Download Unit 12 ~ Learning Guide Name

BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
Unit 12 ~ Learning Guide
Name: _______________
INSTRUCTIONS
Complete the following notes and questions as you work through the related lessons.
You are required to have this package completed BEFORE you write your unit test. Do
your best and ask questions about anything that you don't understand BEFORE you
write the unit test.
12 NOTES: ARTHROPODS
Arthropods are an _______________________________________________________
____________. They are the ______________________________________________
__________________________________________. Arthropods are the __________
______________________________________ on Earth. They __________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________. The various Classes of
Arthropods are listed below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Class Chilopoda - ____________________.
Class Diplopoda - __________________.
Class Crustacea - __________________________________________
Class Arachnidia - __________________________________________
Class Insecta – _______________________________________________
General Characteristics of Arthropods
All arthropods have general characteristics in common. The most noticeable is their
______________________. All classes of arthropods have a strong flexible
exoskeleton _________________________________. The prefix _____________
__________________________ and the many joints in this skeleton allow for
movement along with a variety of appendages. What are the advantages of an
exoskeleton? __________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
It also provides _________________________________________________________
_________________________ allowing greater movement. The exoskeleton also forms
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a _____________________________________________________________. What
are the disadvantages of an exoskeleton? The exoskeleton is not living tissue and
therefore ___________________ and must be ________________________________
__________________________________________________ to attack from other
organisms. This is costly in terms of energy and may be part of the reason arthropods
are __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________. The
exoskeleton ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________ so the strength advantage is lost. More energy would
be required for movement and breathing if the size increases too much.
Arthropods also exhibit __________________________________________________
___________________________. These advances in cephalization allow for the
formation of a __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_________________The simple eyes are like ours with the one lens focusing incoming
light. In a compound eye light is focused with many smaller lenses. The ____________
____________________________________________________________ which is
important for avoiding predators and capturing prey. Contributing to the diversity of
arthropods are the many different functions of their appendages. Different species of
arthropods have ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________.
Centipedes and Millipedes
_____________________________________________________________________.
The Class name comes from Greek and means lip foot. Centipedes are characterized
by long antennae and ___________________________________________________
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________________________ that extend from the body. They are fast runners and are
predatory. They can bite with their venomous forcipules. These claws are modified first
appendages.
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________.
Diplopoda means double foot and these
arthropods have ________________________
_____________________________________
___________________________. Millipedes
are slow runners, don't bite, and are mainly
scavengers. They eat decaying leaves and
dead plants.
Crustaceans
General Characteristics
________________________________________________ that is _______________
and has such members as _______________________________________________.
The crustaceans all have _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______________________. However, the ___________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
The head has five pairs of appendages. Two pairs of these appendages are
__________________________ and the other three are mouthparts. These
appendages are _______________________________________________________
________________________________________________.
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The thorax also has five pairs of appendages that are legs. The first pair are
_______________ and are used for eating and defense. The remaining pairs of legs
are for __________________________________. The abdomen is equipped with
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________. In crustaceans
that have a tail the ________________________________ are used to quickly swim
backward.
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
_____________________________________________ under water are located above
the legs. This is the site where hemocyanin, a blue pigment due to copper content,
picks up oxygen molecules to be used by the body. The _________________
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________. Therefore, crustaceans
have an ______________________________________________.
Nervous System
The nervous system of a crustacean is similar to that of an earthworm. There is a
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________. The crustaceans have ___________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
Reproductive System
The ______________________________________________________. Crustaceans
are
________________________________________________________________.
Sperm is transferred to the female by the first set of specialized __________________.
The third set of swimmerettes on the female are where the ovaries are located and the
swimmerettes also function to hold the fertilized eggs.
Digestive System
The digestive system of a crustacean is a ____________________________________.
The ______________________________ near the mouth of the crustacean secretes
digestive juices and begins external digestion. The stomach has two regions as
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opposed to a crop and gizzard. The gastric mill portion functions as a gizzard grinding
the food with chitinous teeth. The posterior portion filters out coarse food particles.
