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Name: _________________________________________ Per: ______ Date: _____________ Tissues Webquest Types of Tissues There are four types of tissue that make up every single organ and organ system in your body. However, there are many, many different subtypes of those tissues that you will learn about. The information below is a list of all the tissues and subtypes, to help you organize your learning. A. Epithelial tissue a. Covering and lining epithelium i. Simple epithelium 1. Simple squamous epithelium 2. Simple cuboidal epithelium 3. Simple columnar epithelium (nonciliated and ciliated) 4. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (nonciliated and ciliated) ii. Stratified epithelium 1. Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized and nonkeratinized) 2. Stratified cuboidal epithelium 3. Stratified columnar epithelium 4. Transitional epithelium b. Glandular epithelium i. Endocrine gland 1. (Examples include pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands. We will not be learning much about these glands during this unit and will learn about them during the endocrine system unit). ii. Exocrine glands 1. Structural classification: a. Simple glands i. Simple tubular ii. Simple branched tubular iii. Simple coiled tubular iv. Simple acinar v. Simple branched acinar b. Compound glands i. Compound tubular ii. Compound acinar iii. Compound tubuloacinar 2. Functional classification: a. Merocrine glands b. Apocrine glands c. Holocrine glands B. Connective tissue a. Embryonic connective tissue i. Mesenchyme ii. Mucous connective tissue b. Mature connective tissue i. Loose connective tissue 1. Areolar connective tissue 2. Adipose tissue 3. Reticular connective tissue 1 ii. Dense connective tissue 1. Dense regular connective tissue 2. Dense irregular connective tissue 3. Elastic connective tissue iii. Cartilage 1. Hyaline cartilage 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic cartilage iv. Bone tissue v. Liquid connective tissue 1. Blood tissue 2. Lymph C. Muscular tissue a. Skeletal muscle tissue b. Cardiac muscle tissue c. Smooth muscle tissue D. Nervous tissue a. Neurons b. Neuroglia Important note: as you can see, there are a lot of different subtypes of tissues in your body! You will not need to learn and know everything about every subtype of tissue. You will be learning the different categories, what makes them different, some locations in your body where these are found, among other information but please don’t feel overwhelmed as we start this unit and you see all the different subtypes. Epithelial tissue 1. Epithelial tissue is also called epithelium- you will see both words throughout this unit. The pleural form is epithelia. 2. Definition/description of epithelium: 3. Describe the three major functions of epithelium: 1. 2. 3. 4. There are three different sides to each epithelial tissue cell, which differ in structure and have specialized functions. Describe the three sides: 2 a. Apical (free) surface: b. Lateral surfaces: c. Basal surface: 5. The __________________________ is a thin extracellular layer that commonly consists of two layers: the basal lamina and reticular lamina. The basal lamina is closer to and is secreted by epithelial cells. It contains proteins like laminin and collagen and attaches the epithelial cells to the basement membrane. The reticular lamina is closer to the connective tissue that underlies or is deep to the basal lamina and also contains various proteins such as collagen and functions as a point of attachment and support for the epithelial tissue. 6. Draw and label a picture of an epithelial cell including each surface and the two parts of the basement membrane. 7. Epithelial tissue is avascular- what does that mean? What process allows substances such as nutrients and waste products to enter and exit epithelial tissue? 8. Epithelial cells are repeatedly subjected to physical stress and injury. Because of this, epithelium is the type of cells in your body that reproduce and create new tissue the quickest of all types of tissue cells. 9. The roles that epithelium plays in your body includes protection, filtration, secretion, absorption, and excretion. In addition, when combined with nervous tissue they form special organs for smell, hearing, vision, and touch. 10. Explain the difference between covering and lining epithelium and glandular epithelium: 3 Covering and Lining Epithelium 11. Two things characterize covering and lining epithelia: the shape of the cells and the arrangement in layers. Complete the following chart to describe these types of cells. Arrangement of cells in layers Name Description Functions Draw a picture Simple epithelium Pseudostratified epithelium Stratified epithelium Cell shapes Squamous cells Cuboidal cells 4 Name Description Functions Draw a picture Columnar cells Transitional cells 12. Combining the cell shapes and arrangements, there are 8 specific subtypes of epithelia, as listed in the beginning of this webquest and below: i. Simple epithelium 1. Simple squamous epithelium 2. Simple cuboidal epithelium 3. Simple columnar epithelium (nonciliated and ciliated) 4. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (nonciliated and ciliated) ii. Stratified epithelium 1. Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized and nonkeratinized) 2. Stratified cuboidal epithelium 3. Stratified columnar epithelium 4. Transitional epithelium 13. Each subtype of covering and lining epithelia is found in specific locations in the body and has specific functions. Fill in the chart below to briefly summarize this information. Name Simple squamous epithelium Description Locations Functions Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and secretion in serous membrane Single layer of flat cells Simple cuboidal epithelium Covers surface of ovary, lens of the eye, pigmented portion of the eye, kidney tubules, pancreas Simple columnar epithelium Nonciliated: lines the GI tract, gallbladder. Ciliated: lines smallest tubes of respiratory tract, fallopian tubes Nonciliated: secretion and absorption. Ciliated: moves mucus and other substances by ciliary action 5 Names Description Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Locations Not truly stratified, the nuclei are at different levels which gives the appearance of stratification but all cells are attached to the basement membrane though not all reach the apical (top) surface Stratified squamous epithelium Protection Ducts of sweat glands and esophageal glands and part of male urethra (where urine comes out) Stratified cuboidal epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium Functions Several layers of irregularly shaped cells, only the apical layer has columnar cells Transitional epithelium Protection and secretion Lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra (tubes in urinary system) Permits distension (expansion) Glandular Epithelium 14. The function of glandular epithelium is ____________________, which is accomplished by grouping individual glandular epithelium cells into clusters deep to the covering and lining epithelium. These clusters are called ____________- they consist of a single cell or group of cells that secrete substances into ducts (tubes), onto a surface, or into the blood. 15. There are two categories of glands. Describe each type below and list some examples. - Endocrine glands: - Exocrine glands: 6 16. We will focus on exocrine glands in this section and will learn more about endocrine glands in a later unit. Exocrine glands are classified as either unicellular (single-celled) or multicellular. A. An example of a unicellular gland is a goblet cell that works by __________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________. B. Multicellular glands are composed of many cells that form a distinctive, microscopic structure or macroscopic (larger) organs. Examples include ________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________. C. Multicellular glands are categorized in two different ways: structural classification and functional classification. The structural classification system puts exocrine glands into different groups according to two characteristics: whether their ducts are branched or unbranched and the shape of the secretory portions of the gland. Explain these types: o Simple gland: o Compound gland: o Tubular gland: o Acinar gland: o Tubuloacinar gland: D. Combinations of the two characteristics give a total of 8 types of multicellular exocrine glands based on structure: a. Simple glands i. Simple tubular ii. Simple branched tubular iii. Simple coiled tubular iv. Simple acinar v. Simple branched acinar b. Compound glands i. Compound tubular ii. Compound acinar iii. Compound tubuloacinar 7 E. The functional classification system of exocrine glands is based on how their secretions are released. Complete the following chart to describe these glands. Name Description Locations in body Merocrine glands Apocrine glands Holocrine glands Connective Tissue 17. Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body and has many functions such as: 18. There are two basic elements in each type of connective tissue: extracellular matrix and unique cells. Components of extracellular matrix include ground substance and protein fibers. Types of cells found within connective tissue include fibroblasts, adipocytes, mast cells, white blood cells, macrophages, and plasma cells. 19. Organizational list of connective tissue components: A. Connective tissue a. Extracellular matrix (ECM) i. Ground substance ii. Protein fibers 1. Collagen fibers 2. Elastic fibers 3. Reticular fibers b. Various cells i. Fibroblasts ii. Adipocytes iii. Mast cells iv. White blood cells v. Macrophages vi. Plasma cells 8 20. Extracellular matrix (ECM). A. Definition of extracellular matrix: B. As listed above, there are two components to ECM: ground substance and fibers. a. Describe ground substance: b. There are three main types of protein fibers in ECM: collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers. Describe each of them below: - Collagen fibers: - Elastic fibers: - Reticular fibers: 21. Match the name of the cells found in connective tissue to their description. ____ 1. Fibroblasts ____ 2. Adipocytes ____ 3. Mast cells ____ 4. White blood cells ____ 5. Macrophages ____ 6. Plasma cells A. Develop from types of white blood cells called monocytes, they have an irregular shape with short branching projections and can engulf and eat/kill bacteria and cellular debris. Some are fixed within the connective tissue and others wonder throughout the tissue. B. Cells that produce histamine, a chemical that dilates small blood vessels as part of the inflammatory response from injury or infection. They are found