some of the milestones in the development of
human culture.
Movement
People Come to the Two Continents
The Early Centuries
Fifty thousand years ago, North and South America were filled with a fascinating array of animals, but
there were no people there at all. Anthropologists infer
that the first human ancestors appeared in Africa a few
million years ago. Their descendants migrated into Europe and Asia slightly less than 1 million years ago.
That migration took place during the most recent
Ice Age, which ended about 10,000 years ago. Much of
the earth’s water was locked up in glaciers, and the
ocean level was lower than it is today. Sometime toward
The earliest Americans adapted to the variety of
environments they discovered on the new continents.
Some of their ways of life, for example, hunting and
gathering, had a minimal impact on the surroundings.
The single human activity that most changed early
environments was the clearing of forests for farming
and for fuel. Cutting down forests begins a series of
changes that includes the loss of topsoil, the silting of
rivers, and an overall increase in an area’s temperature.
3 3 , 0 0 0 B . C . Already established
are the use of wood, bone, and
stone tools, the control of fire, and
the practice of burying the dead.
B
18,000 B.C.
People use needles
to sew.
.
C
.–3,000
10,000 B.C.
People make pottery and use pots
to boil water.
3 3 , 0 0 0 B . C . People are
already creating artwork,
including cave paintings
and carvings.
CHAPTER 1
1 8 , 0 0 0 B . C . People
use bows and arrows to
hunt game.
15,000
➤
➤
➤
20,000
.
C
.
3 , 0 0 0 B . C . People use
writing, establish cities,
make wheels, and build
canals for irrigation.
15,000 B.C.
People burn animal
fats and oil to produce light.
A GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE ON HISTORY
➤
25,000
B
➤
➤
➤
30,000
16
33,000
10,000
5,000
➤
H U M A N C U LT U R E D E V E L O P S,
8 , 0 0 0 B . C . People
are domesticating
plants and animals.
© WORLD PERSPECTIVES
People’s Night Lights This computerized composite image shows the light sensed by a satellite during the night. In which two
areas is the light the most concentrated?
As the centuries have passed, the magnitude of the environmental changes caused by human activity has increased in a drastic way.
Monitoring Today’s Conditions
In the late decades of this century, people have developed an amazing range of tools for looking at the environment. These tools can show the impact of natural
events, such as volcanic eruptions, as well as human activities, such as burning fuel. The knowledge obtained
from these tools will enable citizens and governments to
make intelligent choices about the way people relate to
their surroundings.
People can now use a modern understanding of the
theme of human/environment interaction along with
the other geography themes to illuminate the study
of past events. The value of integrating the study of
history and geography has been recognized for centuries. As one early historian noted:
s Geography without History seems as carcass
without motion, so History without Geography
wanders as vagrant without a certain habitation.
—John Smith, The General History of Virginia,
New-England, and the Summer Isles, 1624
A
Section Assessment
Main Idea
1. Use a diagram like this one to show, using the
five themes, how geography has influenced the
development of the United States.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Development
of
United States
Vocabulary
2. Define: history, climate, vegetation.
Checking Facts
3. Give an example of a history question related to
the location of the United States.
4. Why did the Mississippi River deter the westward migration of British colonists?
Critical Thinking
5. Making Inferences What historical changes
might irrigation—the supplying of water to an
area by ditches or pipes—bring to a dry region?
SECTION TWO
17
Chapter
1
Assessment
HISTORY
3. Demonstrating Reasoned
Judgment Use a diagram like this
7. What three basic human needs
does the environment satisfy?
Self-Check Quiz
Visit the American Odyssey Web site
at americanodyssey.glencoe.com
and click on Chapter 1—SelfCheck Quiz to prepare for the
Chapter Test.
one to identify the distinctive features of the place where you live.
8. What revolutionary event took
place about 10,000 B.C.?
9. What three examples of region
are based on human concepts?
Feature
Place
10. What four examples of region
are based on physical features?
Feature
Portfolio Project
12. What is history?
The geographer Harm de Blij
has written, “If a picture is
worth a thousand words, then
a
map is worth a million.”
