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RELS 226/326
Mahāyāna Buddhism
Semester 2
2015
Department of Theology and Religion
University of Otago
Course Introduction i
Welcome to RELS 226-326
Mahāyāna Buddhism
Welcome to this paper on Mahāyāna Buddhism. This paper is offered on campus in Dunedin,
and online for distance students. This course book is written with both groups of students in
mind, but some sections will apply to only one of the two groups. As the paper is offered at
both 200 and 300 levels, some sections are specific to students taking the paper at 200 or 300
levels, respectively.
Introduction
This paper examines the origins of Mahāyāna Buddhism in India, its spread to China, Japan
and Tibet and its relationship to other forms of Buddhism. The paper begins with the early
history of Buddhism and examines how it separated into many sects. We then explore the
origins and development of the main Mahāyāna texts, such as the Perfection of Wisdom and
Lotus sūtras and their influence on the Mahāyāna doctrines. We will study the main concepts
in these sūtras with special reference to doctrines such as Dependent Origination, the
Bodhisattva ideal, Buddha nature, the Three Bodies of the Buddha, the three vehicles and
Nirvāṇa. The paper will also introduce the philosophies of the Mādhyamika and Yogācāra
schools.
Learning Aims and Objectives
At 200 level
Knowledge:
a) the origins and early development of Mahāyāna Buddhism in India;
b) the distinctive ideas and practices of Mahāyāna Buddhism; and
c) the transmission of Mahāyāna to other parts of Asia.
Skills:
a) the ability to analyse critically the teachings of Mahāyāna Buddhism;
b) the ability to research topics using academic texts, journals and other
media; and
c) the ability to defend an argument using a variety of methods in writing.
ii Course Introduction
At 300 level
Knowledge:
a) the origins and early development of Mahāyāna Buddhism in India;
b) the distinctive ideas and practices of Mahāyāna Buddhism; and
c) the different phases in the development of Mahāyāna Buddhism in Asia
and the contribution it has made to the culture of the lands where it has
developed.
Skills:
a) the ability to critically analyse Mahāyāna Buddhist history and thought;
b) the ability to research topics using academic texts, journals and other
media; and
c) the ability to defend an argument using a variety of methods in writing.
Course Structure
This course is divided into seven study units:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Early Indian Buddhism
Early Mahāyāna Buddhism in India
Early Mahāyāna Scriptures
Mahāyāna Schools in India
Transmission of Mahāyāna Buddhism to China
Later Mahāyāna Scriptures
Mahāyāna Devotionalism
Both on-campus and distance students will participate in the Online Tutorial
Forum on Blackboard.
Students on campus will meet for lectures twice a week (Tuesday and
Thursday, 2.00-2.50 pm). The dates listed below are the times when students
on campus will meet for lectures and tutorials and they provide a guideline for
distance students to plan their reading. Please ensure that you have read
through the study unit and the appropriate section from the reader before the
class meets (campus students) and before participating in the online tutorials.
Unit 1: Early Indian Buddhism
7 July
Lecture 1: Introduction: the Buddha
9 July
Lecture 2: The Buddhist Councils
Unit 2 Early Mahāyāna Buddhism in India
14 July
Lecture 1: The origins of the Mahāyāna
16 July
Lecture 2: The literature and language of Mahāyāna
21 July
Lecture 3: The Bodhisattva ideal
23 July
Online Tutorial 1 opens
30 July
Online Tutorial 1 closes
Course Introduction iii
Unit 3: Early Mahāyāna Scriptures
28 July
Lecture 1: The pāramitās
30 July
Lecture 2: The daśabhūmis
4 Aug
Lecture 3: The Prajñāpāramitā literature
6 Aug
Online Tutorial 2 opens
13 Aug
Online Tutorial 2 closes
Essay Outline due Friday 7 Aug at 5 pm
Unit 4: Mahāyāna Schools in India
11 Aug
Lecture 1: Mādhyamika
13 Aug
Lecture 2: Yogācāra
18 Aug
Lecture 3: The Tathāgatagarbha doctrine
20 Aug
Online Tutorial 3 opens
3 Sep
Online Tutorial 3 closes
24 – 28 Aug Mid-Semester break
Unit 5: Transmission of Mahāyāna Buddhism to China
1 Sep
Lecture 1: Mahayana Buddhism reaches China
3 Sep
Lecture 2: The Huayan school
8 Sep
Lecture 3: The Avataṃsaka sūtra
10 Sep
Online Tutorial 4 opens
17 Sep
Online Tutorial 4 closes
Unit 6: Later Mahāyāna Scriptures
15 Sep
Lecture 1: The Lotus sūtra
17 Sep
Lecture 2: The Lotus sūtra in China and Japan
22 Sep
Lecture 3: The bodies of the Buddha