next to blood vessels within connective tissue and can also kill bacteria. C. Also called fat cells or adipose cells, they store triglycerides (fats). They are found deep to the skin and around organs such as the heart and kidneys. D. Cells that are not usually found in large numbers in connective tissue but migrate there from the blood stream to perform certain functions such as fixing infections or responding to allergies. E. Small cells that develop from white blood cells called B lymphocytes, they secrete antibodies that attack and kill foreign substances and are part of your immune response. F. Large, flat cells with branching processes and are the most 9 numerous. They migrate through the connective tissue and secrete the fibers and other components of the ECM. 22. Classification of connective tissue: there are variations in how scientists classify connective tissue. We will follow our textbook’s classification scheme, which is: - Connective tissue a. Embryonic connective tissue i. Mesenchyme ii. Mucous connective tissue b. Mature connective tissue i. Loose connective tissue 1. Areolar connective tissue 2. Adipose tissue 3. Reticular connective tissue ii. Dense connective tissue 1. Dense regular connective tissue 2. Dense irregular connective tissue 3. Elastic connective tissue iii. Cartilage 1. Hyaline cartilage 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic cartilage iv. Bone tissue v. Liquid connective tissue 1. Blood tissue 2. Lymph 23. Embryonic connective tissue is only found in embryos and fetuses prior to birth. Mesenchyme develops into the other types of mature connective tissue and mucous connective tissue is mainly found in the umbilical cord. 24. Briefly describe each type of mature connective tissue in the following chart. Name Description Locations in body Functions Loose Connective Tissue Areolar connective tissue Consists of all 3 types of fibers and most types of c.t. cells in a semifluid ground substance. Skin, mucous membranes, around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs. Reduces heat loss through skin, energy source, support, protection. Adipose tissue A network of intertwined reticular fibers and reticular cells. Reticular connective tissue Strength, elasticity, and support. Framework of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow; basement membrane, and around blood vessels and muscles. 10 Name Description Locations in body Functions Dense Connective Tissue Forms tendons and ligaments. Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Made mostly of collagen fibers randomly arranged and a few fibroblasts. Lung tissue, walls of some arteries, trachea, vocal cords. Allows stretching of various organs. Elastic connective tissue Cartilage Hyaline cartilage Made of ground substance with thin, fine collagen fibers and chondrocytes (cells of mature cartilage); most abundant type of cartilage. Cushion where hip bones join together, discs between vertebrae, knee, parts of tendons. Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Chondrocytes in a thread-like network of elastic fibers within the ECM. Support and fusion. Epiglottis (lid on top of voice box), part of external ear and ear canals. Bone Tissue Bone tissue Two types: compact bone that is very organized and has very few spaces and spongy bone that is less organized and has multiple open spaces. All of the bones in the body. 11 Name Description Locations in body Functions Liquid Connective Tissue Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, involved in allergic reactions and immune response, clotting of blood Blood tissue Extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels; composed of clear liquid ECM and many types of cells. Lymph Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes. Drains extra interstitial fluid, transports lipids and proteins, carries out immune responses. Muscular Tissue Note: we will only be learning a few brief things about muscular tissue right now and will learn many more details in our unit on the muscular system. 25. Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells called ______________________ or _________________ that use ATP to generate force. 26. Functions: 27. There are three types of muscular tissue, based on their location in the body and their characteristics. Choose the correct descriptions that match each type of muscular tissue. Some descriptions will be used more than once. _______________ Skeletal muscle tissue _______________ Cardiac muscle tissue _______________ Smooth muscle tissue A. Has striations (alternating light and dark regions) F. Found in the heart B. Attached to bones of the skeleton G. Has no striations C. Voluntary H. Branched D. Involuntary I. Has a thick middle portion and tapered ends E. Found in the walls of hollow organs such as blood vessels, airways to the lungs, intestines, and bladder. J. Cylindrical in shape 12 Nervous Tissue Note: we will only be learning a few brief things about nervous tissue right now and will learn many more details in our unit on the nervous system. 28. There are only two main types of nervous tissue cells: neurons and neuroglia. There are many differences found in types of neurons and there are many subtypes of neuroglia. 29. Functions of neurons: 30. Functions of neuroglia: 31. What does it mean that neurons and muscle fibers have electrical excitability and are called excitable cells? 13