Download Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850
1
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 was a package of
five bills, passed in the United States in
September 1850, which defused a four-year
confrontation between the slave states of the
South and the free states of the North
regarding the status of territories acquired
during
the
Mexican-American
War
(1846–1848). The compromise, drafted by
Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and
brokered by Clay and Democrat Stephen
Douglas, avoided secession or civil war and
reduced sectional conflict for four years.
Before the Compromise: California Gold RushGold Rush California applies to
become free stateSouthern United StatesSouth wanted Southern California as slave
territoryTexas claims territory as far as the Rio GrandeU.S. provisional
government of New MexicoNew Mexico resists Texas, applies to be free
stateTexas takes El Paso, TexasEl Paso February 1850Mormon pioneers apply to
become State of Deseret
Territorial results of the Compromise: California is admitted List of U.S. state
partition proposals#Californiaundivided as a Slave and free statesfree state,
denying Southern expansion to the PacificTexas trades some territorial claims for
debt reliefU.S. provisional government of New MexicoNew Mexico and State of
DeseretDeseret are denied statehood and become New Mexico Territory and Utah
Territory with slavery left to Popular sovereignty in the United States#Emergence
of the term “popular sovereignty” and its pejorative connotationpopular sovereignty
Compromise of 1850
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The Compromise was greeted with relief, although each side disliked
specific provisions.
• Texas surrendered its claim to New Mexico, which it had threatened
war over, as well as its claims north of the Missouri Compromise
Line, transferred its crushing public debt to the federal government,
and retained the control over El Paso that it had established earlier
in 1850, with the Texas Panhandle (which earlier compromise
proposals had detached from Texas) thrown in at the last moment.
• California's application for admission as a free state with its current
boundaries was approved and a Southern proposal to split California
at parallel 35° north to provide a Southern territory was not
approved.
Map of free and slave states c. 1856
• The South avoided adoption of the symbolically significant Wilmot Proviso[1] and the new New Mexico Territory
and Utah Territory could in principle decide in the future to become slave states (popular sovereignty), even
though Utah and a northern fringe of New Mexico were north of the Missouri Compromise Line where slavery
had previously been banned in territories. In practice, these lands were generally unsuited to plantation agriculture
and their existing settlers were non-Southerners uninterested in slavery. The unsettled southern parts of New
Mexico Territory, where Southern hopes for expansion had been centered, remained a part of New Mexico
instead of becoming a separate territory.
• The most concrete Southern gains were a stronger Fugitive Slave Act, the enforcement of which outraged
Northern public opinion, and preservation of slavery in the national capital.
• The slave trade was banned in Washington D.C.
The Compromise became possible after the sudden death of President Zachary Taylor, who, although a slaveowner,
had favored excluding slavery from the Southwest. Whig leader Henry Clay designed a compromise, which failed to
pass in early 1850, due to the opposition of both pro-slavery southern Democrats, led by John C. Calhoun, and
anti-slavery northern Whigs. Upon Clay's instruction, Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas (Illinois) then divided
Clay's bill into several smaller pieces and narrowly won their passage over the opposition of those with stronger
views on both sides.
Background
Soon after the start of the Mexican
War, when the extent of the territories
to be acquired was still unclear, the
question of whether to allow slavery in
those territories polarized the Northern
and Southern United States in the most
bitter sectional conflict up to this time.
Since Texas was a slave state, not only
the residents of that State, but the proand anti-slavery camps on a national
scale had an interest in the size of the
state of Texas. Texas claimed land
north of the 36°30' demarcation line
for slavery set by the 1820 Missouri
Compromise.
An animation showing slave and free states and territories, 1789–1861.
Compromise of 1850
The Texas Annexation resolution had required that if any new states were formed out of Texas’ lands, those north of
the Missouri Compromise line would become free states.[2]
Senator Joseph Underwood referred to "the threatened civil war, unless we appease the hot bloods of Texas."[3]
According to historian Mark Stegmaier, "The Fugitive Slave Act, the abolition of the slave trade in the District of
Columbia, the admission of California as a free state, and even the application of the formula of popular sovereignty
to the territories were all less important than the least remembered component of the Compromise of 1850--the
statute by which Texas relinquished its claims to much of New Mexico in return for federal assumption of the
debts."[4] Stegmaier also refers to "the principal Southern demand for a division of California at the line of 35° north
latitude" and says that "Southern extremists made clear that a congressionally mandated division of California
figured uppermost on their agenda."[5]
During the deadlock of four years, the Second Party System broke up, Mormon pioneers settled Utah, the California
Gold Rush settled northern California, and New Mexico under a federal military government turned back Texas's
attempt to assert control over territory Texas claimed as far west as the Rio Grande. The eventual Compromise of
1850 preserved the Union, but only for another decade.