24 Sep
Online Tutorial 5 opens
1 Oct
Online Tutorial 5 closes
Essay due Friday 18 Sep at 5 pm
Unit 7 Mahāyāna Devotionalism
29 Sep
Lecture 1: Mahāyāna Buddhism reaches Tibet
1 Oct
Lecture 2: Cults of the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas
6 Oct
Lecture 3: Pure Land Buddhism
6 Oct
Online Tutorial 6 opens
8 Oct
Revision/Exam Preparation
9 Oct
Online Tutorial 6 closes
Course Coordinator
Dr Chaisit Suwanvarangkul, BPharm (Chulalongkorn) MA (Kyoto) PhD
(Delhi), is a Lecturer in the Department of Theology and Religion. He teaches
papers on Buddhism and Sanskrit. Dr Suwanvarangkul was born in
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Thailand, and spent more than ten years as an ordained Theravada Buddhist
monk, studying the Dhamma and Vinaya. He did his MA research on the
Madhyāntavibhāga at Kyoto University in Japan and his PhD research at the
University of Delhi in India on the Yogacara school of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
He has taught meditation in Japan, and has taught both Theravāda and
Mahāyāna Buddhism at Wat Phra Dhammakaya in Pathum Thani near
Bangkok, and at the Mahachulalongkorn Rajavidyalaya University, Bangkok.
He has also taught Japanese in Thailand for more than three years. He studied
Sanskrit and Tibetan in Japan and India. His field of research is Buddhist
studies, focusing on the original Teaching of Buddha.
University:
Telephone:
Email:
Office hours:
Room 101, 1st Floor, 97 Albany St, Dunedin
03 479 8408
[email protected]
Monday and Wednesday 1 to 2 pm (or by appointment)
Course Book and Essential Textbook
Access to a course book is required and students are expected to have read
through the relevant study unit and readings.
Please see the Department's 'Essential Information' web page for important
advice and guidance on Distance Learning. (We will assume that you have
read and are familiar with this material):
http://www.otago.ac.nz/religion/courses/resources.html
Additionally, students are expected to read the text book:
•
Paul Williams. Mahāyāna Buddhism: the Doctrinal Foundations (London:
Routledge, 2009)
This book is available through the University library catalogue as an “EBook.” A printed copy is also on close reserve in the Central Library,
BQ7405.WQ16 2009.
For instructions on accessing E-Books available through the University
Library please see the 'Essential Information' web page or the Library's
website: http://www.otago.ac.nz/library/
It is also available from:
University Book Shop, 378 Great King Street, North Dunedin 9054
Telephone:
03 477 6976
Fax:
03 477 6571
Email:
[email protected]
Note that books will not be posted to you until payment is made. You can do
this by credit card when you order, or by cheque when you receive the pro
forma invoice from the Book Shop that is sent following your order.
Course Introduction v
Using Blackboard
This course is taught using the web-based programme Blackboard. This is a
widely used online learning environment that provides online resources and
additional material for each week’s topic in addition to facilities for class
discussion and other interaction.
If you are taking the course by distance, it is essential that you have reliable
access to the Internet and a basic familiarity with computers for word
processing, email, and Internet browsing. Students on campus are also
required to use Blackboard to submit assignments and for online tutorials.
To access Blackboard go to http://blackboard.otago.ac.nz and login using your
University Username and Password.
Your Student Username is printed on your Student ID card and your Password
should have been sent to you as part of the enrolment process. If you do not
know your password please phone the ITS Service Desk on 0800 479 888
(8.30am to 9.00pm Monday to Friday, 10:00am to 5:00pm Weekends) or
email [email protected].
If you are correctly enrolled for the course it should be visible under ‘Courses’
as ‘Mahayana Buddhism’. If you are unfamiliar with Blackboard please see
the more detailed instructions on using Blackboard under “Blackboard” in the
'Essential Information' web page.
Please note: Blackboard uses your university email address. If you use another
email address, you can arrange through PIMS to have your university email
redirected to this address.
Online Tutorials Using Blackboard
Once you have logged into Blackboard and displayed the Home Page for this
paper, click on Online Tutorial Forum in the menu. To contribute to the
tutorial discussion:
•
•
•
•
Locate the thread you are contributing to.
