Download Medical Terminology

Terminology of Pharmaceutical
English and Its Application
药学英语教研室
陈菁
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FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention is directed to novel quinoline and
quinazoline kinase inhibitors, and their pharmaceutically
acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, prodrugs and metabolites
thereof, the preparation thereof, and the use of such compounds to
treat kinase mediated diseases and conditions such as cancer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Protein kinases represent a large family of enzymes, which
catalyze the phosphorylation of target protein substrates. The
phosphorylation is usually a transfer reaction of a phosphate group
from ATP to the protein substrate. Common points of attachment
for the phosphate group to the protein substrate include, for
example, a tyrosine, serine or threonine residue.Due to their
activity in numerous cellular processes, kinases have emerged as
important therapeutic targets.
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Chapter 1.Introduction
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1.Etymology of Pharmaceutical
Terms
Based on their origin, pharmaceutical terms
can be divided into two large categories,
namely, native and borrowed. Except a small
portion of the vocabulary is derived from old
English, the terms are largely based upon
Greek, Latin and French vocabulary, of which
Greek and Latin are the most productive of
pharmaceutical terminology.
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Words originated from Greek
 colon: Kolon (large intestine)
 pandemic: pandemos (pertaining to all
people), composed of pan-(all) and demos
(people)
 psychology: psykhe-(breath, spirit, soul)
and logia (the study of), it originally meant
“study of the soul”

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words originated from Latin
 acute: actus (sharp),
 cell: cella (small room)
 placebo(安慰剂):placebo (I shall please). It
was originally the first word of the vespers
for the dead(为死者做的晚祷), “Placebo
Domino in regione vivorum” (I will please
the Lord in the land of the living). By the
1300s, the term suggest a flatterer（谄媚者
）.Its medical sense is a medicine given
more to please than to benefit the patient.

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2. Word-formation
Pharmaceutical terms are largely formed
from the building elements, namely, roots,
prefixes, suffixes and existing words.
Generally, several common processes of
word formation are used. They are mainly
affixation, composition, clipping and
acronym.
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2.1 Acronyms（缩略法）




An acronym is a word formed from the initial
letters of a group of words
AIDS
(acquired immune deficiency syndrome )
RBC
(red blood cells)
CNS
(Central nervous system)
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WHO
（World Health Organization）
 FDA
(Food and Drug Administration)
 HPLC
（High performance Liquid
Chromatography，高效液相色谱法）
 GMP
（Good Manufacturing Practice，药品生
产质量管理规范）

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Some acronyms are not made of the initial letters
of individual words of a compound term. Rather,
they are mostly composed of the initial letter of
the word plus the first letter of other components
of the same word.
 I.V.
(intravenous)
 DNA
（deoxyribonucleic acid, 脱氧核糖核酸）
 NSAID
（Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug，非甾体
抗炎药 ）

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2.2 Clipping （截短法）
Clipping, also called shortening, refers to
the process whereby a word is shortened by
clipping off part of the word without change
in its meaning and word class.
 poliomyelitis
polio 脊髓灰质炎
 influenza
flu
 laboratory
lab
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2.3 Composition（合成法）
Composition is a word-forming process by
joining two or more words.
 growth hormone, calcium channel inhibitor,
 bacteria-free, high-resolution，pain-killer
 overdose, overactive,

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2.4 Affixation（派生法）
Affixation refers to formation of words by
means of affixes (prefix and suffix). It
includes attaching a prefix to the front of a
base (root or word) and/or attaching a suffix
to the end of a base.
 proenzyme, isoenzyme, coenzyme
 gastritis, hepatitis, pneumonitis

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3. Characteristics of
pharmaceutical terms
3.1Some words in English for General Purpose can serve
as terms
Word
meaning in daily
English
meaning in field
administration management
giving medicines to patients, subjects, or
experimental animals
suspension
hang sth up, not
allow to fall or sink in
air or in liquid,etc
dispersions of finely divided solid particles
of a drug in a liquid medium in which the
drug is not readily soluble
complication
complex
new illness or new development of illness
that makes treatment more difficult
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sterile
barren, can not produce
corps
not able to produce young or children, free
from bacteria，
foreign
unfamiliar with or of
other country
heterogeneous, from different origin
host
owner, the master
organism harboring another organism on or in
itself
indication
suggest the possibility
of
disease that can be treated by a certain
medicine
primary
the most important,
the fundamental
the original
secondary
of less importance
caused by sth that is original
Consumption using up food/ energy/
resources, etc
tuberculosis of lung
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3.2 Great influence from Greek and Latin
3.2.1 Some English terms are obtained or derived
from Latin or Greek words
①The English names of some chemical elements
have the same form with their Latin versions
aluminum
calcium
magnesium
argentum
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②The English names of some chemical elements
and most antibiotics are obtained by deleting "um"
or "ium" at the end of their Latin versions
acidum－acid
aspirinum－aspirin
hydrogenum－hydrogen
penicillinum－penicillin
vitaminum－vitamin
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③The English names of alkaloid, oxide and
hydroxide are obtained by slight alteration at the
end of their Latin version
atropinum－atropine 阿托品
acetas－acetate 醋酸盐
bromidum－bromide 溴化物
hydrochloridium－hydrochloride 氯化氢
phosphas－phosphate 磷酸盐
iodium－iodide 碘化物
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3.2.2 Vocabulary containing Latin and Greek
morphemes
chromatograhy
cyclooxygenase
pharmacology
erythromycin
tetracycline
analgesics
bacteriocidal
色谱法
环氧化酶
药理学
红霉素
四环素
镇痛剂
杀菌的
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3.3 Pronunciation
Pronunciation of some individual letters
 c is pronounced as [k] before a, o, u, as in
leucocyte, calcium, capsule and [s] before e,
i, y, as in acid, cell, penicillin
 g is pronounced as [g] before a, o, u, as in
anticoagulant, agonist, gastrointestinal, and
[dʒ ]before e, i, y , as in agent, gene.

