Download cold war - Marion County Public Schools

cold war
Short Answer
1. Recognize Ideologies The banner carried by these East German demonstrators in the autumn of 1989 reads,
“Improve Politics--only with new Government.” Explain the meaning of this slogan. What ideology are the
demonstrators protesting against? Describe the historical background of this protest.
2. Identify Assumptions Explain how the Soviet political and economic system differed from economic and
political systems in democratic, capitalist countries. Why do you think the Soviet systems failed?
3. Recognize Cause and Effect Explain how public opinion in the United States influenced the decisions of
presidents Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon concerning the Vietnam War.
4. Make Comparisons Draw some comparisons between the situation in the city of Berlin and the global rivalry
between the superpowers during the Cold War. In what ways did life in the city reflect the international
conflict?
5. Synthesize Information During the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union confronted each other
indirectly by supporting opposite sides in local conflicts. Explain how the Cuban situation in the late 1950s
and early 1960s was an example of this type of indirect conflict.
“So we’ve come here today to dramatize a shameful condition. In a sense we’ve come to our nation's capital
to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the
Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir.
This note was a promise that all men . . . would be guaranteed the inalienable Rights of Life, Liberty, and the
pursuit of Happiness. It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her
citizens of color are concerned. . . .
The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice
emerges. But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads
into the palace of justice: In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds.
Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred.”
–Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., “I Have a Dream” speech. Delivered on August 28, 1963
at the Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C.
6. Identify Central Issues Read the excerpt above from the speech Dr. King delivered during a civil rights
march on Washington, D.C. in 1963.What does Dr. King mean when he says he has come to Washington to
cash a check? What does Dr. King say to his followers about the way they should conduct their struggle?
What are the central issues driving this protest?
7. Make Comparisons Compare and contrast communist command economies and capitalist market economies.
How are prices determined in each? Who owns property? Which system does a better job satisfying the needs
of most people? Why do you think this is so?
8. Recognize Propaganda In the 1950s, Senator Joseph McCarthy was concerned about the spread of
communism in American society and government. Explain how he conducted his search for communists and
its result. What does the term “McCarthyism” mean? Do you think McCarthy may have been motivated by
goals other than the security of the United States? Explain your answer.
9. Recognize Cause and Effect Explain how a political crisis in the Middle East in the early 1970s led to a
serious recession in the United States and other industrialized democracies in 1974. Do you think the same
problem could occur today?
10. Summarize Describe Japan’s “economic miracle” that took place between 1950 and 1970. Why was Japan so
successful during this period? Why do you think the United States supported Japan’s economic success even
though Japan was in competition with the United States?
cold war
Answer Section
SHORT ANSWER
1. ANS:
Possible response: The slogan indicates that protesters would like to see democratic reforms in their country.
They think that effective reforms can only be accomplished with an entirely new type of government. They
are protesting against communism and the reactionary East German government which strongly resisted
reform. This demonstration took place at the end of the Cold War. At this time, recent Soviet policies of
“glasnost” (openness) and “perestroika” (economic restructuring) encouraged demonstrations and political
reform movements to take hold in Eastern Europe where they were previously prohibited. Political change
was taking place in countries such as Poland and Hungary. The rigidly communist East German government
resisted all calls for change and even banned Soviet publications. Despite censorship, the protesters have been
made aware of the economic benefits of reforms probably from television and radio broadcasts from
neighboring West Germany and the rest of the western world.
PTS: 1
DIF: Difficult
REF: pp. 1000-1004
OBJ: 30.5.2 Analyze the changes that transformed Eastern Europe.
STA: SS.912.W.8.5
TOP: democratic reform
2. ANS:
Possible response: Under Soviet communism, the government made all political decisions and controlled
most aspects of public life. In a typical democracy, decisions are made by the people and their elected
representatives. Communism also featured a command economy, in which the government made most
economic decisions and owned most property. This differs from a capitalist market economy in which private
consumers and producers make most economic decisions and own most property. The Soviet political
leadership valued obedience, discipline, and economic security. Democratic political leadership values
freedom and prosperity. The Soviet political and economic systems failed because they did not make
allowance for the need of citizens to own property and participate in their own government. The Soviet
political system created widespread resentment since it was repressive and cruel. The Soviet economic system
was not able to fulfill the most basic needs of the population.
PTS: 1
DIF: Difficult
REF: pp. 972-973
OBJ: 30.1.4 Compare and contrast the Soviet Union and the United States in the Cold War.
STA: SS.912.W.8.1
TOP: communism
3. ANS:
Possible response: Antiwar sentiment grew in the United States during the late 1960s and early 1970s as more
and more American troops became casualties in the Vietnam conflict. Public opinion was also influenced by
television coverage of burned Vietnamese villages. Street demonstrations became part of the active domestic
antiwar movement. As a result of the increasingly unpopular conflict, President Johnson decided not to run
for a second term. He also opened up peace talks with North Vietnam. After Nixon took office, he negotiated
the Paris Peace Accord in January 1973, which involved the removal of U.S. troops from Vietnam.
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: p. 996
OBJ: 30.4.3 Understand how the Vietnam War ended.