Absorption of nutrients takes place in digestive glands as opposed to the intestine
PLEASE LABEL THE CRAYFISH ANATOMY
IN THE DIAGRAMS BELOW BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
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Insects
"We hope that, when the insects take over the world, they will remember with gratitude
how we took them along on all our picnics." -Bill Vaughan
Insects - Here are three very different beetles.
The insects are the _____________________________________ of animals and have
the _______________________________________. They are the most abundant and
diverse Class of Arthropods with 29 different Orders. Insects represent about
_______________________________________ that scientists have classified and
named. This makes them the ______________________________________________
___________________________________. Segmentation gives insects a wide range
of body parts. These body parts have many functions and allow insects to take on many
different roles in the environment. The body plan of the insect is always in three parts;
___________________________________________________________________.
The head has a _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.
This
arrangement shows strong _________________________. The images below show a
compound eye and specialized mouth parts.
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The _________________________________________________________________
_______________________________ and in winged species ___________________
_______________________________________. The last section is the abdomen
where you will find most of the internal organs. The images below show the wings on a
wasp and the modified rear appendage on an earwig.
Insect Internal Organs
Digestion
Insects eat with specialized mouthparts which can be specialized for many different
functions including ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________. Once inside the mouth the digestive
system of all insects is the same. The ______________________________________
___________________________________________________________. It then goes
to the gastric mill and is mechanically broken down and then to the stomach where it is
chemically digested. Surrounding the joint between these two organs is the gastric
cecum which is responsible for the absorption of nutrients.
Excretion
________________________________ surround the intestine and
nitrogenous wastes from the blood and excrete it into the digestive tract.
collect
the
Respiration
Small openings in the exoskeleton called ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________. The
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gas exchange takes place at the ends of these trachea. Movement of the body wall
causes the air to move in and out of the system.
Circulation
A ________________________________ lies dorsally in an insect. The heart pumps
blood around within an ____________________________________________.
Reproduction in Insects
Insects use sexual reproduction only. They are very successful with short life spans
which means rapid reproduction and increased variation and the potential for new
adaptations.
There are two cycles of developmental change found in insects.
1. Complete Metamorphosis.
2. Incomplete Metamorphosis
___________________________
______________________________________
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In both cases there is a major adaptive advantage. With both life cycles the _________
___________________________________________________________. This means
they are not in competition for similar resources and have a greater chance of survival.
PLEASE LABEL THE GRASSHOPPER ANATOMY
IN THE DIAGRAMS BELOW BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
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Arachnids
"If you want to live and thrive, let the spider run
alive."
- American Quaker Saying
Arachnids include _________________________
____________________________________. This
group has the cephalon and thorax fused to form
the ______________________________ and each
member has an abdomen. Arachnids have six pairs
of appendages on the cephalothorax. They have
________________________________________.
The other two pairs of appendages are the
________________________________________.
The pedipalp is very noticeable in the scorpion and
is more commonly called _____________________
_______________________. The chelicera is a
_____________________________________ that
is well developed in all members. Although most
internal anatomy is similar to that of the insect, the
respiration differs. On the inner body wall
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
________________________________________________________.
create a large surface area for gas exchange to take place.