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



Pronunciation of Consonant Combinations
ch [tʃ ], chest,
[k], chronic, chromosome, stomach
ph [f], pharmacy, phosphate, physiology
rh [r], rheumatoid(类风湿),
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Pronunciation of Double Consonants
At the beginning of a word, the first
consonant of double consonants , including
cn, gn, mn, pn, ps and pt, is silent.
However, the two consonants are
pronounced if the pair appear in the middle
of a word.
 pneumonitis, psychology,
 apoptosis(细胞凋亡)，diagnosis，

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3.4 Plural forms



A lot of nouns evolved from Greek or Latin have
irregular plural forms. They mostly take their
original plural forms.
-a (-ae), formula (formulae), mucosa（mucosae）
-um(-a), bacterium (bacteria), spectrum (spectra)
-us(-i), fungus (fungi), focus (foci), coccu (cocci)
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-is(-es), analysis (analyses) , diagnosis
(diagnoses), hydrolysis (hydrolyses)
 -ix, -ex, -ax (-ices), appendix (appendices)
 -ma(-mata), carcinoma (carcinomata)
 -on(-a), ganglion (ganglia)

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4.Objectives and requirements
Be familiar with commonly used terms in
medical and pharmaceutical science
 List all the possible component parts of
these terms, including the root, combining
vowel, prefix, and suffix.
 Be familiar with some background
knowledge

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5. Teaching approach
Introduction of general terms of different
subjects with analysis of their component
parts
 Exercise in class
 Homework for review

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Chapter 2. Word parts


Medical terms are like
individual jigsaw puzzles.
They are constructed from
small pieces (prefixes,
roots, and suffixes) that
make each term unique.
Once you understand the
basic medical term
structure and how these
components fit together,
you will be able to “build”
almost any medical term.
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
The fundamental unit of each medical and
pharmaceutical word is the root. This
establishes the basic meaning of the word
and is the part to which modifying prefixes
and suffixes are added. All terms have one or
more roots.
 Examples of medical term roots are:
lip which means “fat”
hemat which means “blood”
cardi which means “heart”
gastr which means “stomach”
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A prefix is a short word part added before a
root to modify its meaning. Prefixes are
indicated by a dash after the prefix, such as:
hyper- which means “above or excessive”
peri- which means “around or surrounding”
epi- which means “upon, above, or beside”

endo- which means “within”
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A suffix is a short word part or series of
parts added at the end of a root to
modify its meaning. All medical terms
have a suffix. Suffixes are indicated by
a dash before the suffix, such as:
-itis which means “inflammation”
–emia which means “blood condition”
–logy which means “study of”

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 Combining
Vowel
The combining vowel (usually o) is used to link the
root to the suffix or the root to another root. The
combining vowel has no meaning of its own. Roots
shown with a combining vowel are called combining
forms. Usually, roots are given with their most
common combining vowels added after a slash and
are referred to simply as roots, as in neur/o and lip/o
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
Summary of Rules for Forming and
Spelling Pharmaceutical Terms
a. A combining vowel is used to join root
to root as well as root to any suffix
beginning with a consonant:
electr + o + cardi + o + gram =
root + vowel + root + vowel + suffix
electrocardiogram
(electrical record of the heart)
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b. A combining vowel is not used before a suffix that
begins with a vowel:
leuk + f
+
emia
=
root + no vowel + suffix beginning with a
vowel
leukemia
(distorted proliferation and
development of leukocytes in the blood)
c. A combining vowel is usually used to joint one root with
another root that begins with a vowel:
electr + o + encephal + o + gram = electroencephalogram
root + vowel + root + vowel + suffix (electrical record of the brain)
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d. If the root ends in a vowel and the suffix begins with the
same vowel, drop the final vowel from the root and do not
use a combining vowel:
cardi + f + itis =
root ending in i + no vowel + suffix
beginning with i
carditis
(inflammation of the heart)
e. Occasionally, when a prefix ends in a vowel and the
root begins with a vowel, the final vowel is dropped
from the prefix:
para + enter + f + al =
prefix ending in a + root beginning with e +
no vowel + suffix beginning with a
parenteral
(pertaining to alongside of the
intestine)
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Practice
neur + itis =
gastr + itis =
gastr + scopy=
enter+gastr+itis=
enter+gastr+scopy=
thromb+arter+itis=
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