TOP: Vietnam
4. ANS:
STA: SS.912.W.8.4
Possible response: After World War II, Berlin was split into two cities, the democratic West Berlin and the
communist East Berlin. A concrete wall was built between East and West Berlin, and citizens of East Berlin
were not allowed to travel to the West. West Berlin became a showcase for West German prosperity, whereas
East Berlin struggled economically. This situation mirrored the global Cold War in several ways: (1) The
conflict split the world into two camps, pro-Soviet communist and pro-western democratic, with a deep rift
between them. (2) Cultural exchanges and travel between the two “worlds” were often politically limited. (3)
The democracies tended to succeed economically during the Cold War, whereas the Soviet bloc nations
struggled financially under the communist system.
PTS: 1
DIF: Moderate
REF: p. 966 | pp. 972-974
OBJ: 30.1.1 Understand how two sides faced off in Europe during the Cold War.
STA: SS.912.W.8.1
TOP: Berlin
5. ANS:
Possible response: The U.S. and Soviet Union feared the possibility of nuclear war that could be brought
about if their armed forces fought directly with each other. At the same time, each superpower worked to
expand its political influence by supporting factions in various local conflicts. During the Cuban Revolution,
Fidel Castro sought and received support from the Soviet Union. According to the Soviet model, he
nationalized businesses and restricted political freedoms in Cuba. In 1961, the U.S. supported the Bay of Pigs
invasion of Cuba by U.S.-trained Cuban exiles. When the invasion failed, the U.S. implemented a trade
embargo against Cuba.
PTS: 1
DIF: Moderate
REF: pp. 967-971
OBJ: 30.1.3 Understand how the Cold War spread globally.
STA: SS.912.W.8.2
TOP: Cold War
6. ANS:
Dr. King explains that the Constitution and Declaration of Independence are a promise of equality and justice
for all Americans, similar to a promissory note or a check. Dr. King points out that these promises remain
unfulfilled for some groups, particularly African Americans. Dr. King warns his followers that they must not
give in to bitterness and hatred. He is probably referring to race hatred and the possible violence that could
result from this that could hurt their cause. The protest march is being driven by the central issue of
discrimination in such areas as employment and housing. Other issues are the establishment of equal voting
rights and outlawing segregation.
PTS: 1
DIF: Moderate
REF: pp. 978-979
OBJ: 30.2.1 Explain how the United States prospered and expanded opportunities.
STA: SS.912.W.9.2
TOP: civil rights
7. ANS:
Possible response: In command economies, government bureaus make most of the economic decisions,
including setting prices. They often make decisions for political reasons rather than economic ones. The
government also owns most of the property. In market economies, producers and consumers make economic
decisions. Prices are based on supply and demand and affected by competition. Property is privately owned.
Through their purchasing choices, consumers decide which products are successful. Market economies do a
better job of fulfilling the needs of most people. That is because in a market economy the producers of goods
and services have a personal stake in making products at a level of quality and quantity that satisfies the needs
of the consumer. In other words, the producers’ success is dependent upon consumer satisfaction.
PTS: 1
DIF: Moderate
REF: p. 972 | p. 973
OBJ: 30.1.4 Compare and contrast the Soviet Union and the United States in the Cold War.
STA: SS.912.W.8.1
TOP: economies
8. ANS:
Possible response: During the early 1950s, the Cold War made many Americans fear that communism might
secretly undermine the U.S. government and society. McCarthy publicly accused many people of being
communists. This created a climate of fear in which people were not given a fair hearing. Many of his
accusations were false and unfair. The term McCarthyism came to mean making unproven accusations.
McCarthy’s crusade against communism put him on center stage and gave him power over others. It is
possible that this influenced his crusade.
PTS: 1
DIF: Moderate
REF: p. 974
OBJ: 30.1.4 Compare and contrast the Soviet Union and the United States in the Cold War.
STA: SS.912.W.8.1
TOP: red scare
9. ANS:
Possible response: A political crisis in the Middle East in the early 1970s led to decreased oil exports. Oil
prices soared worldwide. In America and other industrialized democracies, higher prices for oil left
businesses and consumers with less to spend on other products. The result was a serious economic recession
in 1974. At this time, Americans became very aware of their dependence upon foreign oil and how their lives
could be affected by global economic forces. Today the United States and other industrialized democracies
remain dependent upon foreign energy supplies, and the availability of these supplies still affects the world
economy. If a political event cut off oil shipments from a group of major producers today, it is possible that
this could once again cause a worldwide recession.
PTS: 1
DIF: Moderate
REF: p. 977 | p. 978
OBJ: 30.2.1 Understand how the United States prospered and expanded opportunities.
STA: SS.912.W.9.2
TOP: economies
10. ANS:
Possible response: Between 1950 and 1970, Japan’s gross domestic product (GDP) soared. Japan’s success
was dependent upon producing products for export. These products included textiles, steel, and machinery.
By the 1970s, Japan’s products included cars, cameras, and other consumer goods. Japan was successful
because it had experience with an industrial economy in the past. After World War II this helped Japan to
quickly build efficient, modern factories that outproduced older Western industries. Because of American
military protection, Japan spent little money on its own military which provided more money to invest in the
economy. Japan benefited from an educated and skilled workforce. Also the Japanese government protected
home industries by imposing tariffs that limited imports. During the Cold War, Japan’s economic success was
in the interest of the United States since Japan became a strong ally in this important region of the world.
PTS: 1
DIF: Difficult
REF: p. 984
OBJ: 30.2.3 Describe how Japan was transformed.
TOP: Japan
STA: SS.912.W.9.2