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These
folds
BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
12 PRACTICE: ARTHROPODS
1. Arthropods are the most dominant life form on Earth, representing approximately
____________ of the animal kingdom. (1 mark)
2. Arthropod refers to the fact that all members of this phylum have _____________
appendages. (1 mark)
3. All arthropods have an exoskeleton:
a. What are two selective advantages associated with an exoskeleton? (2
marks)
b. What are two disadvantages of an exoskeleton? (2 marks)
4. Class _________________________ of Phylum _______________________
includes centipedes which are distinguished by having one pair of legs on each
body segment. (2 marks)
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5. Class ______________________ of Phylum ____________________________
includes millipedes which are distinguished by having two pairs of legs on each
body segment. (2 marks)
6. Class _____________________ of Phylum _____________________________
include crabs, crayfish, shrimp and lobster. (2 marks)
7. Describe the various appendages on a crustacean including where they are
found and what they do. (10 marks)
8. Compare and contrast the circulatory systems of Crustaceans (Phylum
Arthropoda) to that of Oligochaeta (Phylum Annelida) and that of Bivalves
(Phylum Mollusca). (5 marks)
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9. Most arthropods are dioecious:
a. What does dioecious mean again? (1 mark)
b. Identify at least two other animal phyla, that have been studied in Biology
11 thus far, that have dioecious members. (2 marks)
10. You have encountered several animal phyla, thus far in Biology 11, that have a
tube-within-a-tube body plan:
a. Identify at least three phyla that have this body plan. (3 marks)
b. What is the scientific term for this body plan if it is partially lined with
mesoderm and partially lined with endoderm? (1 mark)
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c. What is the scientific term for this body plan if it is fully lined with
mesoderm? (1 mark)
11. ______________________ are considered the most successful class of animals
in the world as they represent approximately 75% of all organisms on Earth. (1
mark)
12. Insects are characterized by having three body parts:
a. ________________________________ (1 mark)
b. ________________________________ (1 mark)
i. which contains _______ pairs of legs,
__________________ (2 marks)
c. ________________________________ (1 mark)
and
sometime
13. The gastric mill of insects is comparable to the _____________________ of
earthworms. (1 mark)
14. ___________________________ in the exoskeleton allow air to enter small
tubes called the __________________ such that gas exchange can occur in
insects. (2 marks)
15. How do insects' short life spans serve as a selective advantage? Please use your
understanding of Darwin's theory of evolution and terms such as mutation,
diversity, and survival to provide a well-explained answer. (5 marks)
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16. Compare and contrast complete and incomplete metamorphosis. (3 marks)
17. What is a selective advantage of undergoing metamorphosis? (1 mark)
18. Class _______________________ of Phylum ___________________________
includes spiders, ticks, scorpions and mites. (2 marks)
19. Compared to insects, arachnids have their cephalon and thorax fused to form a
________________________________ which has _____ pairs of appendages,
including the characteristic 4 pairs (or _______ total) of legs of a spider and then
a pair of chelicera (mouthparts) and a pair of pedipalps (claws or pinchers). (3
marks)
~ END OF BIOLOGY 11 UNIT 12 LEARNING GUIDE ~
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UNIT 12 ANSWER KEY
12 PRACTICE: ARTHROPODS
1. Arthropods are the most dominant life form on Earth, representing approximately ____________
of the animal kingdom. (1 mark)
2. Arthropod refers to the fact that all members of this phylum have _____________ appendages. (1
mark)
3. All arthropods have an exoskeleton:
a. What are two selective advantages associated with an exoskeleton? (2 marks)
- prevents drying out (desiccation) allowing insects to survive drier
environments
-
provides excellent protection for internal organs
b. What are two disadvantages of an exoskeleton? (2 marks)
- cannot grow as internal components grow so must be periodically shed leaving
the organism vulnerable
-
becomes very heavy as it increases in size and thus, limits the maximum size
of the organisms
4. Class _________________________ of Phylum _______________________ includes
centipedes which are distinguished by having one pair of legs on each body segment. (2 marks)
5. Class ______________________ of Phylum ____________________________ includes
millipedes which are distinguished by having two pairs of legs on each body segment. (2 marks)
6. Class _____________________ of Phylum _____________________________ include crabs,
