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BIO 10
Cell and Molecular Biology Exam Study Guide
Exam Topics
A. Basic Chemistry
o Atoms, molecules
o Bond types (covalent, ionic, hydrogen)
o Number of covalent bonds C, N, O usually make
o Polar (hydrophilic) vs nonpolar (hydrophobic)
o Ions, salts
B. Macromolecules
o Monomers and polymers
o Functional groups (e.g. OH , NH2, COOH)
o Types: Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins
o Proteins
Name of bonds linking monomers
structural levels (primary, secondary etc.)
C. Cell Structure
o Organelle function
o Cell Transport
Passive (e.g. simple diffusion)
Active (e.g. ion pumps, facilitated difusion)
D. Enzymes
o Reactions: (reactants → products)
o Enzymatic controls ( Temp, pH, allosteric sites)
E. Photosynthesis
o Pigments reflect color we see
o Chlorophyll is main pigment in algae and plants
Absorbs blue and red, reflects green wavelengths
o Light Dependent Reactions
Split water, release oxygen
Generate ATP and NADPH
o Light Independent Reactions
Use NADPH and ATP to make glucose
Need CO2
F. Respiration
o Occurs in three steps
Glycolysis
• Splits (6-C) glucose into 2 (3-C) pyruvate
• Takes place in cytoplasm
• Requires 2 ATP
• Yields 4 ATP (net gain of 2) and 2 NADH
Krebs Cycle
• Takes place in mitochondria
• Produces 2 ATP
• H is transferred to NAD, and FAD, then to third step
• Yields 10 NADH and 2 FADH
Electron Transfer Chain
• on mitochondrial inner membrane
• Yields 32 ATP for total of 36 (per glucose molecule)
• Uses oxygen as H acceptor
G. Know the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis
H. Know the three stages of aerobic respiration, their main functions and products
o See diagrams in your lecture notes!
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SRJC
BIO 10
Cell and Molecular Biology Exam Study Guide
SRJC
1) All of the following are elements EXCEPT _____.
a) oxygen
b) nitrogen
c) water
d) carbon
e) hydrogen
2) Hydrophobic molecules in water are expected to _____.
a) dissolve
b) separate from the water
c) precipitate out
d) form hydrogen bonds with surrounding water
e) be surrounded by spheres of hydration
3) Table salt (NaCl) is hydrophilic and will dissolve in water to form _____.
a) covalent bonds
b) acids
c) ions
d) bases
4) The diversity of organic molecules stems from carbon's ability to form as many as _____ covalent
bonds at once.
a) 2
b) 6
c) 4
d) 3
e) 5
5) The functional group abbreviated as -OH is found in sugars and alcohols, and is known as the _____
group.
a) methyl
b) amino
c) carbonyl
d) hydroxyl
6) The functional group –NH2 is known as a _____ group.
a) methyl
b) amino
c) carbonyl
d) hydroxyl
7) Single units (monomers) such as monosaccharides will link up to form large chains called_____.
a) manysaccharides
b) Amino acids
c) micromolucules
d) polymers
8) A monosaccharide is a monomer of_____.
a) manysaccharide
b) Amino acids
c) micromolecules
d) carbohydrates
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BIO 10
Cell and Molecular Biology Exam Study Guide
SRJC
9) The following are all lipids except _____.
a) triglycerides
b) sterols
c) sucrose
d) fatty acids
e) waxes
10) The phospholipid bilayer is a characteristic of _____.
a) Cell walls
b) Cell membranes
c) triglycerides
d) hydrophilic molecules
11) The type of bond linking amino acids in a protein chain is called a _____ bond.
a) ionic
b) hydrolysis
c) sulfionic
d) peptide
12) Which of the following describes primary structure in proteins?
a) twists and folds in particular regions of a polypeptide chain
b) multiple polypeptide chains covalently bonded
c) the order of the amino acid sequence
d) lipids or oligosaccharides covalently bonded
e) twisted and bent regions form a functional structure
13) The secondary structure of proteins can be______?
a) helical
b) Sheet-like
c) Helical and sheet-like
d) Only a straight chain
e) Tetrahedral
14) The organelles that pinch-off portions of membranes into vesicles for storage and transport are _____.
a) endoplasmic reticulum
b) the Golgi bodies
c) nuclei
d) mitochondria
15) The endomembrane system includes all of the following organelles except _____.
a) endoplasmic reticulum
b) the Golgi bodies
c) vesicles
d) mitochondria
16) Lysosomes are _____.
a) amoeboid cells
b) vesicles containing proteins to be secreted outside the cell
c) receptors on the plasma membrane
d) organelles filled with digestive enzymes
17) The function of a mitochondrion is to _____.