Click on ‘Reply’.
Write your comments.
Click on ‘Submit’.
Your contribution will then be on the website along with the contributions of
your fellow class members. Again, if you are unfamiliar with Blackboard
please see the more detailed instructions on using Blackboard under
“Blackboard” on the 'Essential Information' web page.
You may also wish to draft your contribution off-line and then cut and paste
into Blackboard. This saves being online while you do research or think about
an issue. It also ensures you have a copy of your contributions.
vi !Course Introduction
Assessment Overview
Please read carefully the information on 'Assessment' on the 'Essential
Information' web page, which includes important advice on plagiarism and
deadlines: http://www.otago.ac.nz/religion/courses/resources.html
Distance students should also read the section on assessment in the handbook:
Distance Learning Information and Support 2015. A link to a PDF of the
Handbook is provided below:
http://www.otago.ac.nz/courses/distance_study/otago085421.pdf
The assessment at 200 level comprises:
A 500-word outline of the essay (5%)
A 2500-word essay (35%)
5 online tutorials (10%)
A three-hour exam (50%)
The assessment at 300 level comprises:
A 750-word outline of the essay (10%)
A 3500-word essay (40%)
5 online tutorials (10%)
A two-hour exam (40%)
For Grading and Benchmark Criteria please see the information under
“Grading” in the 'Essential Information' web page.
Examination
For RELS 230 students - 3 hour examination, worth 50% of final mark.
For RELS 330 students - 2 hour examination, worth 40% of final mark
The date and time of the examination will be available on E-vision toward
the end of the course. If you have any questions about the exam venue, dates
or time, please contact the Examination Officer (not the lecturer).
Examination Office:
Tel. 64 3 479 8347
Fax: +64 479 5490
Email: [email protected]
Submitting Assignments
All assignments for this paper are to be submitted electronically via the
“Assignment” feature on Blackboard by 5.00pm on the due dates notified.
They are not to be given or emailed directly to your course coordinator.
Campus students must also submit a hard copy of their assignment, by
placing it in the box outside the office at 4C10, Fourth Floor, Arts
Building. (This should include a signed copy of the plagiarism declaration).
Course Introduction vii
The assignments for this paper will be checked using Safe Assign.
For instructions on how to submit assignments via Blackboard please see the
information under “Submitting Your Assignment" in the Essential
Information web page.
Before you submit your essay, make a backup copy, either in electronic form
or on paper, and keep it in a safe place. We try very hard to ensure that essays
do not go missing, but catastrophes do occur. In the unlikely event that an
essay is lost, we will assume you have another copy.
Extensions and Late Submission
Students have full responsibility for the prompt submission of assignments.
For the Department’s policy on Assignment Extensions and Late
Submission, please see the information under “Deadlines” in the 'Essential
Information' web page.
Plagiarism
The University of Otago takes the issue of plagiarism – presenting someone
else’s work as your own – very seriously. The University’s official policy on
plagiarism can be founder under “Plagiarism” in the Essential Information
web page.
Referencing System
For essay writing, the Department requires that you use the 14th edition of
the Chicago Style Guide, which is the norm for many academic journals in
the Humanities and often recommended for theses in the Humanities.
The Department has prepared a Study and Style Guide, which outlines the
Chicago Style and offers other advice on essay presentation. You may find it
via the Department’s web site www.otago.ac.nz/religion and also on
Blackboard. Hard copies are available from the office at 4C10, Arts Building.
More about the Online Tutorial Forum
Value: 10%
The Online Tutorial Forum is a virtual tutorial in which you discuss the issues
at hand with others in the class on Blackboard. There are five marked tutorials,
and one unmarked tutorial. To receive full marks you need to:
1. consider two or more of the questions set for the tutorial
2. demonstrate that you have done the required readings
3. engage in the ongoing thread of discussion
4. respond to other students’ posts, or ask questions
viii !Course Introduction
Please note that contributions will be assessed for their quality of analysis,
relevance to the discussion, reference to the required readings, and interaction
with other students’ posts, but not for presentation style, formatting or citation.
Your tutorial contribution should be informal and conversational, but should
also engage seriously with the topics and make references to the readings if
possible. (There is no need to footnote comments about the readings from the
course book, but if you cite some other source, let us know what it is.) I will
not respond to every post, but will occasionally weigh in with a comment or
another question.
You are strongly advised to draft your posts off-line in a word processing
software, so you can keep track of your word count; and then cut and paste into
Blackboard. This saves being online while you do research or think about an
issue. It also ensures you have your own copy of your contributions in case of
“technology failure.”