crayfish, shrimp and lobster. (2 marks)
7. Describe the various appendages on a crustacean including where they are found and what they
do. (10 marks)
-
antennae on cephalothorax = sensory reception and feeding
-
mouthparts on cephalothorax = feeding
-
claws on thorax = feeding and defense
-
legs on thorax = movement
-
swimmerettes on thorax = movement and reproduction
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8. Compare and contrast the circulatory systems of Crustaceans (Phylum Arthropoda) to that of
Oligochaeta (Phylum Annelida) and that of Bivalves (Phylum Mollusca). (5 marks)
- Crustaceans and Bivalves = open circulatory systems where hemolymph circulates
through heart, vessels and open space surrounding internal organs, ideal for organisms
that exist in areas of frequent pressure changes and low metabolic rates such as found
in colder water
-
Oligochaeta = closed circulatory system where blood is contained within blood vessels at
all times barring injury, blood flows at higher pressure and velocity, ideal for animals
with faster metabolic rates
9. Most arthropods are dioecious:
a. What does dioecious mean again? (1 mark)
- have two separate genders, a male that produces sperm and a female that
produces eggs
b. Identify at least two other animal phyla, that have been studied in Biology 11 thus far, that
have dioecious members. (2 marks)
- some Nematods (Aschelminthes),
-
some Annelids
-
some Molluscs
10. You have encountered several animal phyla, thus far in Biology 11, that have a tube-within-a-tube
body plan:
a. Identify at least three phyla that have this body plan. (3 marks)
- Nematoda (Aschelminthes)
-
Annelida
-
Mollusca
b. What is the scientific term for this body plan if it is partially lined with mesoderm and
partially lined with endoderm? (1 mark)
- pseudocoelomate
c. What is the scientific term for this body plan if it is fully lined with mesoderm? (1 mark)
- coelomate
11. ______________________ are considered the most successful class of animals in the world as
they represent approximately 75% of all organisms on Earth. (1 mark)
12. Insects are characterized by having three body parts:
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a. ________________________________ (1 mark)
b. ________________________________ (1 mark)
i. which contains _______ pairs of legs, and sometime __________________ (2
marks)
c. ________________________________ (1 mark)
13. The gastric mill of insects is comparable to the _____________________ of earthworms. (1
mark)
14. ___________________________ in the exoskeleton allow air to enter small tubes called the
__________________ such that gas exchange can occur in insects. (2 marks)
15. How do insects' short life spans serve as a selective advantage? Please use your understanding
of Darwin's theory of evolution and terms such as mutation, diversity, and survival to provide a
well-explained answer. (5 marks)
Insects' short life spans are accompanied by a rapid reproductive rate. The more
rapid reproduction is the more often DNA is copied meaning the more opportunities
for mutation. As well, because reproduction is sexual, the more rapid reproduction
is the more often individuals' genetic materials are mixed and possibly recombined.
Such mutations and recombinations lead to greater diversity and a greater potential
for the existence of beneficial traits which likely leads to insects being able to
survive a greater range of selective pressures such that they reproduce and pass on
their beneficial traits.
Thus, insects' short life span and accompanying rapid
reproductive rates likely contribute to their ability to colonize a wide range of
environments and thus, to survive.
16. Compare and contrast complete and incomplete metamorphosis. (3 marks)
-
incomplete metamorphosis = 3 stages (egg, nymph and adult), organism looks fairly
similar throughout the last two stages, simply grows larger and develops a few more
features
-
complete metamorphosis = 4 stages (egg, larva, pupa and adult), organism drastically
changes form throughout the stages (such as from egg to caterpillar to pupa to
butterfly)
17. What is a selective advantage of undergoing metamorphosis? (1 mark)
- a selective advantage of metamorphosis is that the larval and adult stages typically
feed on different things and occupy different niches and thus, they are not
competing for resources
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18. Class _______________________ of Phylum
spiders, ticks, scorpions and mites. (2 marks)
___________________________
includes
19. Compared to insects, arachnids have their cephalon and thorax fused to form a
________________________________ which has _____ pairs of appendages, including the
characteristic 4 pairs (or _______ total) of legs of a spider and then a pair of chelicera
(mouthparts) and a pair of pedipalps (claws or pinchers). (3 marks)
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