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DEMOGRAPHY
• Geography 6 The student understands the types, patterns, and processes of
settlement.
• Geography 6(A) Locate and describe human and physical features that
influence the size and distribution of settlements.
• Geography 6(B) Explain the processes that have caused changes in
settlement patterns, including urbanization, transportation, access to and
availability of resources, and economic activities .
• Geography 7 The student understands the growth, distribution, movement, and
characteristics of world population.
• Geography 7 (A) Construct and analyze population pyramids and use other data, graphics,
and maps to describe the population characteristics of different societies and to predict future
population trends.
Demography is the study of population. In this chapter, you will study the factors that
influence where people settle and the processes that lead to changes in settlement patterns.
You will also examine population density maps and population pyramids, and investigate
recent trends in world population growth and distribution.
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What factors influence where people settle?
Is the world's population growing too fast?
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IMPORTANT IDEAS -
A.
Many human and physical factors influence the size and distribution of human
settlements. These factors include landforms, climate, nearness to bodies of
water, natural resources, economic activities, the level of technology, and relationships with neighboring peoples.
B.
Many processes lead to changes in settlement patterns, including urbanization,
transportation, access to resources, and economic activities.
C.
Demographers use population density maps, population pyramids, and other
geographic data to describe population characteristics and trends. A population
density map shows where population is distributed in an area. A population
pyramid shows the distribution of population in a country by age and sex.
D. The world's population is now growing at an accelerating rate. More people are
alive now than at any other time in history.
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MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD GEOGRAPHY
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&EO&RAPHIC TERMINOLOGY
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PetMography
Urbat1izatiot1
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SettletMet1t Pattert1s
Populatiot1 Pet1sity
IN THIS CHAPTER
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Populatiot1 PyratMid
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A BRIEF HISTORY
OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
THE FIRST HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
Most anthropologists believe that humans first appeared in the Great Rift Valley in East
Africa many hundreds of thousands of years ago. From there, humans spread to the Middle
East, Asia, Europe, the Americas and Oceania.
Around 10,000 years ago, people in the Middle East discovered they could plant seeds
to grow their own food. Wherever agriculture was introduced, people no longer needed to
follow a nomadic way of life - wandering in constant search of food. Instead, populations
settled in one location and grew. Although agriculture was first discovered in the Middle
East, it was later discovered independently in China, India, Africa and the Americas.
THE EMERGENCE OF URBAN POPULATIONS
In some areas, agriculture
became especially successful.
This was true in the river valleys
of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India,
and China, which had fertile soil
from annual flooding. This led to
abundant harvests. In these locations, the first cities arose. People were able to grow a surplus
of food to feed a non-farming,
urban population. Urban dwellers included new specialized
groups - priests, soldiers, traders, scribes, and craftspeople.
As urban populations increased
in size, a need for government
developed.
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CHAPTER 10: Demography
INDUSTRIALIZATION
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AND URBANIZATION
Starting in the 1700s, the Industrial Revolution greatly increased the speed of
urbanization - the movement of greater numbers of people into cities. People began
to leave the rural countryside to find jobs in the new factories. Towns and cities started
to grow up around these factories. Cities also grew up at points where goods were
exchanged or transferred - such as seacoast ports where rivers met, and later, where
different railroad lines crossed.
FACTORS INFLUENCIN&
WHERE PEOPLE SETTLE
What explains the distribution of people around the world? Both physical and human factors affect where people settle, even today. Three-quarters of the world's population now
live on less than 5% of Earth's surface. Most of the world's population is concentrated in
five areas, with more than half in the first two:
(1) East Asia, including China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
South Asia, with India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Europe
North America
PHYSICAL FACTORS
Physical factors play a very large role in
where people live. Population tends to cluster around seaports and fresh water sources.
Most people live near the ocean or near a
river with access to the ocean. In fact, twothirds of the world's population today live
within 500 miles of the ocean.
Much of the Earth's land surface is
unfriendly to human habitation. In fact, eight
of the 10 most populous cities in the world
Major cities in China have some the highest
are on or near earthquake faults. Population
population densities in the world.
is typically sparse in extremely dry, wet,
cold, or mountainous areas. These areas usually have a low population density. Instead, people tend to settle in low-lying areas with fertile soil and a temperate or mild climate.
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MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD GEOGRAPHY
HUMAN FACTORS
Human factors also affect where people settle. The need to establish a capital city at a
central location or to establish new transportation routes may lead people to settle in a
particular area. As technology improves, people are able to explore and settle in new areas,
despite physical barriers. Economic activities also bring people to new areas. The discovery of valuable resources, such as gold, diamonds or oil, may attract settlers to an otherwise
unfavorable area.
