Download PROPAGANDA: The spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for

PROPAGANDA: The spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a
cause, or a person.
LOGICAL FALLACIES: Errors in argument. They either ignore an issue, distort it, or make it simpler than it really is.
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TYPES OF LOGICAL FALLACIES:
 Circular reasoning or "Begging the Question.": A person makes a claim then argues for it by advancing grounds whose
meaning is simply equivalent to that of the original claim.
 Red Herring: Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue (changing the subject)
 Straw Man: The author attacks an argument, which is different from, and usually weaker than, the opposition's best
argument.
 Ad Hominem/Name Calling: Where someone attacks an opponent’s character, or his motives for believing something,
instead of disproving his opponent’s argument.
 Hasty Generalization: coming to a conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence ; where someone generalizes about a
class or group based upon a small and poor sample.
 Either / Or: describing a situation as if there were only two choices when in fact there may be several
 False cause and effect: Arguing that something happened "after this, therefore it happened because of this."
 Glittering Generalities: A type of loaded words, they are so strongly positive that they “glitter” and make you feel good.
Slogans are often glittering generalities
 Bandwagon Appeal/Overgeneralization:This is the “Don’t be the last person to have one” appeal often used by
advertisers; where someone pressures us to do something just because many
other people like us are doing it.
 Testimonials: famous people who endorse products unrelated to their field of expertise are persuading by means of their
talent, glamour, and fame; when "big name" personalities are used to endorse a product.
 Card Stacking: “Stacking the cards” in favor of the product; advertisers stress is positive qualities and ignore negative.
 Plain Folks: The suggestion that the product is a practical product of good value for ordinary people
 Transfer: Words and ideas with positive connotations are used to suggest that the positive qualities should be
associated with the product and the user
PROPAGANDA: The spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a
cause, or a person.
LOGICAL FALLACIES: Errors in argument. They either ignore an issue, distort it, or make it simpler than it really is.
*****************************************************************************************************************************************
TYPES OF LOGICAL FALLACIES:
 Circular reasoning or "Begging the Question.": A person makes a claim then argues for it by advancing grounds whose
meaning is simply equivalent to that of the original claim.
 Red Herring: Any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue (changing the subject)
 Straw Man: The author attacks an argument, which is different from, and usually weaker than, the opposition's best
argument.
 Ad Hominem/Name Calling: Where someone attacks an opponent’s character, or his motives for believing something,
instead of disproving his opponent’s argument.
 Hasty Generalization: coming to a conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence ; where someone generalizes about a
class or group based upon a small and poor sample.
 Either / Or: describing a situation as if there were only two choices when in fact there may be several
 False cause and effect: Arguing that something happened "after this, therefore it happened because of this."
 Glittering Generalities: A type of loaded words, they are so strongly positive that they “glitter” and make you feel good.
Slogans are often glittering generalities
 Bandwagon Appeal/ Overgeneralization:This is the “Don’t be the last person to have one” appeal often used by
advertisers; where someone pressures us to do something just because many
other people like us are doing it.
 Testimonials: famous people who endorse products unrelated to their field of expertise are persuading by means of their
talent, glamour, and fame; when "big name" personalities are used to endorse a product.
 Card Stacking: “Stacking the cards” in favor of the product; advertisers stress is positive qualities and ignore negative.
 Plain Folks: The suggestion that the product is a practical product of good value for ordinary people
 Transfer: Words and ideas with positive connotations are used to suggest that the positive qualities should be
associated with the product and the user
 EMOTIONAL APPEALS: Pity: a cause or reason for sorrow,or regret; Vanity: excessive pride in one's appearance,
qualities, abilities, achievements; Fear: a distressing emotion aroused by impending danger,
evil, pain, etc., whether the threat is real or imagined
 SLIPPERY SLOPE: The arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction, usually ending in some dire consequence, will take
place, but there's really not enough evidence for that assumption. The arguer asserts that if we
take even one step onto the "slippery slope," we will end up sliding all the way to the bottom
 OVERSIMPLIFICAION: Explaining a complex situation or problem as if it is much simpler than it is
 STEREOTYPING: Type of oversimplification based on broad judgments of people by race, gender, religion, etc.
 FALSE ANALOGY: a comparison that doesn’t hold up because of a critical difference between the two subjects
PROPAGANDA USED IN ADVERTISING
 PATRIOTISM: The suggestion that purchasing this product shows your love of your country
 DIVERSION: Diversion seems to tackle a problem or issue, but then throws in an emotional non-sequitor or distraction.
 FACTS AND FIGURES: Statistics and objective factual information is used to prove the superiority of the product
 WEASEL WORDS: “Weasel words" are used to suggest a positive meaning without actually really making any
guarantee
 MAGIC INGREDIENTS: The suggestion that some almost miraculous discovery makes the product exceptionally
effective
 WIT AND HUMOR: Customers are attracted to products that divert the audience by giving viewers a reason to laugh or
to be entertained by clever use of visuals or language.
 SIMPLE SOLUTIONS: Avoid complexities, and attack many problems to one solutions.
 SNOB APPEAL: The suggestion that the use of the product makes the customer part of an elite group with a luxurious
and glamorous life
 BRIBERY: Bribery seems to give a desirable extra something. We humans tend to be greedy
 EMOTIONAL APPEALS: Pity: a cause or reason for sorrow,or regret; Vanity: excessive pride in one's appearance,
qualities, abilities, achievements; Fear: a distressing emotion aroused by impending danger,
evil, pain, etc., whether the threat is real or imagined
 SLIPPERY SLOPE: The arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction, usually ending in some dire consequence, will take
place, but there's really not enough evidence for that assumption. The arguer asserts that if we
take even one step onto the "slippery slope," we will end up sliding all the way to the bottom
 OVERSIMPLIFICAION: Explaining a complex situation or problem as if it is much simpler than it is
 STEREOTYPING: Type of oversimplification based on broad judgments of people by race, gender, religion, etc.
 FALSE ANALOGY: a comparison that doesn’t hold up because of a critical difference between the two subjects
PROPAGANDA USED IN ADVERTISING
 PATRIOTISM: The suggestion that purchasing this product shows your love of your country
 DIVERSION: Diversion seems to tackle a problem or issue, but then throws in an emotional non-sequitor or distraction.
 FACTS AND FIGURES: Statistics and objective factual information is used to prove the superiority of the product
 WEASEL WORDS: “Weasel words" are used to suggest a positive meaning without actually really making any
guarantee
 MAGIC INGREDIENTS: The suggestion that some almost miraculous discovery makes the product exceptionally
effective
 WIT AND HUMOR: Customers are attracted to products that divert the audience by giving viewers a reason to laugh or
to be entertained by clever use of visuals or language.
 SIMPLE SOLUTIONS: Avoid complexities, and attack many problems to one solutions.
 SNOB APPEAL: The suggestion that the use of the product makes the customer part of an elite group with a luxurious
and glamorous life
 BRIBERY: Bribery seems to give a desirable extra something. We humans tend to be greedy