Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Thebes, Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Rosetta Stone wikipedia , lookup
Prehistoric Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Index of Egypt-related articles wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian race controversy wikipedia , lookup
Mastaba of Hesy-Re wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian medicine wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Egypt wikipedia , lookup
International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 6, Nov – Dec 2016 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part XXXIV: Stone Statues Industry (11th to 17th Dynasties) Galal Ali Hassaan Department of Mechanical Design & Production, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Abstract: This paper is the 34th research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt. It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians stone statues during the era from the 11th to the 17th Dynasties. Each stone statue is presented chronically with present location if known and with engineering analysis showing its creativity. The stones used in producing the statues are assigned. Keywords — Mechanical engineering, ancient Egypt; stone statues; 11th to 17th Dynasties. I. INTRODUCTION Ancient Egyptians produced wonderful stone statues for their Kings, Officials and even servants to authorise their role and existence in the ancient Egyptian society. They mastered this industry and left statues from different types of stones with sizes ranging from miniature to huge and located them in Tombs and Temples. This is the second paper in this aspect where the first paper covered stone statues from Naqada II to the Old Kingdom. Alerd (1950) in his book about the Middle Kingdom art in ancient Egypt presented stone statues from the 11th, 12th and 13th Dynasties most of them from the 12th Dynasty [1]. Smith (1960) in his book about ancient Egyptians as represented in the Museum of Fine Arts at Boston presented some stone statues such as the granite head of Lady Sennuwy from the 12th Dynasty, Statue of Senostris III from the 12th Dynasty and the statue of Amenhotep III and head of Tutankhamun from the 18th Dynasty [2]. Watts (1998) in his resources for educators about the art of the ancient Egyptians presented the limestone head of Pharaoh Tutankhamun wearing the Blue Crown from the 18th Dynasty, the grandiosite setting statue of Pharaoh Horemheb and his wife from Late 18th Dynasty , the limestone statue Yuny and his wife from Early 18th Dynasty and a Gneiss sphinx of ISSN: 2395-1303 King Senwosret III from the 12th Dynasty [3]. Teeter, Alexander and Greuel (2001) in their work about art of the Mediterranean world presented the granite head of an official from the 13th Dynasty and the basalt stattue of Shebenbu from the 26th Dynasty [4]. Magdolen (2002) studied the existence of two fragments of a statue in the City Museum Bratislava. He discussed some of the conclusions presented by Mr. Josef Hudec in his paper presented in the 8th International Congress of Egyptologists in Cairo [5]. Teeter (2003) in her book about the treasures from the collections of the Oriental Institute of Chicago presented selections First Intermediate Period, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom, Third Intermediate Period, Late Period and Ptolmaic-Roman Periods. Among her presentations are statue from the 18th Dynasty, quartzite statue of Pharaoh Tutankhamun from the 18th Dynasty and a limestone statue of a Priest from the 22nd – 25th Dynasties Period [6]. Bard (2007) in her book about the archaeology of ancient Egypt presented a statue for King Mentuhotep II from the 11th Dynasty [7]. Sadikoglu (2007) in her book about the ancient Egyptian art influences on modern time through history presented stone statues from the Karnak Temple at Luxor, statue of Priest Imhotep, statue of Queen Hatshepsut at Amun Temple, sphinx statue of a king, statues of Memmon at Thebes, statue of Myretamun, daughter http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 171 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 6, Nov – Dec 2016 of Pharaoh Ramses II, stattue of Pinudjem, Priest of Amun Temple, block statue of Amun-Re Re in Karnak, bust of Pharaoh Akhenaten, statue of Seneb and his family, statue of Thutmose IV and his wife, statue of Amenhotep III and his wife and statue of Ramses II and his wife Nefertari in Hator Temple [8]. Brooklyn Museum (2011) arranged an exhibition for over 120 collections of its Egyptian treasures. The collections included statues and covered a time span from 3650 BC to 365 CE [9]. Pienoski (2016) in her Master of Arts thesis about he historical evolution of the Cleveland Museum of Art's Egyptian collectiob presented a number of stone