CHANGES IN SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
Settlement patterns sometimes change over time. As areas urbanize, surrounding areas
attract new settlers. The discovery of new resources or the construction of new transportation routes can also encourage new settlement. The Far West of the United States, for
example, was sparsely populated until the discovery of gold in California and the construction of the transcontinental railroad.
POPULATION DENSITV MAPS
Geographers measure patterns of settlement by looking at population density - how many
people live within a given area. They often measure the average number of people in a square
mile. Geographers also use special maps to show the distribution of population density.
A dot population map uses dots
to indicate where major towns and
cities are located. Each dot represents
a certain number of residents. The
key to the map tells how many people each dot represents. Other symbols, like diamonds or circles, may
be used to indicate larger cities. In
this map, each dot represents 300,00
people. The map shows a concentration of people along the Nile, the
coast of the eastern Mediterranean,
the north side of Turkey, the rivers of
Iraq, and the central plateau of Iran.
Notice also that in the desert areas of
Saudi Arabia and Egypt, there is an
absence of dots. This indicates fewer
people live in those areas.
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SAUDI
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ARABIA
Arabkln
Sea
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CHAPTER10: Demography
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APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
What conclusions can you draw about where people in the Middle East prefer to settle?
A population density
map can also use patterns or colors to show
how many people live in
a given area. Regions of
different population density are separately indicated. The key explains
what each pattern or color
represents. For example,
in this map of Africa, light
gray horizontal lines indicate a population of 0 to
10 people per square mile.
In other words, on average 10 or fewer people
live on each square mile
of any areas shown with
gray horizontal lines.
....------1 AFRICA'S POPULATION DENSITY
1------,
s
Persons per
square mile
o
o
o
Oto 10
11 to 50
51 to 100
11II101 to 150
The map shows this
•
Over 150
very sparse population
I
across
North
Africa,
Miles
1000
o
where the Sahara Desert
is located. Along the Nile
River at the northeast tip of Africa, and along several coastal locations, the population density is greater than 150 people per square mile. These densely populated areas include the
cities of Cairo, Alexandria, Lagos, and Capetown.
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ACTING- AS AN AMATEUR G-EOG-RAPHER
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Five small countries with high population densities are Macau,
Monaco, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Gibraltar.
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Use an almanac or the Internet to find the square mileage for
each country and the size of its population. Also locate each one on a map.
Use a calculator to divide the population by the total square miles of land for each
country. This will give you the number of people living there per square mile.
Create a bar graph below, showing this information. Remember to create a title for
the graph and to label both the horizontal and vertical axes .
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PATTERNS IN THE SIZE AND
DISTRI8UTION OF CITIES
Throughout history, cities have exhibited variations in their size and distribution. Cities began
undergoing changes as they matured. Often the business district was located in the city's center, surrounded by residential neighborhoods. As newcomers from the countryside moved to
the center of the city, wealthier residents often began to move to the city's outskirts.
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CHAPTER 10: Demography
In more recent times, suburbs have
developed outside cities. Often, these suburbs come to form satellite cities around
the older city center. As the population
increases further, these cities may merge
into a single metropolitan region.
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MATURE CITY IN A
DEVELOPING NATION
In less developed countries, people
often arrive from the countryside without
education or resources. These newcomers may settle in squatter settlements or
shanty towns, usually found outside of the
city. A shanty town is a slum settlement
where poor people live in dwellings made
from scrap materials - such as plywood,
corrugated metal, and plastic sheets.
POPULAflON PVRAMIDS
Demographers study the characteristics of human populations as well as where people
settle. For example, they compare the numbers of males and females in a society. They also
look at the average ages of its members.
To display this information, demographers use a population pyramid. The pyramid
typically shows the number of males on the left side and the number of females on the
right. A vertical line runs through the middle. Each age group is represented by a different
bar. In a sense, a population pyramid is actually a type of bar graph. The different bars are
stacked up to create the pyramid.
JAPAN: 2010
Male
Female
80+
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
6
5
4
3
2
100
Population
1
2
(in millions)
Source:
u.s.
3
4
Census Bureau, International
5
6
Data Base.
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MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD GEOGRAPHY
Demographers can tell a great deal about a culture by examining its population. For
example, the population pyramid of Japan in 2010 (see page 165) shows a society in which
there are large numbers of people between the ages of 35 and 40 and between 60 and 65.
Because of good health care and a healthy lifestyle, many Japanese are living into old age.
A very large number of women are even older than 80. However, not so many Japanese
families are having large numbers of children. In fact, the number of people over 60 years
old in Japan is greater than the number of people under 20 years old.
By contrast, the population pyramid of Iran in 2010 shows a much younger population.
Very few people are older than 80. The number of people under age 20 is much greater
than the number of people older than 60. Compared to Japan, Iran's population is much
younger. Iran will therefore have very different social needs than Japan has.
IRAN: 2010
Female
Male
80+
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
~~iIII!l30-34
25-29
20-24
~~cf:l15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
5
4
3
2
100
Population
1
(in millions)
Source:
u.s.
