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HIST 1301: History of the Arab World Lecture Outline 17: Independence and the End of Empires KEY TERMS Allied invasion of North Africa (1943) Free Officers Habib Bourguiba Arab League Suez Crisis (1956) King Mohamed V UN Partition Plan for Palestine Baghdad Pact Algerian War 1. World War II and the Arab World • Fall of France to Nazi Germany (1940); Vichy France control of Maghrib and other colonies • British mobilization and strategic and importance of Egypt and the Suez Canal Military Base in movement of troops from Australia, New Zealand, India; importance of Iraq and Iran and oil; Iraqi revolt (1940-41) with some German backing, British invasion of Iraq • Battle for North Africa, Italian advances against Egypt then defeats, German reinforcement and battle for North Africa, Allied invasion of North Africa (1942) as American troops land in Morocco (Casablanca Conference 1943) and advance east pushing Germans toward Tunisia, British advance west from Egypt, Germans withdraw to Italy in 1943 • Arab League formed with British backing (1945) • Lebanon (1945) and Syria (1946) gain independence • AFTER WAR: British position seemed strengthened as they controlled most of the region, including Libya after defeating Italians. French were weakened by losses to Germany and Vichy’s defeat by allies, lost Syria/Lebanon and tightened control of Maghrib 2. Palestine after WWII • Jewish immigration decreased during war, then increased as refugees surviving the Holocaust are smuggled despite British attempts to prevent • US pressured for more Jewish immigration, tensions increased between Palestinian and Jewish groups • British turned situation over to UN; Partition Plan in 1947, divide between two groups (accepted by Jewish leadership and rejected by Palestinians); British withdraw in 1948; State of Israel declared May 14th; 1948 war between Israel and Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq results in larger territory for state of Israel, huge refugee population of Palestinians 3. British Controlled Middle East after WWII • Egypt: British sought to maintain control over Suez Zone, tension over continued role, 1952 Free Officers coup overthrew King Farouk, Gamal Abd al-Nasser took power HIST 1301: History of the Arab World and asserted Egypt’s position as leader of non-aligned movement; Sudan independence negotiated 1953, British troops withdrawn in 1954 • Suez Crisis: Nasser reacted to US cancellation of aid for construction of High Dam at Aswan by nationalizing the Suez Canal and turning to USSR for aid; British, French, and Israel agreed to secret plan where Israel invaded Sinai and British/French forces landed in Canal Zone in order to “establish order;” US and USSR pressured them to cease and withdraw; humiliated former imperial powers; strengthened Nasser’s position as leader of the Arab world and stature as leader of non-aligned movement • Iraq: 1955 joined Baghdad Pact, western alliance in Cold War against the USSR; Husayn dynasty overthrown by coup in 1958, creation of republic • Jordan: population swelled by Palestinian refugees after 1948 war; 1951 Abduallah assassinated by al-Aqsa mosque by Palestinian; 1957 British military withdrew from Jordan 4. French Controlled North Africa • Morocco: growing nationalist resistance in late 1940s and the early 1950s, King Mohamed V forced to abdicate in 1953; huge demonstrations in support of King; with growing Algerian crisis, French bring him back and agree to independence which begins in 1956 including French and Spanish zones of control and Tangier • Tunisia: nationalist movement led by Bourguiba pressures French, independence granted in 1956 • Algeria: 1954 Front Liberation National (FLN) created, rural and urban resistance; French use military force and try to reform to reduce tensions; colon population pressures Paris for more intervention; Battle of Algiers; 1958 Fourth Republic is overthrown and Charles de Gualle called to create Fifth Republic; negotiations with FLN beginning in 1960; independence in 1962