Proposals for compromise
Proposals during 1846-50 on the division of the Southwest included;
• The Wilmot Proviso banning slavery in any new territory to be acquired from Mexico, not including Texas, which
had been annexed the previous year. Passed by the House in August 1846 and February 1847 but not the Senate.
Later an effort failed to attach the proviso to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
• Failed amendments to the Wilmot Proviso by William W. Wick and then Stephen Douglas extending the Missouri
Compromise line (36°30' parallel north) west to the Pacific (south of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California), allowing the
possibility of slavery in most of present day New Mexico and Arizona, and Southern California. The line was
again proposed by the Nashville Convention of June 1850.
• Popular sovereignty, developed by Lewis Cass and Douglas as the eventual Democratic Party position, letting
each territory decide whether to allow slavery.
• William L. Yancey's "Alabama Platform," endorsed by the Alabama and Georgia legislatures and by Democratic
state conventions in Florida and Virginia, called for no restrictions on slavery in the territories either by the
federal government or by territorial governments before statehood, opposition to any candidates supporting either
the Wilmot Proviso or popular sovereignty, and federal legislation overruling Mexican anti-slavery laws.
• General Zachary Taylor, who became the Whig candidate in 1848 and then President from March 1849 to July
1850, proposed after becoming President that the entire area become two free states, called California and New
Mexico but much larger than the eventual ones. None of the area would be left as an unorganized or organized
territory, avoiding the question of slavery in the territories.
• Senator Thomas Hart Benton in December 1849 or January 1850: Texas's western and northern boundaries would
be the 102nd meridian west and 34th parallel north.
• Senator John Bell (with the assent of Texas) in February 1850: New Mexico would get all Texas land north of the
34th parallel north (including today's Texas Panhandle), and the area to the south (including the southeastern part
of today's New Mexico) would be divided at the Colorado River of Texas into two Southern states, balancing the
admission of California and New Mexico as free states.[6]
• First draft of the compromise of 1850: Texas's northwestern boundary would be a straight diagonal line from the
Rio Grande 20 miles north of El Paso to the Red River (Mississippi watershed) at the 100th meridian west (the
southwestern corner of today's Oklahoma).
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Compromise of 1850
• The Compromise of 1850, proposed by Henry Clay in January 1850, guided to passage by Douglas over Northern
Whig and Southern Democrat opposition, and enacted September 1850,
• admitted California as a free state
• organized Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory with slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty.
• Texas dropped its claim to land north of the 32nd parallel north and west of the 103rd meridian west in favor
of New Mexico Territory, and north of the 36°30' parallel north and east of the 103rd meridian west which
became unorganized territory. In return the US government assumed Texas's debts. El Paso, where Texas had
successfully established county government, was left in Texas.
• Also, the slave trade was abolished in Washington, D.C. (but not slavery itself)
• and the Fugitive Slave Act was strengthened.
Henry Clay and Douglas draft compromise
Congress convened on December 3, 1849.
On January 29, 1850, Whig Senator Henry
Clay gave a speech which called for
compromise on the issues dividing the
Union. However, Clay's specific proposals
for achieving a compromise, including his
idea for Texas' boundary, were not adopted
in a single bill.[7] Upon Clay's urging,
senator Stephen A. Douglas, Democrat of
Illinois, divided Clay's bill into several
smaller bills, and passed each separately.
When he instructed Douglas, Clay was
nearly dead and unable to guide the
congressional debate any further. The
Compromise came to coalesce around a plan
Henry Clay takes the floor of the Old Senate Chamber; Vice President Millard
dividing Texas at its present-day boundaries,
Fillmore presides as he, Calhoun, and Webster look on.
creating territorial governments with
"popular sovereignty" (without the Wilmot
Proviso) for New Mexico and Utah, admitting California as a free state, abolishing the slave auctions in the District
of Columbia, and enacting a new fugitive slave law.