Our tutorial discussions will be enhanced if we try to observe these rules of
“netiquette:”
1. Keep your contribution relevant, focused and to the point; you don’t have
to write everything you know about a topic, but you need to engage in a
discussion with other participants.
2. Keep an open mind, and respect all contributions from your fellow students.
Where you agree or disagree with a posting made by another participant,
offer specific reasons for doing so, citing an academic reference in support
of your view if possible.
3. Keep your ideas focused on the topics being discussed. If you want to write
about a related, but different, subject start a new thread. Give your postings
a specific title to help others to find your posts later on.
4. Try not to dominate the discussion, but give others space.
5. Electronic discussion is prone to misunderstanding, and it is reasonably
easy to cause offence without intending to. So choose your words carefully
and precisely, giving thought to how they might be received. Feel free to
use emoticons – they are an important way of conveying tone. And don’t
take offence too quickly – perceived slights may not be real or intended. If
you don’t understand what someone has said online, ask them to clarify it.
6. If that doesn’t resolve the matter, contact your lecturer directly.
Please note: your tutorial contributions should be between 300 – 500
words in length.
Online Tutorial Schedule and Questions
Tutorial 1 (Unit 1-2: this tutorial is marked and is open 23-30 July)
a) What are some differences between Mahāyāna and Theravāda attitudes
towards the Buddhist Canon?
b) What is meant by the Bodhisattva ideal?
c) What is a stūpa cult and why is it important for the history of Mahāyāna
Buddhism?
Course Introduction ix
d) What does Williams say about the origins of Mahāyāna?
Tutorial 2 (Unit 3: this tutorial is marked and is open 6-13 Aug)
a) What are the activities and aspirations of a Bodhisattva?
b) What stages, or steps does the Bodhisattva attain on the way to the final
goal of nirvāṇa?
c) According to Williams (textbook) what are some of the claims made in the
Prajñāpāramitā, or Perfection of Wisdom literature?
(d) What is the relationship between Bodhisattva and Wisdom?
Tutorial 3 (Unit 4: this tutorial is marked ans is open 20 Aug-3 Sep)
(a) Who was Nāgārjuna, and why is he important for the development of
Mahāyāna Buddhist thought?
(b) What are some of the differences between the Mādhyamika and the
Yogācāra conceptions of śūnyatā?
(c) Why have some scholars argued that the doctrine of Tathāgatagarbha is
‘not Buddhist’?
(d) What does Williams say about the dispute between gzhan stong and
rang stong in Tibet?
Tutorial 4 (Unit 5: this tutorial is marked and is open 10-17 Sep)
(a) What does dharma-dhātu mean?
(b) How did the Avataṃsaka sūtra get from India to China?
(c) What are the origins of the Huayan School and why did the Huayan School
become so popular in China?
(d) What does Williams say about Huayan practice and tradition in China?
Tutorial 5 (Unit 6: this tutorial is marked and is open 24 Sep-1 Oct)
(a) The Lotus Sūtra uses the concept of ekayāna, “one vehicle.” What does
this term mean, and why is it important?
(b) What does the term the “two bodies of the Buddha” mean?
(c) Find synonyms and meaning of “dharmakāya”
(d) What does Williams say about the system of bodies developed by
Yogācāra?
x
Course Introduction
Tutorial 6 (Unit 7: this tutorial is not marked, and is open 6 - 9 Oct)
(a) According to Williams, what does bodhicitta mean, and what is it equal
to?
(b) Is Maitreya a mortal Bodhisattva or a celestial Bodhisattva?
(c) In which direction is the Pure Land of Akṣobhya, who is allowed to dwell
there, and for how long?
(d) What does Williams say about Compassion and the Bodhicitta?
Assignments for RELS 226 Students
1.
Essay Outline (5%)
Deadline: 5pm on Friday, 7 August 2015
The first component of assessment for this course is a one-page (max. 500
word) outline and bibliography of your essay for the course. The outline
should include:
a) A brief presentation of your selected topic.
b) Headings and subheadings, to show what you will cover.
c) A list of at least three secondary sources you intend to consult.
The outline is intended to assist you in the process of writing a good essay.
Your final essay need not be identical with what you present on your outline if
you choose (or if I suggest) another approach to the topic.
2.
Essay (35%)
Deadline: 5pm on Friday, 18 September 2015
The second component of assessment for this course is one 2,500 word essay.