statues ues such as the statue of Pharaoh Amenhotep III from the 18th Dynasty [10]. Wikipedia (2016) wrote an article about block statues emerged in the Middle Kingdom of ancient Egypt and continued to the Late Period. As an example they presented the block statue of Official Senwosret from the 12th Dynasty [11]. Hassaan (2016) investigated the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt through studying study the industry of stone statues during the time span from Naqada II to the Old Kingdom Periods. He presented ted a large number of stone statues including singe, pair and group statues for classes from Pharaohs to servants. He outlined the characteristics of each statue [12]. II. MIDDLE KINGDOM The Middle Kingdom of ancient Egypt includes the 11th and 12th Dynasties es over a time span from 2050 to 1800 BC [13]. Stone statues have achieved great development during the Old Kingdom [12]. Here, we will show how this industry was developed during the Middle Kingdom through a number of presentations from both 11th and 12th Dynasties: - Fig.1 shows a limestone statue for Steward Meri (2124-1981 1981 BC) in display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art at NY [14]. The designer showed Meri setting and putting both arms crossed on his chest, wearing a short Schenti and a nicely decorated Khat headdress and having a light moustache as clear in the zoomed view in Fig.1. ISSN: 2395-1303 1303 Fig.1 Limestone statue of Meri from the 11th Dynasty [14]. ]. - - - The second example of stone statues in the 11th Dynasty is for King Mentuhotep II, the 5th King of the dynasty ((2061-2010 BC). It is carved from sandstone, has a height of 2.53 m, in display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and shown in Fig.2 [15]. The King is standing wearing a short Schenti, a cloak and a Modius Crown. He is putting both hands crossed on his chest with holded palm. The third example is again for King Mentuhotep II which is a painted limestone statue in display in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo and shown in Fig.3 [16]. The King here is shown setting wearing a white cloak and the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. Here also he is holding his hands while crossed on his chest. The fourth example of stone statues in the Middle Kingdom is a quartzite statue for Sealer Nemtihotep from the 12th Dynasty (1981-1802 1802 BC) in display in the Metropolitan Museum, of 0.765 m height and shown in Fig.4 [17]. The Sealer is shown wearing a long Schenti, cloak rapped around his hands and a decorated NemesNemes like headdress. Even though the quartzite stone is one of the hardest ardest rocks, ancient Egyptians could carve it to the accuracy and high quality shown in Fig.4. http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 172 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 6, Nov – Dec 2016 Nemtihotep and putting his two hands on his legs holding an object by the right ri palm and extending the fingers of the left hand. Fig.2 Sandstone statue of Mentuhotep II [15] Fig.3 Limestone statue of Mentuhotep II [16]. Fig.5 Statue of Sehetepibreankh from the 12thDynasty [18]. - Fig.4 Statue of Sealer Nemtihotep from the 12th Dynasty [17]. - The fifth example is a limestone statue for Steward Sehetepibreankh from the 12th Dynasty (1919-1885 1885 BC) in display in the Metropolitan Museum,, having an 0.945 m height and shown in Fig.5 [18]. The designer showed the Steward setting, wearing a short Schenti, decorated Nemes headdress similar to this in Fig.4 for Sealer ISSN: 2395-1303 1303 - The sixth example is a granite statue for King Senusret III (1870 (1870-1831 BC), the 5th th King of the 12 Dynasty in display in the Brooklyn Museum at NY and shown in Fig.6 [19]. The designer showed the King wearing a short decorated Schenti and a Nemes headdress, putting his hands on his legs in a pose similar to that shown in Fig.5. The seventh example is a red granite head for King Senusret III in display in Luxor Museum and shown in Fig.7 [20]. The King is shown wearing the White Crown of Upper Egypt. The eighth example is granodiorite statue for King Amenemhat III, the 6th King of the 12th Dynasty in display in the Claveland Museum of Art having an 0.512 m height and shown in Fig.8 8 [21]. The designer showed the King standing with his hands extending downward and wearing a http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 173 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 6, Nov – Dec 2016 decorated short Schenti, a belt and a decorated Nemes headdress. - The last example of stone statues produced during the Middle Kingdom is a quartzite block statue for Senwosret-Senebefny Senebefny from Late 12th Dynasty (1836-1759 1759 BC) in display in the Brooklyn Museum and shown in Fig.9 [22]. The designer showed the owner