View of Seward and Northern Whigs
Most Northern Whigs, led by William Henry Seward who delivered his famous "Higher Law" speech during the
controversy, opposed the Compromise as well because it would not have applied the Wilmot Proviso to the western
territories and because of the new fugitive slave law, which would have pressed ordinary citizens into duty on
slave-hunting patrols. This provision was inserted by Democratic Virginia Senator James M. Mason to coerce
border-state Whigs, who faced the greatest danger of losing slaves as fugitives but who were lukewarm on general
sectional issues related to the South into supporting Texas's land claims.[8]
Zachary Taylor avoided the issue as the Whig candidate during the 1848 U.S. presidential election but then as
President attempted to sidestep the entire controversy by pushing to admit California and New Mexico as free states
immediately, avoiding the entire territorial process and thus the Wilmot Proviso question. Taylor's stand was
unpopular among Southerners and surprised them because Taylor was a Southerner.[9]
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Compromise of 1850
Northern Democrats and Southern Whigs supported the Compromise. Southern Whigs, many of whom were from
the border states, supported the stronger fugitive slave law.
Debate and results
On April 17, a "Committee of Thirteen"
agreed on the border of Texas as part of
Clay's plan. The dimensions were later
changed. That same day, during debates on
the measures in the Senate, Vice President
Millard Fillmore and Senator Benton
verbally sparred, with Fillmore charging that
the Missourian was "out of order". During
the heated debates, Compromise floor leader
Henry S. Foote of Mississippi drew a pistol
on Senator Benton.
In early June, nine slave holding Southern
Free states in early 1850 Slave states (minus Texas claims to NM) Territories
(later state borders, Gadsden Purchase) Parallel 36°30' northMissouri Compromise
states sent delegates to the Nashville
Line 36°30'
Convention to determine their course of
action should the compromise take hold.
While some delegates preached secession, eventually the moderates ruled, and they proposed a series of
compromises, including extending the geographic dividing line designated by the Missouri Compromise of 1820 to
the Pacific Coast.
The various bills were initially combined into one "omnibus" bill. Despite Clay's efforts, it failed in a crucial vote on
July 31 with the majority of his Whig Party opposed. He announced on the Senate floor the next day that he intended
to persevere and pass each individual part of the bill. Clay, however, was physically exhausted as the effects of the
tuberculosis that would eventually kill him began to take its toll. Clay left the Senate to recuperate in Newport,
Rhode Island, while Stephen A. Douglas wrote the separate bills and guided them through the Senate.[10] The
situation was changed by the death of President Taylor and the accession of Fillmore on July 9, 1850. The influence
of the new administration was now thrown in favor of the compromise. The Northern Democrats held together and
supported each of the bills and gained Whigs or Southern Democrats to pass each one. All passed and were signed
by President Fillmore between September 9 and September 20, 1850.
1. California was admitted as a free state. It passed 150-56.[11]
2. The slave trade was abolished (the sale of slaves, not the institution of slavery) in the District of Columbia.
3. The Territory of New Mexico (including present-day Arizona) and the Territory of Utah were organized under
the rule of popular sovereignty. It passed 97-85.
4. A harsher Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the Senate 27-12, and by the House 109-75.[12]
5. Texas gave up much of the western land which it claimed and received compensation of $10,000,000 to pay off
its national debt.
Clay was still given much of the credit for the Compromise's success. It quieted the controversy between Northerners
and Southerners over the expansion of slavery and delayed secession and civil war for another decade. Senator
Henry S. Foote of Mississippi, who had suggested the creation of the Committee of Thirteen, later said, "Had there
been one such man in the Congress of the United States as Henry Clay in 1860–'61 there would, I feel sure, have
been no civil war."[13]
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Compromise of 1850
Implications
The Compromise in general proved widely popular politically, as both parties committed themselves in their
platforms to the finality of the Compromise on sectional issues. The strongest opposition in the South occurred in the
states of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, but unionists soon prevailed, spearheaded by Georgians
Alexander Stephens, Robert Toombs, and Howell Cobb and the creation of the Georgia Platform. This peace was
broken only by the divisive Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 introduced by Stephen Douglas, which repealed the
Missouri Compromise and led directly to the formation of the Republican Party, whose capture of the national
government in 1860 led directly to the secession crisis of 1860-61.
