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CHAPTER
33
DIRECTED READING
Introduction to Vertebrates
c Section 33-1: Vertebrates Spread from the Sea to the Land
Vertebrates Are Chordates with a Backbone
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
1. How is the tissue of vertebrates organized?
2. List six major organ systems that all vertebrates have.
The First Vertebrates Were Jawless Fishes
Complete each statement by writing the correct term or phrase
in the space provided.
3. The first jawless fish to evolve were the
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
4. The
.
is an example of a modern-day jawless fish.
5. The first vertebrates appeared
million years ago.
Fishes Evolved Jaws and Paired Fins
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
6. What were the two challenges to the survival of jawless fish as predators?
7. How did jawless fish respond to the two challenges to their survival as predators?
8. Describe the characteristics of the acanthodians.
Biology: Principles and Explorations
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Chapter 33
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9. Describe the characteristics of the placoderms.
10. Suggest why sharks and bony fish replaced the early fishes.
Today, Fish Are the Largest Group of Vertebrates
Mark each statement below T if it is true or F if it is false.
11. Hagfish are agnathans that have become extinct.
12. Skates and rays are examples of bony fish.
13. Most fish today are bony fish.
The First Vertebrates to Venture onto Land Were Amphibians
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
15. What three innovations were necessary for a species to live successfully on land?
Today, There Are Three Groups of Amphibians
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
16. What are the three groups of modern amphibians?
17. What group of vertebrates replaced the amphibians as the dominant terrestrial
vertebrates, and when did this occur?
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Biology: Principles and Explorations
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Chapter 33
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14. Why do scientists think that amphibians evolved from lobe-finned fish?
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c Section 33-2: Vertebrates Adapt to Terrestrial Living
Reptiles Became the First Fully Terrestrial Vertebrates
In the space provided, explain how the terms in each pair differ
in meaning.
1. terrestrial animals, amphibians
2. ectothermic animals, endothermic animals
3. sauropods, theropods
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
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4. What two important adaptations enabled reptiles to live on land?
5. What was Pangaea?
Today, Only Four Groups of Reptiles Remain
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
6. What are two ways crocodiles are similar to birds?
7. List the four groups of existing reptiles.
Biology: Principles and Explorations
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Chapter 33
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Mammals Replaced the Extinct Dinosaurs
Complete each statement by underlining the correct term or
phrase in the brackets.
8. Mammals are descendants of the extinct order of reptiles called
[therapsids / thecodonts].
9. Mammals evolved [later than / at the same time as] dinosaurs.
Today, There Are Three Groups of Mammals
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
10. What are the characteristics of marsupials?
11. What are the characteristics of placental mammals?
Birds May Have Evolved from Dinosaurs
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
13. What features did Archaeopteryx have in common with birds?
14. What birdlike features are NOT features of Archaeopteryx?
Today, Birds Are the Largest Group of Terrestrial Vertebrates
Place the following groups of birds in the order in which they evolved, based on
DNA analysis. Write the correct order (1–4) in the space provided.
15. ducks, geese, and waterfowl
16. birds of prey, flamingos, and penguins
17. woodpeckers, owls, parrots, and swifts
18. ostriches and their relatives
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Chapter 33
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12. What features did Archaeopteryx have in common with dinosaurs?
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5. Tunicate larvae are free swimming and have
a nerve cord, a notochord, a postanal tail, and
pharyngeal slits.
6. Adult tunicates retain their pharyngeal slits,
and they are sessile, filter-feeding marine
animals. Tunicates are covered with a tough
sac, and they are hermaphrodites.
7. Lancelets are only a few centimeters long
and spend most of the time with their tail end
buried in mud or sand. They feed on microscopic protists, which they filter out of the
water. The sexes are separate.
CHAPTER 33
Introduction to Vertebrates
SECTION 33-1
1. The tissue of vertebrates is organized into
organs, and the organs are organized into
organ systems.
2. All vertebrates have nervous, circulatory,
digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and
excretory systems.
3. agnathans
4. lamprey (or hagfish)
5. 550
6. The first challenge was pursuing prey, and
the second was grasping prey.
7. Fish developed fins, became more streamlined, and flattened sideways. They also
developed jaws for grasping prey.
8. Acanthodians had strong biting jaws with
jagged bony edges that served as teeth.
9. Placoderms were jawed fishes with massive
heads armored with bony plates.
10. Sharks and bony fishes replaced earlier
fishes because their body structure made
them better swimmers.
11. F
12. F
13. T
14. The pattern of bones in an amphibian’s limbs
resembles that of a lobe-finned fish.
15. The necessary innovations were legs, lungs,
and a vertebrate heart.
16. Modern amphibian groups are frogs and toads,
newts and salamanders, and caecilians.
17. Reptiles replaced amphibians during the
Permian period.
SECTION 33-2
1. Terrestrial animals live their entire life cycle
on land. Most amphibians live both on land
and in water.
2. Ectothermic animals have a slow metabolism
and cannot produce enough heat to warm their
bodies, so they must absorb heat from their
environment. Endothermic animals produce
enough heat, by means of a faster metabolism,
to maintain a constant body temperature.
204
Biology: Principles and Explorations
3. Sauropods were dinosaurs with enormous
barrel-shaped bodies, four heavy legs, and
very long necks and tails. Theropods were
carnivorous dinosaurs that stood on two powerful legs and had short arms.
4. almost watertight skin and eggs
5. Pangaea is the supercontinent that existed
200 million years ago and separated to form
the continents of today.
6. Crocodiles and birds both care for their
young and have a similar heart structure.
7. turtles, snakes and lizards, tuataras, and
crocodilians
8. therapsids
9. at the same time as
10. Marsupials are born at a very immature
stage and complete their development in
their mother’s pouch.
11. Placental mammals develop within their
mother’s body and are nourished by an organ
called the placenta.
12. Like dinosaurs, Archaeopteryx had teeth and
a long reptilian tail. It also had the forelimbs
of a dinosaur.
13. Archaeopteryx had feathers, wings, and a
fused collar bone.
14. Archaeopteryx did not have hollow bones or
a breast bone.
15. 2
16. 4
17. 3
18. 1
CHAPTER 34
Fishes and Amphibians
SECTION 34-1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
oxygen dissolved in water
heart
cartilage
gill filaments
gill slit
countercurrent flow
b
d
a
c
Sea water has a much higher salt concentration than the cells of marine fish, so marine
fish continually lose water by osmosis. They
must drink a lot of water and excrete only
small amounts of urine. Freshwater fish continually take in water by osmosis and excrete
large amounts of diluted urine.
12. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys.
They regulate the body’s salt and water balance
and remove metabolic wastes from blood.
13. externally
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Answer Key
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