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The reflectivity of a surface. A mirror or bright, snowy surface reflects most of the incoming light and has a high albedo, whereas a rough, flat road surface has a low albedo. A glacier that forms in mountainous terrain. Chapter 21 Chapter 21 A mixture of gases, mostly nitrogen and oxygen, with smaller amounts of argon, carbon dioxide, and other gases. The atmosphere is held to Earth by gravity and thins rapidly with altitude. Iron-rich, layered sedimentary rocks precipitated from the seas mostly between 2.6 and 1.9 billion years ago, as a result of rising atmospheric oxygen concentrations. Chapter 21 The zone inhabited by life. Chapter 21 Rocks such as limestone and dolomite made up primarily of carbonate minerals. Chapter 21 The laying down of rock-forming materials by any natural agent. Chapter 21 Chapter 21 A large piece of space debris, such as an asteroid, that crashes into a planet. Chapter 21 A shallow, nearly level area of continental crust covered by sediment and sedimentary rocks that is submerged below sea level at the edge of a continent between the shoreline and the continental slope. Chapter 21 Any region that receives less than 25 centimeters (10 inches) of rain per year and consequently supports little or no vegetation. Chapter 21 The removal of weathered rocks by moving water, wind, ice, or gravity. Chapter 21 Solid Earth, consisting of the entire planet from the center of the core to the outer crust. Chapter 21 An increase in the temperature of a planet’s atmosphere caused when infrared-absorbing gases are introduced into the atmosphere. Chapter 21 A time of extensive glacial activity, when alpine glaciers descended into lowland valleys and continental glaciers spread over the higher latitudes. Fuels formed from the partially decayed remains of plants and animals. The most commonly used fossil fuels are petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Chapter 21 Parallel grooves and scratches in bedrock that form as rocks are dragged along at the base of a glacier. Chapter 21 All of Earth’s water, which circulates among oceans, continents, and the atmosphere. Chapter 21 A glacier that forms a continuous cover of ice over areas of 50,000 square kilometers or more and spreads outward under the influence of its own weight (syn: continental glacier, ice cap). Chapter 21 Chapter 21 Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. The heat released or absorbed by a substance during a change in state, i.e., melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, or sublimation. Chapter 21 Chapter 21 A sedimentary rock consisting chiefly of calcium carbonate. Chapter 21 The continuous submarine mountain chain that forms at the boundary between divergent tectonic plates within oceanic crust. It circles Earth like the seam on a baseball, forming Earth’s longest mountain chain. Chapter 21 A mound or ridge of till deposited directly by glacial ice. A layer of permanently frozen soil or subsoil that lies from about a half meter to a few meters beneath the surface in arctic environments. Chapter 21 Chapter 21 Solid rock or mineral fragments transported and deposited by wind, water, gravity, or ice, precipitated by chemical reactions, or secreted by organisms, that accumulate as layers in loose, unconsolidated form. Chapter 21 A rock formed when sediment is lithified. Chapter 21 The region or boundary where a lithospheric plate descends into the asthenosphere. Solid rock composed of lithified till (sediment deposited directly by glacial ice). Chapter 21 Chapter 21