Many historians argue that the Compromise played a major role in postponing the American Civil War for a decade,
during which time the Northwest was growing more wealthy and more populous, and was being brought into closer
relations with the Northeast.[14] During that decade, the Whig Party had completely broken down, being replaced
with the new Republican Party dominant in the North and the Democrats in the South.[15] But others argue that the
Compromise only made more obvious pre-existing sectional divisions and laid the groundwork for future conflict. In
this view, the Fugitive Slave Law helped polarize North and South, as shown in the enormous reaction to Harriet
Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. The passage of the Fugitive Slave Law aroused feelings of bitterness in
the North. Furthermore, the Compromise of 1850 led to a breakdown in the spirit of compromise in the United States
in the antebellum period, directly before the Civil War. The Compromise exemplifies this spirit, but the deaths of
influential senators who worked on the compromise, primarily Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, contributed to this
feeling of increasing disparity between the North and South.
The delay of hostilities for ten years allowed the free economy of the northern states to continue to industrialize. The
southern states, to a large degree based on slave labor and cash crop production, lacked the ability to industrialize
heavily.[16] By 1860, the northern states had added many more miles of railroad, steel production, modern factories,
and population to the advantages it possessed in 1850. The North was better able to supply, equip, and man its armed
forces, an advantage that would prove decisive in the later stages of the war.
Issues
Three major types of issues were addressed by the Compromise of 1850, to wit: a variety of boundary issues; status
of territory issues; and the issue of slavery. While capable of analytical distinction, the boundary and territory issues
were actually included in the overarching issue of slavery. Pro- and anti-slavery interests were each concerned with
both the amount of land on which slavery was permitted and with the number of States which respectively would be
in the slave or free camps. Since Texas was a slave state, not only the residents of that state, but the pro- and
anti-slavery camps on a national scale had an interest in the size of the state of Texas.
The general solution that was adopted by the Compromise of 1850 was to transfer a considerable part of the territory
claimed by the state of Texas to the federal government, to formally organize two new territories, the Territory of
New Mexico and the Territory of Utah, which expressly would be allowed to locally determine whether they would
become slave or free territories, to add another free state to the Union (California), adopt a severe measure to recover
slaves who had escaped to a free state or free territory (the Fugitive Slave Law), and to abolish the slave trade in the
District of Columbia.
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Compromise of 1850
Texas
The independent Republic of Texas won the decisive
Battle of San Jacinto (April 21, 1836) against Mexico
and captured Mexican president Antonio Lopez de
Santa Anna. He signed the Treaties of Velasco which
recognized the Rio Grande River as the boundary of the
Republic of Texas. The Treaties were repudiated by the
government of Mexico which insisted it was sovereign
over Texas and promised to reclaim the lost territories.
To the extent that there was a de facto recognition,
Mexico treated the Nueces River as its northern
boundary control. A huge area lay between the two
rivers—largely unsettled. Neither Mexico nor the
Republic of Texas had the military strength to
effectively assert its territorial claim. On December 29,
Proposals for Texas northwestern boundary
1845, the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United
States and became the 28th state. Texas was staunchly
committed to slavery, with its constitution making illegal the unauthorized emancipation of slaves by their owners.
With this annexation the United States inherited the territorial claims of the former Republic of Texas against
Mexico. The territorial claim to the area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande River and Mexican resistance
to it led to the Mexican-American War. On February 2, 1848, that war was concluded by the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo. Among the provisos of the Treaty was the recognition by Mexico of the area between the Nueces River and
the Rio Grande River being a part of the United States.
The Republic of Texas claimed ownership of the eastern half of present-day New Mexico, along with sections of
Colorado, Kansas and Wyoming. Texas had never effectively controlled the area, which was dominated by hostile
Indian tribes (see Comancheria). However the federal government had seized and controlled the area after 1846. The
Compromise of 1850 solved the problem by setting the present boundaries of Texas in return for $10 million in
federal bonds paid to the state of Texas.[17]
The state of Texas was heavily burdened with debt which had arisen during its struggles as the Republic of Texas.
