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HIST 1302 Part Two Lesson 24 The Nation at War Wilson and Reform Constitutional Amendments Ratified During the Wilson Administration • • • • 16th Amendment (1913) – Income tax. 17th Amendment (1913) – Direct election of Senators 18th Amendment (1919) – Prohibition (Effective 1920) 19th Amendment (1920) – Woman Suffrage President Wilson lived up to campaign pledge; filed more than 100 federal anti-trust suits. Achievements of Congress During Wilson Presidency • • • • • • • Lowered the tariff Passed a modest income tax law Created Federal Reserve Bank system Passed a tougher anti-trust law Created Federal Trade Commission Workmen’s compensation for federal employees National Child Labor Law (later ruled unconstitutional by Supreme Court) Wilson and Mexico The Mexican Revolution began on November 20, 1910.be Porfirio Diaz, Mexico’s president for 27 years, was overthrown. In 1911 Francisco Madero, a liberal reformer, became Mexico’s new leader. But he was murdered in 1913 by Gen. Victoriano Huerta. Villa Obregon President Wilson refused to recognize Huerta’s government and supported Mexicans who sought to overthrow him. Zapata Carranza 1914: To stop a German ship carrying arms for Huerta’s government U.S. troops seized the port of Veracruz. After Venustiano Carranza overthrew Huerta in 1914, the U.S. withdrew its troops. March 9, 1916: Mexican presidential aspirant Francisco “Pancho” Villa leads a raid on Columbus, NM, destroying property and killing 17 Americans. 1916: Gen. John J. “Black Jack” Pershing leads U.S. “Border Expedition” (5,800 troops) into Mexico to find Villa. He never did. The First World War 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to Austrian throne) and his wife are assassinated by a Serb nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia. Interlocking Treaties lead to the “Great War” 3 min. 1914-1918: Stalemate on the “Western Front” In 1915, the German government warned Americans against traveling to the war zone. 128 Americans died when the Lusitania was sunk by a German U-Boat. Despite the sinking of the Lusitania, Americans wanted to stay out of the war and officially, the United States was neutral. Campaigning with the slogan “He kept us out of war!” Woodrow Wilson was re-elected in 1916 over Republican Charles Evans Hughes. In 1917 the “Zimmerman Telegram” tried (and failed) to convince Mexico to enter the war on the side of Germany. German Foreign Minister Zimmerman In 1917, after the Germans began unrestricted U-Boat warfare, five U.S. merchant ships were sunk. President Wilson urged war. 2 min. 05sec. In his war message to Congress on April 2, 1917, President Wilson declared: “The world must be made safe for democracy.” Congress declared war against Germany on April 6, 1917. Posters urged men to join the Army. …and the Navy. …and the Marines. This poster appealed to the patriotism of AfricanAmericans. Four African-American regiments served under French commanders. A little under 3 million men were drafted in service. In 1918 Socialist leader Eugene Debs was imprisoned for violating the Sedition Act by speaking out against the war. Gen. John J. “Black Jack” Pershing led the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in Europe. The first U.S. troops left for France in 1917. But the U.S. was unprepared for war. It was nearly a year before U.S. troops saw any significant combat. In 1917 Czar Nicholas II was overthrown. Following a year-long civil war, Communists seized power and pulled Russia out of the war. After Russia’s withdrawal, veteran German troops were sent to the Western Front. 9 min. 27 sec. On the Western Front, U.S. soldiers took part in several battles in 1918, when the Germans launched a massive offensive against Paris. At 11 a.m. on November 11, 1918 the war ended when Germany agreed to an armistice. In 1919, President Woodrow Wilson personally headed the U.S. peace delegation to Paris. Wilson’s “Fourteen Points,” which he wanted to be part of the peace treaty, included the establishment of a “League of Nations.” The Treaty of Versailles (1919) formally ended the “Great War.” It called for Wilson’s “League of Nations” to be formed. When Wilson ran into opposition to the treaty from Senate Republicans, (who objected to the League of Nations provision), he took his case to the people; but he had a stroke. 3 min. 48 sec. Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge led the opposition to the Treaty of Versailles. In 1921 the U.S. signed a separate peace treaty with Germany. In terms of manpower and casualties, the United States ranked fifth among the allies (Russia, Britain, France, and Italy were nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4). The Russians lost 1,700,000 men; the French a little more than a million, the British (and colonies) just under a million, the Italians 650,000 and the U.S. 126,000.