2
3
4
Census Bureau, International
5
Data Base.
APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
Identify two ways that you would expect Japan and Iran to have different needs
because of the different ages of their populations:
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CHAPTER 10: Demography
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Listed below are the population figures for the nation of Sudan
in Africa for the year 2000. Each number represents a thousand
people. Use the information to construct your own population
pyramid below for the nation of Sudan.
Ages
MaLes
FemaLes
Birth to 4
2,600
2,550
10 to 14
1,900
1,700
20 to 24
1,300
1,200
30 to 34
900
800
40 to 34
600
600
MaLes
FemaLes
50 to 54
450
400
60 to 64
300
200
74
100
90
Age 80+
20
10
Ages
o to
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What conclusions can you draw about Sudanese society from this population pyramid? :
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MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD GEOGRAPHY
TRENDS IN WORLD POPULATION GROWTH
Patterns of settlement and the distribution of the world's population have changed greatly
over time. World population growth was uneven until agriculture was first introduced.
World population then grew gradually. Famines, plagues, and wars kept population growth
in check. During the Industrial Revolution, Europe and North America became the first
places to use new farming techniques and to apply modem science to decrease death rates.
As a result, population growth accelerated by almost ten times in Great Britain.
At the same time, average birth rates in these regions gradually decreased from the
1700s onwards. This kept the pace of population growth somewhat in check.
WORLD POPULATION GROWTH: 1-2000 A.D.
7.0r------------------------------------~
1930
6.0
2
billion
5.0
~ 4.0
o
:s
.,..
al
3.0
2.0
1 A.D.
1.0
300 million
1650
470 million
O~--------------------------------~O--1
500
1000
A.D.
As Europeans colonized new areas, they
spread their medical
advances and new farming methods to these
regions. This enabled
local peoples to live
longer. These peoples
did not always decrease
their birth rates. There
has now been a population explosion in Asia,
Africa, and Latin America, especially in the
years since World War II
(1939-1945).
ESTIMATED POPULATIONS OF WORLD REGIONS
1,200
1,125
1,050
~
II>
C
~
'E
~
Z
975
900
825
750
675
600
0
525
~
...•
450
::l
0..
0
0..
375
300
225
150
EUROPE
YEARS
D 1000 A.D .•
AFRICA
1500 A.D .•
2000 A.D.
CHINA
INDIA
AMERICAS
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Many countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America are now struggling to reduce their
birth rates to bring population growth under control. For example, China encourages families in cities and towns to have only one child.
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Based on the bar graph on page 168, in which region of the world
did the population grow the most between 1500 and 2000?
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: .• What will the distribution of world population become in 2100 if current trends
continue?
.• What environmental challenges does the world's growing population create?
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: .• Briefly describe how the pace of world population growth might be slowed down .•
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MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD GEOGRAPHY
LEARNING
WITH GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
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Complete the graphic organizer below. Indicate how each of these physical and human
factors affects where people live.
Natural Resources
Bodies of Water
Landforms
Climate
PHYSICAL FACTORS
HUMAN FACTORS
Level of Technology
Transportation Routes
Economic Activities
Urbanization
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CHAPTER STUDY CARDS
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PhysicaL Factors
InfLuencing Where PeopLe Live
People tend to settle in temperate, fertile,
non-mountainous areas, such as valleys and
plains.
People settle near sources of fresh water.
People settle not too far from oceans.
Fewer people settle in dry, wet, cold or
mountainous areas.
Human Factors Affecting SettLement
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Political and Economic Centers. People
move to areas of political or economic
importance, such as capital cities.
Transportation Routes. People often settle
along transportation routes, such as coast- ~
lines, rivers, canals, railroad lines, or roads.
Technology. Improvements in technology
can expand areas of settlement.
Urbanization. Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, urbanization (people movi ng from the countryside to cities) has
increased greatly.
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PopuLation Density Maps
Population Density Map. A map showing
how many people live per square mile in
a given area. It shows the distribution of
population in that area.
Dot Population Map. A map using dots to
indicate the location of major towns and cities. Dots are also used to show the concentration of where people live.
PopuLation Pyramids
These compare the numbers of males and
females in a particular country.
Stacked bars indicate the number of people
for each age group.
They are used by demographers to show the
age distribution in a society.
Trends in WorLd PopuLation Growth
The world's population has steadily increased
over time.
Pre-Industrial. The world's population grew
slowly.
After the Industrial Revolution. The world's
population grew rapidly. Europe and North
America grew fastest due to new farming
methods and industrialization.
European Colonization. As Europeans colonized new areas, they spread new farming
methods and modern medicine.
Current Trends.
• Population growth has greatly accelerated.
• China, India and Africa are struggling to
reduce birth rates to bring population
growth under control.
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