of the statue setting on the ground and putting both hands on his legs under a cloak and wearing a Khat headdress while his wife is standing in front of his legs. Fig.6 Statue of Senusret III From 12th Dynasty [19] III. SECOND INTERMEDIATE NTERMEDIATE PERIOD The Second Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt covers the 13th to 17th Dynasties over a time span from 1802 to 1550 BC [23]. The examples of stone statues available from this period are all from the 13th Dynasty presented as follows: - The first example is a diabase, diabase 0.35 m height statue for King Neferhotep I, the 25th King of the 13th Dynasty in display in the Archaeological Museum of Bolognat, Italy and shown in Fig.10 [24 24]. Even though the diabase is one of the hardest stone, the ancient Egyptian carver mastered maste carving it and produced a setting statue for the King with his hands on his legs, wearing a short Schenti and a Nemes Crown. The statue is shining meaning it was well polished. Fig.7 Head of Senusret III From 12th Dynasty [20] Fig.10 Statue of King Neferhotep I from the 13th ]. Dynasty [24]. - ISSN: 2395-1303 1303 The second example is a diorite statue for King Sobekhotep IV (1732-1720 (1732 BC), the 27th King of the 13th Dynasty in display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and shown in Fig.11 [25]. The designer using a hard stone produced a wonderful statue for the King wearing the standard short Schenti with belt and tail wearing a decorated Nemes headdress and putting his two hands on his thighs. http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 174 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 6, Nov – Dec 2016 The designer shoed the King kneeling, wearing the standard short Schenti with belt and tail and wearing a nicely decorated Nemes headdress as clear from his zoomed view. - The fourth example is a statue for King Mentuhotep of Upper Egypt (1585 BC) from the 16th Dynasty of Thebes in display in the British Museum and shown in Fig.13 [27]. The King is wearing a standard fashion of the Kings ings since the Old Kingdom. The Schenti is short and decorated with belt and front tail, the Nemes headdress is decorated and his hands are extending downwards and holding an object. Fig.11 Statue of King Sobekhotep IV from the 13th Dynasty [25]. - The third example is a granite statue for King Sobekhotep V, the 28th King of the 13th Dynasty in display in the Neues Museum at Berlin and shown in Fig.12 [26]. Fig.13 Statue of King Mentuhotep from the 16th Dynasty [27]. ]. - The fifth and last example from the 2nd Intermediate Period is a limestone statue of Siamun (1580-1550 1550 BC) from the 17th Dynasty in display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and shown in Fig.14 Fig.1 [28]. The designer showed him setting on a backless chair, wearing a short Schenti and a decorated Khat headdress as clear in the zoomed view in Fig.14. Fig.12 Statue of King Sobekhotep V from the 13th Dynasty [26]. ISSN: 2395-1303 1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 175 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 6, Nov – Dec 2016 - Some statues appeared with the owner holding an ointment jar in his hand. hand All the Royal Nemes were decorated and carrying the Copra icon on its front front-top end. REFERENCES C. Aldred, Middle Kingdom art in ancient egypt 2300 23001590 BC, AlecTiranti Ltd, London, 1950. 2. W. Smith, Ancient Egypt as represented in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston 1960. 3. E. Watts, The art of ancient egypt: a resource for educators, 1998. 4. E. Teeter, K. Alexander and M. Greuel, Art of the ancient Mediterranean world, The he Art Institute of Chicago Chicago, 2001. 5. D. Magdolen, Two fragments of an ancient Egyptian statue in the City Museum Bratislava, Asial and African Studies, vol.11, issue 2, pp.147-160 160, 2002. 6. E. Teeter, Ancient egypt: Treasures from the collection of the Oriental Institute of Chicago, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2003. 7. K. Bard, An introduction to the archaeology of ancient egypt, Blackwell Publishing, 2007. 2007 8. P. Sadikoglu, Ancient Egyptian art influences on modern time through history, Boyut Publisher, isher, Istanbul, 2007. 9. Brookyn Museum, To live forever: Egyptian treasures from the Brooklyn Museum, Exhibition from June 11 to September 4, 2011, www.nevadaart.org/exihibition/towww.nevadaart.o live-forever-from-the-Brooklyn-museum/ museum/ , 2014. 10. C. Pienoski, Pyramids of lake Erie: The historical evolution of the Cleveland Museum of Art's Egyptian collection, Master of Arts Thesis, M. A. Kent State University, 2016. 11. Wikipedia, Block statue, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_statue , 2016. 