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Classical Forms Sonata Form, Rondo and Minuet Sonata Form Sonata form is a theoretical principle applied to music of the Classical era by academics. It consists of three sections: Exposition, Development and Recapitulation. The Exposition contains the statement of two themes, the first in the tonic key and the second in the dominant. The Development explores the thematic material of the exposition before the Recapitulation restates the original themes, although this time in the subdominant and tonic keys. Sonata form movements are generally found at the beginning of longer, multimovement works such as sonatas, concertos and symphonies. A B Exposition C C Development A1 B1 CODA Recapitulation Rondo At its most basic, the rondo consists of a principle theme which is then repeated in between contrasting episodes resulting in the structure ABACA. A B A C A Rondo form can also be combined with sonata form (see above) to create the sonata-rondo form. A B Exposition A C Development A B CODA Recapitulation Both Rondo and Sonata Rondo form are usually employed in the final movement of longer works. Minuet The Classical minuet is a development of the menuett movement from the Baroque Suite. It is in ternary form (ABA) with the middle section often in a related key other than the tonic. Minuets were frequently written in contrasting pairs, with the second minuet being named the trio. The first minuet would then be repeated, giving the movement the overall form of ABA CDC ABA. Minuet and Trios were often used as the second or sometimes the third movement of larger works. A B A C D C A B A Teacher’s notes on ‘Eine Kleine Nachtmusik’ (notes from Wikipedia, score on imslp.org) Allegro This first movement is in sonata-allegro form, which aggressively ascends in a Mannheim rocket theme. The second theme is more graceful and in D major, the dominant key of G major. The exposition closes in D major and is repeated. The development section begins on D major and touches on D minor and C major before the work returns to G major for the recapitulation. Romanze The second movement, in C major, is a "Romanze", with the tempo marked Andante. A feeling of intimacy and tenderness remains throughout this movement. It is in rondo form, taking the shape A–B–A–C–A plus a final coda. The keys of the sections are C major for A and B, C minor for C. The middle appearance of A is truncated, consisting of only the first half of the theme. Heartz describes the movement as evoking gavotte rhythm: each of its sections begins in the middle of the measure, with a double upbeat.[8] Menuetto The third movement, marked Allegretto, is a minuet and trio, both in 3/4 time. The minuet is in the home key of G major, the contrasting trio in the dominant key of D major. As is normal in this form, the minuet is played again da capo following the trio. Rondo The fourth and last movement is in lively tempo, marked Allegro; the key is again G major. The movement is written in sonata form. Mozart specifies repeats not just for the exposition section but also for the following development and recapitulation section. The work ends with a long coda.