The federal government agreed to pay $10,000,000.00 in "stock" in trade for the transfer of a large portion of the
claimed area of the state of Texas to the territory of the federal government and for the relinquishment of various
claims which Texas had upon the federal government. (This "stock" bore interest at the rate of 5%, which interest
was collectible every six months, and the principal was redeemable at the end of fourteen years.)[18]
The Constitution (Article IV, Section 3) does not permit Congress to unilaterally reduce the territory of any state so
the first part of the Compromise of 1850 had to take the form of an offer to the Texas State Legislature, rather than a
unilateral enactment. The Texas State Legislature did ratify the bargain and in due course the transfer of a large
swath of land from the state of Texas to the federal government was accomplished. Texas was allowed to keep the
following portions of the erstwhile disputed land: that which is south of the 32nd parallel, and that which is south of
the 36°30' parallel north and east of the 103rd meridian west. The rest of the land which had been disputed between
Mexico and the Republic of Texas was transferred to federal government
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Compromise of 1850
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New Mexico and Utah Territories
The first law of the Compromise of 1850 also
organized the Territory of New Mexico. The second
law, also enacted September 9, 1850, organized the
Territory of Utah.
The land committed to each of these newly organized
territories was drawn from two distinct sources.
One of these sources was the Mexican Cession of 1848.
The Mexican Cession was a major provision of the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the treaty which
concluded the Mexican-American War on February 2,
1848. The land transferred from Mexico to the United
States by the Mexican Cession included all of
present-day California, Nevada and Utah, most of
present-day Arizona, most of the western part of
present-day New Mexico, present-day Colorado west of
the crest of the Rocky Mountains, and a small portion
of present-day Wyoming. (A strip of land along the
southern border of present-day Arizona and New
Mexico was not acquired from Mexico until 1853 with
the Gadsden Purchase.)
The other of these sources was land which had been
claimed by the Republic of Texas. The Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo made no mention of the claims of
the Republic of Texas; Mexico simply agreed to a
Mexico-U.S. border south of both the "Mexican
Cession" and the Republic of Texas claims.[19] Prior to
the Compromise of 1850, this disputed land had been
claimed but never controlled by the state of Texas. This
land included present-day eastern New Mexico,
southern and western parts of present-day Colorado,
and small parts of present-day Kansas, Oklahoma, and
Wyoming.
New Mexico proposed boundary before Compromise of 1850
The Utah Territory is shown in blue and outlined in black. The
boundaries of the provisional State of Deseret are shown with a
dotted line.
From the Mexican Cession, the New Mexico Territory received most of the present-day state of Arizona, most of the
western part of the present-day state of New Mexico, and the southern tip of present-day Nevada (south of the 37th
parallel). From Texas, the territory received most of present-day eastern New Mexico, a portion of present-day
Colorado (east of the crest of the Rocky Mountains, west of the 103rd meridian, and south of the 38th parallel), and a
small portion of present-day Wyoming.
From the Mexican Cession, the Utah Territory received present-day Utah, most of present-day Nevada (everything
north of the 37th parallel), a major part of present-day Colorado (everything west of the crest of the Rocky
Mountains), and a small part of present-day Wyoming. This included the newly founded colony at Salt Lake of
Brigham Young. From Texas, the Utah Territory received most of present day eastern New Mexico, and some of
present-day Colorado that is east of the crest of the Rocky Mountains.
A key provision of each of the laws respectively organizing the Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah
was that slavery would be either permitted or prohibited as a local option (Popular Sovereignty). This was an
Compromise of 1850
9
important repudiation of the Wilmot Proviso, which would have forbidden slavery in any territory acquired from
Mexico.
California
California also became part of the U.S.
as a result of the Mexican Cession.
After the Mexican War, California was
essentially run by military governors.
President James K. Polk tried to get
Congress to officially establish a
territorial government in California,
but the increasing North vs. South
debates prevented this.[20] The South
wanted to extend slave territory to
Southern California and to the Pacific
coast, while the North did not.
