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Chapter 9 Objectives—Princes and Popes
Ancient History Review Timeline:
Creation
River Valley Civilizations (Nile, Euphrates, Hindus)
Greek Civilization
Roman Civilization
Roman Civilization collapses/barbarian invasions
Islam begins; Muslims invade much of what had been Roman Empire. Former Roman
Empire now divided into Western Barbarian nations, Byzantine, and Islamic world.
Christianity civilizes barbarian kingdoms and European wilderness (commonly know as
the “Dark Ages”)
I. Reforms in the Church
IA1. List and explain the reasons why there was a need for reform in the church in medieval
times.
IA2. List and describe the measures of reform that began in 910.
IB. Discuss how the clash between church and state led to Henry IV’s penitence at Canossa and
the Concordat of Worms.
IC. Describe the new religious orders founded in the 13th Century.
ID1. Describe the rule of Innocent III at the zenith of the papacy.
ID2. List and describe the weapons that the popes directed against those who opposed them.
IE. Describe the character and results of Medieval Reform.
II. A European Empire
IIA. Describe the founding of the German kingdom after the death of Charlemagne.
IIB1. Describe the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire.
IIB2. Explain why the Holy Roman Empire was called “holy,” “Roman,” and an “empire.” Why
do many historians question the validity of this title?
IIC. List the conflicts that weakened the Holy Roman Empire and would prevent Germany and
Italy from unifying as early as many of the other European countries.
IID. Describe the Holy Roman Empire under the Hohenstaufens.
III. Rise of Feudal Monarchies
III.A. Overall—Timeline:
Roman Britain
Angles and Saxons invade
Danish Vikings invade
Alfred the Great pushed back Danes and laid a foundation for a unified English monarchy
England fell to the Danish ruler Canute
Anglo-Saxons drove out the Danes and placed Edward the Confessor on the throne.
Battle of Hastings
William the Conqueror brings centralized feudalism from Normandy to Britain.
Henry II strengthened royal authority.
Magna Carta limited the king’s power
Edward I established Parliament.
IIIA.1.a. Describe how the Anglo-Saxons occupied and changed Britain.
IIIA.1.b. Explain why Alfred was called “the Great” including how he strengthened the AngloSaxon practice of local government.
IIIA2a. Explain why William the Conqueror invaded England. (Answer: Edward died without an
heir. William claimed that Edward had promised him the throne. English nobles selected an
English earl instead. He invaded to get what he considered rightfully his.)
IIIA2b. List and describe the steps that William the Conqueror took to establish centralized
feudalism in Britain.
IIIA3a. Describe how Henry II strengthened royal authority.
IIIA3b. Describe how British courts of this time influenced the way courts work today. (Answer:
Grand jury; Jury of 12 men; Replace trial by ordeal; common law.)
IIIA3c. Describe Henry II’s conflict with Thomas-a-Becket.
IIIA4a. Describe Richard I’s rule of England.
IIIA4b. Describe the problems that John faced as king of England.
IIIA4c. Explain how the Magna Carta came into being, what it did, and what important
precedents it set
IIIA5a. Match the witan, curia regis and parliament with their description and put them in
chronological order.
IIIA5b. Describe how Edward I created Parliament, and how it came to consist of the House of
Commons and the House of Lords.
IIIA5c. Explain how Parliament became more and more powerful.
IIIA5d. Explain why the development of Parliament was important for future democracies.
IIIB.Overall—Timeline:
West Frankland breaks up after death of Charlemagne.
Feudal lords choose Hugh Capet as king.
Phillip II brings land and power to the monarchy.
Louis IX expanded the jurisdiction of royal courts and issued ordnances without
consulting the chief vassals.
Phillip IV further expanded royal rule and bested Boniface VIII over taxing church and
summoned the Estates General.
IIIB1. List and explain the factors that helped the Capetian kings increase their power.
IIIB2. List and explain the ways in which Phillip II expanded the power of the French
Monarchy. Explain how his position differed from the early Capetian kings.
IIIB3. Explain how Louis IX expanded royal power and why he gained the title, “the ideal
medieval king.”
IIIB4a. Describe Phillip’s IV clash with Boniface VIII, including what triggered the clash, what
weapons Phillip and Boniface yielded against each other, and why Phillip won.
IIIB4b. Describe the origins of the Estates-General and contrast its effect on France with
Parliament’s effect on England.
IV. Rescue of the Holy Land
IV. Introduction: Explain why pilgrims wanted to visit Jerusalem
IVA1.
List the motivations spurring participants of the Crusades.
IVA2. List the methods the Roman Catholic Church employed to urge Europeans to join the
Crusades.
IVB1. Know that there were 8 major crusades.
IVB2. Describe each of the following crusades (I will refer to them on the test by the titles in
quotes)
a. “First Crusade”
b. “The King’s Crusade” (3rd Crusade)
c. “The Diverted Crusade” (4th Crusade)
d. “The Later Crusade”
IVC.
List and describe each of the five consequences of the Crusades that the book mentions,
also describe how the crusades led to each of the consequences.