Please choose one of the following five options as the title for your essay:
a) Discuss the Bodhisattva ideal and the unique characteristics of Mahāyāna
Buddhism.
b) Discuss the difference between the absence of Self in persons (pudgalanairātmya) and the absence of Self in dharmas (dharmanairātmya).
c) Discuss the role of Ālayavijñāna in Yogācāra thought.
d) Outline the origins of the Huayan School and explain why the Huayan
School became so popular in China.
e) What is a Pure Land? Why has Pure Land Buddhism become so popular
in Japan?
Course Introduction xi
Assignments for RELS 326 Students
1.
Essay Outline (10%)
Deadline: 5pm on Friday, 7 August 2015
The first component of assessment for this course is a one- to two-page (max.
750 word) outline and bibliography of your essay for the course. The outline
should include:
a) A brief presentation of your selected topic.
b) Headings and subheadings, to show what you will cover.
c) A list of at least five secondary sources you intend to consult.
The outline is intended to assist you in the process of writing a good essay.
Your final essay need not be identical with what you present on your outline if
you choose (or if I suggest) another approach to the topic.
2.
Essay (40%)
Deadline: 5pm on Friday, 18 September 2015
The second component of assessment for this course is one 3,500 word essay.
Please choose one of the following five options as the title for your essay:
a) Discuss the role of laypeople in the rise of Mahāyāna and the development
of the Mahāyāna sūtras.
b) Discuss the three natures (trisvabhāva) and identify some of the
main points of disagreement between Mādhyamika and Yogācāra.
c) Discuss the principal doctrine of the Tathāgatagarbha, and explain
its place in Mahāyāna Scriptures.
d) Outline the origins and development of the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka
Sūtra and its relationship to the wider Buddhist tradition.
e) Outline the doctrine of the three bodies (trikāya), and explain its place in
Mahāyāna thought regarding the Buddha.
A Study and Style Guide for writing essays is available from the Theology and
Religion office, or as a pdf file on Blackboard, where you can also find further
advice on study skills, including the University’s policies on plagiarism and
advice on how to avoid it.
xii Course Introduction
Bibliography
This bibliography is intended to supplement the course book and to guide
your further private study for the essay and preparation for the examination.
It is not an exhaustive list, even of works available in the library here. You
are not expected to read everything on this list, nor are you expected to
limit your reading to these works. Specific suggestions for further reading
will be found in the notes for each unit. The codes following each article or
book indicate the call number in the library. Note that you do not need to
provide these codes on your assignment bibliography (but otherwise you
may wish to take the references here as a guide to how your bibliography
should appear).
Amstutz, Galen. Interpreting Amida: History and Orientalism in the study of
Pure Land Buddhism. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.
BQ8712.3. AH19
Anacker, Stefan. Seven Works of Vasubandhu, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass,
1998. BQ7529.V363 E5 1984
Bapat, P.V., 2500 Years of Buddhism, Publications Division, Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting Government of India, 1971. BQ266.B635
Blofeld, John, Bodhisattva of Compassion: The Mystical Tradition of Kuan
Yin, Boulder, CO: Shambhala, 1978. BQ4700.BM58
Bocking, Brian, Nāgārjuna in China, Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press,
1995. BQ2813.E5 1995
Cheng, Hsueh-li, Nagarjuna’s Twelve Gate Treatise, Dordrecht, Holland;
Boston: D. Reidel Pub. Co., BQ2782.E5 CG74
Cleary, Thomas, The Flower Ornament Scripture, A Translation of The
Avataṃsaka Sutra, Boston: Shambala Press, 1993. BQ1622.E5 1993.
Cleary, Thomas, Entry into the Inconceivable:an introduction to Hua-Yen
Buddhism, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983. BQ8218.3.CL47 1984
Conze, Edward, Buddhism its essence and development. Oxford : Cassirer,
1957. BQ4012.CR74 1957
Conze, Edward, Buddhist Texts Through the Age, New York : Harper & Row,
1964. BQ1138.BX24 1964
Conze, Edward, Buddhist thought in India. London : George Allen & Unwin,
1962. BQ282.CR74
Conze, Edward, Thirty Years of Buddhist Studies, Oxford: Cassirer, 1967.
BQ4055.CR74
Conze, Edward, The Large Sutra on the Perfect Wisdom, Berkeley: University
of California Press, 1975. BQ1882.E5 CR735
Conze, Edward, The perfection of wisdom in eight thousand lines & its verse
summary. Bolinas, Four Seasons Foundation; distributed by Book People,
Berkeley, 1973. BQ1912.E5 CR74
Conze, Edward, The Prajñāpāramitā Literature, The Hague: Mouton, 1960.