Starting in late 1848, Americans and
foreigners of many different countries
Map of Mexico. S. Augustus Mitchell, Philadelphia, 1847. New California is depicted
with a north-eastern border at the meridian leading north of the Rio Grande headwaters.
rushed into California for the
California Gold Rush, quickly
increasing the population exponentially. In response to growing demand for a better more representative
government, a Constitutional Convention was held in 1849. The delegates there unanimously outlawed slavery. They
had no interest in extending the Missouri Compromise Line through California and splitting the state; the lightly
populated southern half never had slavery and was heavily Hispanic.[21]
The third statute of the Compromise of 1850 allowed California to be admitted to the Union, undivided, as a free
state on September 9, 1850.[22]
Fugitive Slave Law
The fourth statute of the Compromise of 1850, enacted September 18, 1850, is informally known as the Fugitive
Slave Law or the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. (It bolstered the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793.) The new version of the
Fugitive Slave Law required federal judicial officials in all states and federal territories, including in those states and
territories in which slavery was prohibited, to actively assist with the return of escaped slaves to their masters in the
states and territories permitting slavery. Any federal marshal or other official who did not arrest an alleged runaway
slave was liable to a fine of $1,000. Law-enforcement officials everywhere in the United States had a duty to arrest
anyone suspected of being a fugitive slave on no more evidence than a claimant's sworn testimony of ownership. The
suspected slave could not ask for a jury trial or testify on his or her own behalf. In addition, any person aiding a
runaway slave by providing food or shelter was to be subject to six months' imprisonment and a $1,000 fine. Officers
capturing a fugitive slave were entitled to a fee for their work.
In addition to federal officials, the ordinary citizens of free states could be summoned into a posse and be required to
assist in the capture and/or custody and/or transportation of the alleged escaped slave. This particular law was so
rigorously pro-slavery as to prohibit the admission of the testimony of a person accused of being an escaped slave
into evidence at the judicial hearing to determine the status of the accused escaped slave. Thus, if a freedman were
claimed to be an escaped slave under the Fugitive Slave Law he or she could not resist his or her return to slavery by
truthfully telling his or her own actual history
Compromise of 1850
The Fugitive Slave Act was essential to meet Southern demands. In terms of public opinion in the North the critical
provision was that ordinary citizens were required to aid slave catchers. Many northerners deeply resented this
requirement that they personally aid and abet slavery. Resentment towards this act continued to heighten tensions
between the North and South, as inflamed by abolitionists such as Harriet Beecher Stowe. Her book Uncle Tom's
Cabin stressed the horrors of recapturing escaped slaves, and outraged Southerners.[23]
Banning slave trade in the District of Columbia
The fifth law, enacted on September 20, 1850, prohibited the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in the District of
Columbia.[24] Southerners in Congress were unanimous in opposing this provision, which was seen as a concession
to the abolitionists, but were outvoted.[25]
References
[1] (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=5aGyVFn3VnMC& pg=PA252& lpg=PA252& dq=humiliating+ wilmot+ proviso& source=bl&
ots=vPcPSRTcLz& sig=zm3zvOuP_xGhHz_dX5ymcgMJUFI& hl=en& ei=GTsmTeD6O4XGsAPamJzIAQ& sa=X& oi=book_result&
ct=result& resnum=10& ved=0CFoQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage& q=humiliating wilmot proviso& f=false) Michael Holt, The Rise and Fall of the
American Whig Party (2003) p 252
[2] Joint Resolution of Congress, Mar. 1, 1845 (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ weta/ thewest/ resources/ archives/ two/ texannex. htm)
[3] #Keleher, p.41
[4] Mark J. Stegmaier (1996). Texas, New Mexico, and the compromise of 1850: boundary dispute & sectional conflict (http:/ / books. google.
com/ books?id=RDp6AAAAMAAJ). Kent State University Press. .
[5] Stegmaier, p. 172 and p. 177
[6] W. J. Spillman (January 1904). "ADJUSTMENT OF THE TEXAS BOUNDARY IN 1850." (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=mNQ1AAAAIAAJ& pg=PA185& lpg=PA185). Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association 7. .