R
O JEC
Respond in writing to this
statement, either agreeing or
disagreeing with Harm de Blij. Explain the
reasons for your opinion. Revise your work
before placing it in your portfolio.
14. How are the 50 states of the
United States distributed?
RTFOL
T
IO
13. Where is the United States
located relative to the Prime
Meridian?
P
Choose the vocabulary term that
best matches each description below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
human/environment interaction
geography
location
movement
place
region
Feature
11. Why did King Manuel I of
Portugal want to keep a particular
map a secret?
PO
Reviewing Key Terms
Feature
1. Theme that focuses on the distinctive characteristics of a specific
location
15. What are political regions?
2. An area that is defined according
to one or more characteristics
17. What is climate?
Cooperative Learning
18. What does the term vegetation
mean?
In small groups, examine maps and
use brainstorming to list the ways
that all types of spatial boundaries
can be established—from national
borders to the property lines of private land. Then each member of the
group should investigate one boundary that has changed at least once
during its history. Find out what the
boundary used to look like, what it
looks like now, and why it changed.
Report your findings to your group,
and then choose one of the group’s
stories to share with the whole class.
3. Theme that explores the interdependence of people and their surroundings
4. The study of people, places, and
environments
16. What are some of the landforms
in the United States?
19. How were the first people able
to migrate from Asia to North
America?
5. Theme that focuses on the relocation of people as well as the
transfer of goods and information
20. What single human activity
most changed the environment during the early centuries of life in North
America?
Recalling Facts
Critical Thinking
1. Why do geographers often refer
to the five themes of geography?
1. Determining Relevance How
2. What does the theme of location
emphasize?
3. How is absolute location
described?
4. What is relative location?
5. What types of features describe a
specific place?
does a knowledge of geography
make it easier to understand history?
Give examples to support your
answer.
Reinforcing Skills
2. Analyzing Information Recall a
on page 19. Write a set of directions
that would help someone read the
map accurately.
region of the United States you have
visited or read about. Describe the
region using one of the five themes
of geography.
6. What are some reasons why
people migrate?
18
CHAPTER 1
A GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE ON HISTORY
Reading a Map Examine the map
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
Ken
Exploration by Early Settlers
ne
b
ec R iv er
44°N
G
N
E
N E
W
Connecticut River
ll s
lmo n ve
Sa
Ri
iver
ck R
ma
r ri
Me
Fa
r
N
42°N
Boston
(1630)
Hudson Rive r
Fort Orange
(1623)
Plymouth
(1620)
Fort Nassau (1614)
A
B
C
D
region
human/environment interaction
movement
place
Providence (1636)
Hartford (1637)
NEW
NETHERLANDS
Newport
(1639)
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
New Amsterdam
(1623)
Standardized Test Practice
1. Which of the following
geographic themes would best
help a historian to evaluate the
significance of the invention of
agriculture?
L
A
N
D
40°N
Breukelen
(1646)
Test-Taking Tip: The word
agriculture means cultivating the
land, growing crops, and raising
animals. Eliminate any themes that
do not directly focus on these
activities.
English territory, 1630
Dutch territory, 1630
2. All of the following are examples
of the theme of movement
EXCEPT
Settlement (date)
John Oldham, 1633
0
50
100 mi.
Darby Field, 1642
0
50
100 km
Albers Equal-Area projection
76°W
74°W
Simon Willard, 1640s
72°W
70°W
Study the map to answer the following questions:
1. Where were the Dutch settlements located?
2. How does the size of New Netherlands compare to the size of New
England?
3. Describe John Oldham’s explorations of 1633.
4. How does this map prove that rivers can affect history?
Technology Activity
38°N
A publication of the journals of Marco
Polo.
B the European spice trade.
C clearing forests for fuel and
farmland.
D the travels of explorers.
Test-Taking Tip: Be careful—
overlooking the word EXCEPT in a
question is a common error. Read
through all the answer choices and
select the one that does NOT relate
to the movement of people or the
spread of ideas or goods.
30
25
20
15
10
Using the Internet Search the Internet for a Web site
5
0
that has a political map of the world that you can print.
Using this map as a focal point, create a bulletin board
showing global interdependence. Include pictures and illustrations
as examples.
CHAPTER 1
ASSESSMENT
19