Download Vertebrate Physiology Study questions

Vertebrate Physiology Study questions-Final exam - new material ( 23% of grade, 75%
of Final- These questions are intended help you to focus your studying and do not
include every topic covered . You are ultimately responsible for all information that was
given in class)
1. What specific pressure differences cause diffusion of CO2 from tissue to tissue
capillary and from lung capillary to alveolar air? What are the different ways to transport
CO2 in the blood from tissue to lungs? How does CO2 convert to HCO3 – and back to
CO2?
2. How does the nervous system control breathing? What are the sensory receptor
systems that detect changes of O2, CO2 and acidity and how do they work?
3. What is the arrangement of the various parts of the vertebrate excretory system ?
4. What are the functions of urine?
5. Can you name and locate the parts of the nephron and associated blood vessels? How
is the nephron oriented in the kidney as a whole?
6.Glomeular Filtration- What is the relationship between glomerular capillaries and
Bowman’s capsule? What is the structure of the filtration membrane. What components
of blood do and do not get filtered? What factors determine net filtration pressure?( how
can Pgc be varied?) How is GFR measured by Inulin? What is a typical human GFR?
7. Reabsorption - What types and amounts of reabsorption occur at different parts of the
nephron? What are the mechanisms for reabsorption of Na+, glucose, amino acids and
water ? By what mechanism does aldosterone increase reabsorption of Na+
8. Concentration of urine- How do the collecting duct and fluid outside the lower loop of
Henle allow for the final reabsorption of water and concentration of urine? What creates
the high osmolarity in the fluid outside? By what mechanism does ADH affect the
collecting duct cell water permeability? What is the role of vasa recta capillaries?
9. Secretion-What molecules and ions undergo secretion from peritubular capillaries into
the nephron? How does aldosterone increase K+ secretion?
10. Body fluid compartments- What are the body fluid compartments and their relative
volumes? What are different ways of perturbing volume and osmolarity of body fluid
compartments? What are corrective responses to each perturbation?
11. Body water regulation- What are normal inputs and outputs of body water?
How is body water regulated through the sense of thirst? ( in response to changed
cellular volume and changed interstitial /plasma volume). How is body water regulated
through ADH? ( in response to changed cellular volume and changed interstitial /plasma
volume)
12.Body salt regulation- Why does body fluid volume depend on body salt content?
What is normal whole body salt input and output? How is body salt content increased in
response to a drop in plasma volume ( MAP)? Include adjustments signaled through the
kidney and adjustments signaled through vascular baroreceptors.
13. K+ regulation- what are effects of too much or too little body K?
14. Acid/base balance- What contributes to body acidity? How is body pH controlled by
chemical buffers? By lungs and kidneys ? What are disturbances of acid/base balance
( respiratory /metabolic acidosis/alkalosis) and the body responses to them ?
15. What digestive enzyme is in saliva? What glands secrete saliva and how is secretion
controlled?
16. What is the function of the epiglottis in swallowing?
17. What is peristalsis? What types of movements occur in the stomach? How is stomach
motility regulated? What distinguishes the short and long neural control pathway? . What
types of secretions occur in the stomach? How is this secretory activity regulated?
18. What types of movements occur in small intestine? How are they regulated?
What are the digestive functions of pancreatic juice and bile? ( including specific types
of enzymes and what digestion products they produce) . How is pancreatic juice and bile
secretion controlled?
19. How is the small intestine well designed for absorption? What are the mechanisms
for intestinal absorption of Na+, glucose, amino acids, and water? What does the liver do
with absorbed nutrients?
20. What happens in the large intestine?
21. What was said about metabolism and energy balance ?