[7] Robert Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (1993) pp 730-61
[8] John M. Taylor, William Henry Seward: Lincoln's right hand (1996) p. 85
[9] Elbert B. Smith, President Zachary Taylor: the hero president (2007) p. 238
[10] Eaton (1957) p. 192-193. Remini (1991) pp. 756–759
[11] Holman Hamilton, Prologue to Conflict (University of Kentucky Press, 1965), p. 160
[12] http:/ / medicolegal. tripod. com/ tappan1850. htm
[13] Remini (1991) pp. 761- 762
[14] Robert Remini,The House: A History of the House of Representatives (2006) p. 147
[15] Holt, Michael F. The Political Crisis of the 1850s (1978).
[16] Elizabeth Fox-Genovese,Fruits of Merchant Capital (1983).
[17] Mark J. Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and the Compromise of 1850: Boundary Dispute and Sectional Crisis (1998)
[18] Holman Hamilton, "Texas Bonds and Northern Profits: A Study in Compromise, Investment, and Lobby Influence," Mississippi Valley
Historical Review Vol. 43, No. 4 (March 1957), pp. 579-594 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 1902274)
[19] "Handbook of Texas Online: Compromise of 1850" (http:/ / www. tshaonline. org/ handbook/ online/ articles/ CC/ nbc2. html). .
[20] California and New Mexico: Message from the President of the United States .By United States. President (1849-1850 : Taylor), United
States. War Dept (Ex. Doc 17 page 1) Google eBook
[21] William Henry Ellison. A self-governing dominion, California, 1849-1860 (1950) online (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=T8v4nWGB0T0C)
[22] (http:/ / memory. loc. gov/ cgi-bin/ ampage?collId=llsl& fileName=009/ llsl009. db& recNum=479) An Act for the Admission of the State
of California into the Union
[23] Larry Gara, "The Fugitive Slave Law: A Double Paradox," Civil War History, September 1964, Vol. 10#3, pp 229-240
[24] David L. Lewis, District of Columbia: A Bicentennial History, (W.W. Norton, 1976), 54-56.
[25] Damani Davis, "Slavery and Emancipation in the Nation'S Capital," Prologue, Spring 2010, Vol. 42#1 pp 52-59
10
Compromise of 1850
Further reading
• Bordewich, Fergus M. America's Great Debate: Henry Clay, Stephen A. Douglas, and the Compromise That
Preserved the Union (2012) excerpt and text search (http://www.amazon.com/
Americas-Great-Debate-Compromise-Preserved/dp/1439124604/)
• Foster, Herbert D. (1922). "Webster's Seventh of March Speech and the Secession Movement, 1850". American
Historical Review 27 (2): 245–270. doi:10.2307/1836156.
• Heidler, David S., and Jeanne T. Heidler. Henry Clay: The Essential American (2010), major scholarly
biography; 624pp
• Holman Hamilton, Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850 (1964), the standard historical study
• Holman Hamilton. "Democratic Senate Leadership and the Compromise of 1850," The Mississippi Valley
Historical Review, Vol. 41, No. 3. (December 1954), pp. 403–418. in JSTOR (http://links.jstor.org/
sici?sici=0161-391X(195412)41:3<403:DSLATC>2.0.CO;2-8)
• Holman Hamilton. Zachary Taylor, Soldier in the White House (1951)
• Holt, Michael F. The Political Crisis of the 1850s (1978).
• Holt, Michael F. The Fate of Their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War
(2005).
• Johannsen, Robert W. Stephen A. Douglas (1973) (ISBN 0195016203)
• William Aloysius Keleher (1951). Turmoil in New Mexico (http://books.google.com/
books?id=yoZCx5MnOO0C). Santa Fe: Rydal Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-0632-6.
• Knupfer, Peter B. "Compromise and Statesmanship: Henry Clay’s Union." in Knupfer, The Union As It Is:
Constitutional Unionism and Sectional Compromise, 1787-1861 (1991), pp. 119–57.
• Morrison, Michael A. Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the
Civil War (1997) (ISBN 0807823198)
• Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union (1947) v 2, highly detailed narrative
• Potter, David M. The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861 (1977), pp 90–120; Pulitzer Prize
• Remini, Robert. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (1991)
• Remini, Robert. At the Edge of the Precipice: Henry Clay and the Compromise That Saved the Union (2010) 184
pages; the Compromise of 1850
• Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, vol. i. (1896). complegte text
online (http://books.google.com/books?id=eFZHAAAAYAAJ)
• Rozwenc, Edwin C. ed. The Compromise of 1850. (1957) convenient collection of primary and secondary
documents; 102 pp.