12. G. A. Hassaan, Mechanical engineering in ancient egypt, Part XXXIII: Stone statues industry (Predynastic to Old Kingdom), International ternational Journal of Recent Engineering Science, vol.19, December 2016 (Accepted for Publication). egypt 13. Wikipedia, Middle Kingdom of ancient egypt, www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt , 2016. 14. Metropolitan Museum, Statue of the Steward Meri seated, http://metmuseum.org/exhibitions/view?exhibitionId=%7 rg/exhibitions/view?exhibitionId=%7 B36bfd863-bd71-4d58-b1b2f3f865084dbb%7D&oid=591338 , 2016 15. Alchetron, Mentuhotep II, http://alchetron.com/Mentuhotep-II II-947975-W , 2016. easures from the Egyptian Museum, 16. R. Dunlap, A new treasures Cairo, http://ronalddunlapphotography.net/a-fewhttp://ronalddunlapphotography.net/a treasures-from-the-egyptian-museum museum-cairo-egypt 17. R. Casas, Statue of the Sealer Nemtihotep seated, https://www.pinterest.com/pin/10133167889442939/ Metropolitan 1. Fig.14 Limestone statue of Siamun from the 17th Dynasty [28]. VI. - - - - - CONCLUSIONS Ancient Egyptians were pioneers in producing stone statues. They authorized the history of Kings, high officials and lower-rank rank people through stone statues set in Temples and Tombs. During the 11th to 17th Dynasties of ancient Egypt they used a number of Egyptia Egyptian stones in carving their statues such as: limestone, sandstone, quartzite, granite, granodiorite, diabase and diorite diorite. The ancient Egyptians could carve statues using very hard stones such as: granite, grani diabase and quartzite. The ancient Egyptians during the era under study designed stone statues in different positions such as: setting on chairs statues, setting on the ground status, standing statues and kneeling statues. The statue arms took different differen positions such as: Extending vertically with opened palm in standing statues, holding objects in each palm, crossing arms on the chest in setting on chair statues and holding the knees by both hands in block statues statues. The designer was keen to present the statue owner with his favourable headdress including: Khat, Modius, Red Crown, Nemes, Nemes-like like and White Crown Crown. The men dressing through this era as depicted by the stone statues presented was the short Schenti, either plain or decorated.. decorated. ISSN: 2395-1303 1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 176 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 6, Nov – Dec 2016 18. Metropolitan Museum, Seated statue of the Steward Sehetepibreankh, http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/573446 19. Wikipedia, Wikipedia, Senusret III, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senusret_III , 2016 20. N. Cassano, Senusret III, 12th Dynasty, https://www.pinterest.com/pin/473018767089863152/ 21. Cleveland Museum, Statue of Amenemhat III, https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1960.56 22. L. Morales, Block statue of Senwosret-Senebefny, Middle Kingdom, 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/420664421418186656/ Wikipedia, Second Intermediate Period of Egypt, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Perio d_of_Egypt , 2016. Bologna Museum, Statue of Neferhotep I,, http://www.museibologna.it/archeologicoen/percorsi/662 87/id/75337/oggetto/74877/ Dreams Time, Statue of Sobekhotep IV seated at Metropolitan Museum of Art, https://www.dreamstime.com/editorial-photo-statuekhaneferre-sobekhotep-iv-seated-metropolitan-museumart-manhattan-new-york-ny-dioritic-gabbo-egypt-thdynasty-image64553756 E. Emmanuel, Granite statue of Sobekhotep V, www.pinterest.com/pin/508273507927021440/ Wikipedia, History of ancient egypt, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ancient_Egypy , 2016. Metropolitan Museum, Statue of Siamun, http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/558083 Has got his Ph.D. in 1979 from Bradford University, UK under the supervision of Late Prof. John Parnaby. Now with the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, EGYPT. Research on Automatic Control, Mechanical Vibrations , Mechanism Synthesis and History of Mechanical Engineering. Published more than 190 research papers in international journals and conferences. Author of books on Experimental Systems Control, Experimental Vibrations and Evolution of Mechanical Engineering. Chief Justice of the International Journal of Computer Techniques. Member of the Editorial Board of some international journals including IJET. Reviewer in some international journals. Scholars interested in the authors publications can visit: http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/galal BIOGRAPHY Galal Ali Hassaan Emeritus Professor of System Dynamics and Automatic Control. Has got his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from Cairo University in 1970 and 1974. ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 177