a) produce proteins
b) produce ATP
c) attach sugar side- chains to some proteins and lipids
d) degrade toxins
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BIO 10
Cell and Molecular Biology Exam Study Guide
SRJC
18) Which of the following are found in both plant and animal cells?
a) Cell walls, plasma membranes and vesicles
b) Vacuoles, chloroplasts and cytoplasm
c) Cell membranes, ribosomes and mitochondria
d) Ribosomes, starch grains and chloroplasts
19) The theory of endosymbiosis states that _____.
a) the first cells evolved in shallow seas about 3.5 billion years ago
b) the endoplasmic reticulum evolved from infoldings of the plasma membrane
c) mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger cells
d) all of the options
20) Which of the following statements about enzymes is true?
a) enzymes slow down reactions to maintain homeostasis of the cell
b) enzymes are consumed by the reactions they catalyze
c) enzymes are specific for the reactions they catalyze since they recognize a limited number of
substrates
d) enzymes are composed of simple sugars and they’re sweet.
21) Substances that enter a chemical reaction are called?
a) enzymes
b) products
c) reactants
d) intermediates
22) Which of the following control enzymatic reactions?
a) pH
b) Reactant concentrations
c) Product concentrations
d) Allosteric site binding
e) All of these
23) Which of the following is an example of passive transport?
a) Simple diffusion
b) Facilitated diffusion
c) exocytosis
d) bulk endocytosis
24) Plants use which of the following to carry out photosynthesis?
a) H2O
b) H2O and CO2
c) O2
d) CO2
25) Oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from _____.
a) CO2
b) H2O and CO2
c) O2
d) H2O
26) Chlorophyll absorbs light in the _____ range, and reflects _____ light.
a) red and blue, green
b) green, violet
c) green and yellow, red
d) ultraviolet, red
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BIO 10
Cell and Molecular Biology Exam Study Guide
27) The products of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are _____.
a) Stored as fats
b) Used in the light-independents reactions
c) Stored in the stroma of the chloroplast
d) stored in the plant cell's vacuole
28) Plants are capable of _____.
a) photosynthesis
b) ATP production
c) Aerobic respiration
d) All of the above
29) Plants and animals use _____ as the final H+ and e- acceptors in aerobic respiration.
a) sulfur
b) oxygen
c) glucose
d) ATP
30) Which of the following pathways liberates the most ATP
a) Anaerobic respiration
b) Lactate fermentation
c) Aerobic respiration
d) Alcoholic libation
31) Glycolysis begins with an energy investment of _____ ATP molecules.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
32) Glycolysis occurs in _____.
a) the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
b) the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells only
c) the cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
d) the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
33) From one molecule of glucose, glycolysis yields_____.
a) 36 ATP molecules
b) 50 NADH, 20 pyruvate, and 40 ATP
c) 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP
d) 6 CO2, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH2
34) The molecules that deliver electrons directly to the electron transfer chains are _____.
a) ATP and NAD+
b) NAD+ and FAD+
c) CO2 and H2O
d) NADH and FADH2
35) The Krebs cycle occurs in _____.
a) the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
b) the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells only
c) the cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
d) the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
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SRJC
BIO 10
Cell and Molecular Biology Exam Study Guide
SRJC
36) The energy-requiring steps of glycolysis begin with the transfer of a _____ to glucose.
a) hydroxyl group
b) phosphate group
c) methyl group
d) amino group
37) During glycolysis, one six-carbon molecule of glucose is broken down to 2, 3-carbon molecules of
_____.
a) pyruvate
b) ATP
c) NADH
d) acetyl-CoA
38) Which of the following are products of the Krebs cycle ?
a) Substrate-level phosphorylation
b) Reduction of NAD and FAD to NADH and FADH
c) Regeneration of oxaloacetate
d) All of these
39) The second and third stages of aerobic respiration (the Krebs cycle and electron transfer
phosphorylation) take place _____.
a) in the cytosol
b) within the endoplasmic reticulum
c) inside mitochondria
d) only at the outer membrane of mitochondria
40) When glucose is used as the initial energy source, the largest amount of ATP is produced in
a) glycolysis
b) The Krebs cycle
c) Electron transfer phosphorylation (aka electron transport chain)
d) Substrate-level phosphorylation
41) Electron transfer phosphorylation takes place _____.
a) in the cytosol
b) within the endoplasmic reticulum
c) outside mitochondria
d) On the inner membrane of mitochondria
Answers:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
C
B
C
C
D
B
D
D
C
B
D
C
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13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
C
B
D
D
B
C
C
C
C
E
A
B
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
31)
32)
33)
34)
35)
36)
37)
38)
39)
40)
41)
D
A
B
D
B
C
B
C
C
D
A
B
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A
D
C
C
D