• Russel, Robert R. "What Was the Compromise of 1850?" Journal of Southern History Vol. 22, No. 3 (August
1956), pp. 292–309 in JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/stable/2954547)
• Sewell, Richard H. Ballots for Freedom: Antislavery Politics in the United States 1837-1860 New York: Oxford
University Press, 1976.
• Stegmaier, Mark J. (1996). Texas, New Mexico, and the compromise of 1850: boundary dispute & sectional crisis
(http://books.google.com/books?id=RDp6AAAAMAAJ). Kent State University Press.
• Wiltse, Charles M. John C. Calhoun, Sectionalist, 1840-1850 (1951)
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Compromise of 1850
External links
• Compromise of 1850 (http://blueandgraytrail.com/event/Compromise_of_1850)
• Compromise of 1850 and related resources (http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Compromise1850.
html)
• Texas Library and Archive Commission Page on 1850 Boundary Act (http://www2.tsl.state.tx.us/treasures/
earlystate/boundary.html)
• Search for even more information (http://www.google.com)
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Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
Compromise of 1850 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=519997523 Contributors: A D 13, ABF, Abrech, Access Denied, Achim Jäger, Acroterion, Adamploessl, Adashiel,
AdjustShift, Adsims2001, Agentguy, Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, Akradecki, Alansohn, Alex.muller, AlexPlank, Alksub, All Hallow's Wraith, Allstarecho, Anaxial, Andonic, AndrePeltier, Andrei
Stroe, Andrewhennessy3455, Andy120290, Anetode, Angusmclellan, Aniljava, AnonMoos, Antandrus, Antonio Lopez, ArglebargleIV, Arthena, Aruton, Ayla, B4hand, BOARshevik,
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anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:United States 1849-1850.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:United_States_1849-1850.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
Contributors: Made by User:Golbez.
File:United States 1850-1853-03.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:United_States_1850-1853-03.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0
Unported Contributors: Made by User:Golbez.
File:Map of Free and Slave States.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Map_of_Free_and_Slave_States.jpg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: Aavindraa,
Auntof6, TejasDiscipulus2
File:US Slave Free 1789-1861.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors:
United_States_1789-03-1789-08.png: Made by User:Golbez. United_States_1800-07-04-1800-07-10.png: Made by User:Golbez. United_States_1821-07-1821-08.png: Made by User:Golbez.
United_States_1837-01-1837-03.png: Made by User:Golbez. United_States_1845-03-1845-12.png: Made by User:Golbez. United_States_1846-12-1848-02.png: Made by User:Golbez.
United_States_1858-1859.png: Made by User:Golbez. United_States_1861-01-1861-02-04.png: Made by User:Golbez. derivative work: Kenmayer (talk)
File:Henry Clay Senate3.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Henry_Clay_Senate3.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Henry Clay Senate2.jpg: Drawn by P. F.
Rothermel (1817–1895), engraved by R. Whitechurch (1814–ca. 1880) derivative work: Durova (talk)
File:Missouri Compromise Line.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Missouri_Compromise_Line.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors:
Tintazul: Júlio Reis derivative work: JWB (talk)
File:Texas proposed boundaries.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Texas_proposed_boundaries.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors:
USA_Texas_location_map.svg: Alexrk derivative work: JWB (talk)
File:Screen shot 2009-12-15 at 9.05.50 AM.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Screen_shot_2009-12-15_at_9.05.50_AM.png License: Public Domain Contributors:
John H Vaughan
Image:Utah Territory with Deseret Border, vector image - 2011.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Utah_Territory_with_Deseret_Border,_vector_image_-_2011.svg
License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: derivative work: Mangoman88 (talk) Blank_US_Map.svg: User:Theshibboleth Wpdms deseret utah territory
legend.png: User:Tsujigiri
File:Map of Mexico including Yucatan and Upper California 1847.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Map_of_Mexico_including_Yucatan_and_Upper_California_1847.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Beao, Kintetsubuffalo, Look2See1,
Nyttend, Optigan13, Scalif, Thelmadatter, TommyBee, TriniMuñoz, 2 anonymous edits
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