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Defining Biomedical Informatics and its Relationship to Dental Research and Practice Edward H. Shortliffe, MD, PhD College of Physicians & Surgeons Columbia University Dental Informatics & Dental Research: Making the Connection National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland June 12, 2003 What is Medical Informatics? The scientific field that deals with the storage, retrieval, sharing, and optimal use of biomedical information, data, and knowledge for problem solving and decision making. Medical informatics touches on all basic and applied fields in biomedical science and is closely tied to modern information technologies, notably in the areas of computing and communication. Medical Informatics in Perspective Basic Research Methods, Techniques, and Theories Public Health Applied Research Clinical Medicine Nursing Veterinary Medicine Dentistry Visualization Molecular Biology Medical Informatics in Perspective Basic Research Methods, Techniques, and Theories Public Health Informatics Applied Research Clinical Medicine Informatics Nursing Informatics Dental Informatics Veterinary Informatics Imaging Informatics Bioinformatics Medical Informatics in Perspective Basic Research Methods, Techniques, and Theories Public Health Informatics Applied Research Clinical Medicine Informatics Nursing Informatics Dental Informatics Veterinary Informatics Imaging Informatics Bioinformatics Clinical Medical Informatics in Perspective Medical Informatics Basic Research Methods, Techniques, and Theories Bioinformatics Applied Research Imaging Informatics Clinical Informatics Public Health Informatics Medical Informatics in Perspective Basic Research Applied Research Medical Informatics Methods, Techniques, and Theories Bioinformatics Molecular and Cellular Processes Imaging Clinical Informatics Informatics Tissues and Organs Individuals (Patients) Public Health Informatics Populations And Society Medical Informatics in Perspective Medical Informatics Methods, Techniques, and Theories Bioinformatics Imaging Clinical Informatics Informatics Public Health Informatics Medical Informatics in Perspective Biomedical Bioinformatics Methods, Techniques, and Theories Medical Informatics Methods, Techniques, and Theories ?? ?? ?? Bioinformatics Imaging Clinical Informatics Informatics Public Health Informatics Biomedical Informatics in Perspective Basic Research Applied Research Biomedical Informatics Methods, Techniques, and Theories Bioinformatics Molecular and Cellular Processes Imaging Clinical Informatics Informatics Tissues and Organs Individuals (Patients) Public Health Informatics Populations And Society Examples of Growing Synergies Between Clinical and Bio- Informatics • Applications at the intersection of genetic and phenotypic data – e.g., pharmacogenomics – e.g., identification of patient subgroups • Shared methodologies with broad applicability – e.g., natural language and text processing – e.g., cognitive modeling of human-computer interaction – e.g., imaging (organs, biomolecular, 3D) – e.g., inferring structure from primary data – e.g., data mining (knowledge extraction) from large datasets Journal of Biomedical Informatics • Formerly “Computers and Biomedical Research” • Volume 36 in 2003 • Emphasizes methodologic innovation rather than applications, although all innovations are motivated by applied biomedical goals Biomedical Informatics in Perspective Contribute to... Biomedical Informatics Methods, Techniques, and Theories Other Management Information Computer Cognitive Decision Component Sciences Sciences Science Sciences Draw upon…. Contributes to…. Applied Informatics Biomedical Domain Draws upon…. Core of Biomedical Informatics As An Academic Discipline Biomedical Knowledge Knowledge Base Biomedical Data Inferencing System Data Base Biomedical Informatics Research Areas Biomedical Knowledge Machine learning Text interpretation Knowledge engineering Knowledge Acquisition Knowledge Base Model Development Information Retrieval Diagnosis Biomedical Data Biomedical Research Planning & Data Analysis Data Acquisition Inferencing System Data Base Treatment Planning Human Interface Real-time acquisition Imaging Speech/language/text Specialized input devices Teaching Image Generation Examples from a Recent Columbia Retreat: Cross Cutting Methodologies • Natural language and text processing • Knowledge representation and structuring / ontology development • Cognitive science in biomedical informatics • Data mining • 3-dimensional modeling Biomedical Informatics in Perspective Contribute to... Computer Science, Decision Science, Cognitive Science, Information Sciences, Management Sciences and other Component Sciences Biomedical Informatics Methods, Techniques, and Theories Draw upon…. Contributes to…. Bioinformatics Draws upon…. Structural Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology Dental Informatics • Significant opportunities for research across the spectrum of biomedical informatics application areas (bioinformatics, imaging, clinical, public health) • Challenges exist that can help to drive innovation and scientific contributions in biomedical informatics and in other, nonbiomedical, areas of application Biomedical Informatics in Perspective Contribute to... Computer Science, Decision Science, Cognitive Science, Information Sciences, Management Sciences and other Component Sciences Biomedical Informatics Methods, Techniques, and Theories Draw upon…. Contributes to…. Dental Informatics Draws upon…. Oral Medicine, Dentistry, Craniofacial Surgery, Dental Research Challenges For Academic Informatics • Explaining that there are fundamental research issues in the field in addition to applications and tool building • Finding the right mix between research/training and service requirements • Developing and nurturing the diverse collegial and scientific relationships typical of an interdisciplinary field Academic Informatics: Lessons We Have Learned • Service activities can stimulate new research and educational opportunities • Need to have enough depth in faculty to span a range of skills and professional orientations • Need to protect students from projects on critical paths to meeting service requirements • Institutional support and commitment are crucial –Financial stability –Visibility and credibility with colleagues in other health science departments and schools Training Future Biomedical Informatics Professionals The Problem: There are too few trained professionals, knowledgeable about both biomedicine and the component sciences in biomedical informatics The Solution: Formal training in biomedical informatics, with the definition of a core discipline and specialized elective opportunities Curriculum Development Perspective of our Department of Biomedical Informatics • Basic objectives: fundamental areas of biomedicine, computer science and mathematics that are prerequisites for further study in Biomedical Informatics • Core objectives: essential skills required by all Biomedical Informatics students • General objectives: ability to conduct research and participate in the educational activities of the field • Specialized objectives: application of general methods and theories in at least one of four different areas: bioinformatics, imaging informatics, clinical informatics, and public health informatics Biomedical Informatics Disciplines Computer Science (software) Computer Science (hardware) Cognitive Science & Decision Making Bioengineering Biomedical Informatics Epidemiology And Statistics Management Sciences Clinical Topics Basic Biomedical Sciences Biomedical Informatics Curriculum Major subject areas: 1. Biomedical Informatics 2. Biomedicine 3. Computer Science 4. Decision and Cognitive Sciences 5. Public Policy and Social Issues 1. Biomedical Informatics Courses • Computer applications in health care • Computer-assisted medical decision making • Bioinformatics (computational biology) • Biomedical imaging (imaging informatics) • Programming projects course • Weekly student seminars (topic review or research report by students) • Weekly research colloquium • Biomedical informatics “civics” Medical Biomedical Informatics Textbook (2nd (3rd edition) Springer Verlag - 2000 2004? Bio Program Characteristics Steady-state program size: 45-50 students – Dental informatics postdocs Applications per year: Admissions per year: 3 students ~130 candidates 8-10 students Principal faculty: Participating and consulting faculty: 30 ~20 Trainees generally supported on a training grant, as graduate research assistants on sponsored projects, or as teaching assistants Doctoral Research in Informatics • Although they are inspired by biomedical application goals, dissertations in biomedical informatics must: –offer methodological innovation, not simply interesting programming artifacts –generalize to other domains, within or outside biomedicine • Inherently interdisciplinary, biomedical informatics provides bridging expertise and opportunities for collaboration between computer scientists and biomedical researchers and practitioners Career Paths for Biomedical Informatics Professionals • Academic biomedical informatics research and development, and educational support • Clinical, administrative, and educational management • Operational service management • Health system chief information officer or medical/nursing director for information technology • Digital library development and implementation • Corporate research and development • Biotechnology/pharmaceutical companies Trends • Creation of several new biomedical informatics departments or independent academic units • Reasonably strong job market for graduates of informatics degree programs • Government investment in training and research is reasonably strong, especially for applications and demonstrations • Increasing acceptance of biomedical informatics as an emerging subspecialty area by biomedical professional societies • Increasing recognition that biomedical problems can drive the development of basic theory and capabilities in information technology research