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OPTICS HIGHLIGHTS
AN ANECDOTAL HISTORY OF
OPTICS
ANCIENT HISTORY
• ancient Greece – beginning of the history of optics and optical
devices
• Aristophanes - reflection of the sun’s rays
• Democritus and Aristotele - nature of vision
• the Emperor Nero - the first to use a monocle
• Ptolemy - refractive effects of water and discussed the refractive
effects of the atmosphere
• Alhazan - the result of light coming from an object into the eye
SPECTACLES
• China - adornment
- magical powers
- colored glass, not correcting lenses
• Roger Bacon - the first recorded reference to the magnifying
properties of lenses in 1262
• 1280 – first eyeglasses in Florence by Alessandro di Spina ->
thein use spread rapidly
.
• 1604 - Johannes Kepler - a correct explanation of their operation
• 1784 – Benjamin Franklin – bifocals - the two lens sections were
held by the frame (1908 bifocals with the sections fused together)
• 1827 - George Airy - introduced the use of a cylindrical lens
• 1636 - René Descartes - suggested and sketched contact lenses
• 1887 - Adolf Fick - the first contact lenses to have been worn
• 1948 - Kevin Tuohy - the plastic contact lens
• soft lenses did not appear until the 1970’s
THE TELESCOPE
• 1608 - Hans Lippershey - the invention of the telescope
• 1610 - Galileo Galilei - the telescopic observations of the moon
and planets
Opera-glass
• Johannes Kepler - the form of the refracting telescope = the basis
for modern refractors (it has a convex lens
placed in back of the focus) back of the focus)
.
• 1670 - Isaac Newton - invention and construction of the
reflecting telescope
• 1733 - Chester More Hall - resolved the problem of chromatic
aberration for refractor telescope by a
lens design – kept secret
• 1759 - it was uncovered and used commercially by John Dolland
and his son
• 1930 - Bernhard Schmidt – his telescope serves astronomy as a
wide angle camera
THE MICROSCOPE
• end of the 16th century or the beginning of the 17th - ascribed to Hans
Jansen
• 1665 - Robert Hooke - replaced the eye piece with the twin-lens
telescope eyepiece
- Hooke’s three-lens microscope is the
basis for modern instruments
.
• 1830 - Joseph Jackson Lister – lens design - resolved the
problem of spherical aberration for microscopes
• 1841 - Karl Friederich Gauss - general theory of lens design
• during 1870 – 1888 - Ernst Abbé – eliminated many of the
remaining limitations
RAY OPTICS, CORPUSCLES
AND WAVES
• 1621 - Willebrord Snell - discovery of the law of refraction
• 1657 - Pierre de Fermat - "principle of least time„
.
• 1672 – Isaac Newton - based his explanations of reflection and
refraction on a corpuscular theory of light
• 1827-William Hamilton used this principle as a basis for a general
mathematical theory of ray optics.
WAVE OPTICS
• 1801 - Thomas Young - discovered the interference of light
• 1808 - Etienne-Louis Malus – the polarization of light by
reflection
• 1811 - David Brewster - polarizing angle
..
• 1815-Jean Fresnel -rediscovered interference and provided
a mathematical theory of diffraction based on the wave
theory
OPTICS, ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES & QUANTA
• 1873 - James Clerk Maxwell - his equations for the
electromagnetic field described
waves traveling at the velocity of
light
• 1818 - Joseph von Fraunhofer - absorption lines of the elements
• 1886- Hertz - electromagnetic waves were refracted and
reflected like light waves
.
..
• 1905-Einstein- analysis of the photoelectric effect
• 1928 - Niels Bohr -the development of quantum mechanics,
and the principle of wave-particle duality of
light and matter
•
SOME ROOTS OF MODERN
OPTICAL SYSTEMS
• 1925 - John Logie Baird - the first optical data storage
• 1948 - Denis Gabor - holography (3D pictures)
.
• 1873 – Abee - optical data processing
• 1960 - construction of the first laser and the rapid
development of optical communication systems,
Principal components:
1. Active laser medium
2. Laser pumping energy
3. High reflector
4. Output coupler
5. Laser beam
That is all.
all.
Thank you for coming
.
Language
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remarkable: nápadný, nevšední (pozoruhodný),
solve: rozluštit (kód), vyluštit (křížovku apod.),
explain: jasně se vyjádřit, podat výklad čeho,
result: výsledek, důsledek,
adornment: ozdoba, lem
required: požadovaný, povinný (školní předmět),
eyepiece: okulár
velocity of wave front: postupivost vlny
pressure wave: tlaková vlna
comprehensive: celkový, obsáhlý, obsažný,
spatial: prostorový
storage: akumulace, uskladnění, hromadění,
Reference
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu
- announce: ohlásit,
- propose: klást za cíl
- matter: hmota, látka
- record: zápis
- obtain: získat, dostat