BQ1882.E5 CR737.
xiii Course Introduction
Conze, Edward, The Short Prajñāpāramitā Texts, London: Luzac, 1973.
BQ1882.E5 CR74
Cowell, E.B., et al., Buddhist Mahāyāna Texts, New York: Dover Publication,
Inc., 1969. BQ1612.E5 BX24 1969
Davids, Rhys, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). The Pali Text Society’s
Pali–English Dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. A general on-line
search engine for the PED is available at
http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.
Davidson, Ronald M, Tibetan Renaissance, New York: Columbia University
Press, 2005. BQ7610 .D755
Dayal, Har, The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature, Delhi:
Motilal Banarsidass, 2004. BQ4293.D843
Dreyfus, Georges B.J., The Sound of Two Hands Clapping: The Education of
a Tibetan Buddhist Monk, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
BQ7756 .DS19
Douglas, Nik & White, Meryl, compilers. Karmapa the Black Hat Lama of
Tibet, London: Luzac & Company, 1976. BQ7682.K55
Dutt, Nalinaksha, Mahāyāna Buddhism, Delhi: Bharatiya Kala Prakashan,
2003. BQ7374.DZ272008
Thomas, E.J. The History of Buddhist Thought, London: Routledge & Kegan
Paul, 1951. BQ266.TE68 1951
Eliot, Charles, Sir, Japanese Buddhism, London : Routledge, 1964.
BQ674.ED6 1964
English, Elizabeth, Vajrayoginī, Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2002.
BQ4890.V342 EK5
Garfield, Jay; Edelglass, William, et al. Buddhist Philosophy: Essential
Readings. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. B162.BX24
Geshey Ngawang Dhargyey, Tibetan tradition of mental development : oral
teachings of Tibetan Lama, Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works &
Archives, 1974. BQ7780.NJ97
Getty, Alice, The Gods of Northern Buddhism, Tokyo: Tuttle, 1962.
BQ4630.GC66
Griffiths, Paul J., On Being Mindless, La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishing,
1986. BQ4327.GU74
Gomez, Luis O., Land of Bliss, Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, 1996.
BQ2012.E5 L755 1996
Guenther, Herbert V, The Tantric View of Life, Berkeley, CA: Shambala,
1972. BQ8915.4.GX24
Hakeda, Yoshito S., the Awakening of Faith, New York, NY: Columbia
University Press, 1967. BQ2992.E5 H416
Hirakawa, Akira, A History of Indian Buddhism From Śākyamuni to Early
Mahāyāna, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990. BQ336.HN27 1990
Hisao, Inagaki, The Three Pure Land Sutras, Berkeley, Numata Center, 1995.
BQ2012.E5 IB3 1995
Course Introduction xiv
Kalupahana, David J., The Philosophy of the Middle Way, New York: State
University of New York Press, 1986. BQ2792.E5 K39
Katō, Bunnō et al., The Threefold Lotus Sutra, New York: Weatherhill, 1975.
BQ2052.E5 K61
Keown, Damien and Charles Prebish, eds. “Nikāya Buddhism,” Encylopedia
of Buddhism, New York: Routledge, 2007, pp. 549-558.
Inada, Kenneth, Nāgārjuna, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1993.
BQ2792.E5 IB3 1993
Kim, Inchang, The Future Buddha Maitreya, New Delhi: D.K. Printworld,
1997. BQ4690.M33 KG4
King, Sallie B., Buddha Nature, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1991.
Kosambi D.D, The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India in Historical
Outline, London, 1965. DS425.KV2
Kumar, Pushpendra, Tārā: The Supreme Goddess, Delhi: Bharatiya Vidya
Prakashan, 1992. BQ4710.T3 PZ55
Lamotte, Étienne, History of Indian Buddhism, Paris: Peeters Press, 1988.
BQ286 .L682 1988
Lopez, Donald S., A Study of Svātantrika, Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion
Publications, 1987. BQ7478.LV16
Lopez, Donald S., Religions of Tibet in practice, Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 2007. BQ7620 .RC24 2007
Makransky, John J., Buddhahood Embodied: Sources of Controversy in India
and Tibet, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1998.
Mitchell, Donald W., Buddhism: Introducing the Buddhist Experience, New
York: Oxford University Press, 2002. BQ266.MN71
Murdoch, James. A history of Japan. Revised and edited by Joseph H.
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