Download Key Concept 1.1: As native populations migrated

Key Concept 1.1: As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over
time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse
environments.
I. Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in
agriculture, resource use, and social structure.
A) The spread of _____________
cultivation from present day
Mexico northward into
the present-day American
____________________________
supported economic
development, settlement,
advanced irrigation, and
social diversification
among societies.
B) Societies responded to the
aridity of the ______________
________________ developing
largely mobile lifestyles.
C) In the __________________, the
_______________________,
and along the ____________
seaboard some societies
developed mixed
agricultural and huntergatherer
economies that
favored the development
of permanent villages.
D) Societies in the ______________
and present-day ________________
supported themselves by
hunting and gathering, and
in some areas developed
settled communities
supported by the vast
resources of the ocean.
Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian
Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
I. European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political, and
economic competition and changes within European societies.
A) European nations’ efforts
to explore and conquer the
New World stemmed from
a search for ________________
, ____________ competition, and a
desire to spread ______________.
B) The __________________
brought new crops to
Europe from the Americas like
______________________,
stimulating European
population growth, and
new sources of mineral
wealth, which facilitated
the European shift from
feudalism to capitalism.
C) Improvements in maritime
Technology like _____________
and more organized methods for
conducting international
trade, such as __________________
companies, helped drive
changes to economies in
Europe and the Americas.
Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian
Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
II. The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere
resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes.
A) __________________
exploration and
conquest of the Americas
were accompanied and
furthered by widespread
deadly epidemics that
devastated native
populations and by the
introduction of crops like
__________________
and animals like
_________________
not found in the Americas.
B) In the __________________,
Spanish colonial economies
marshaled Native American
labor to support plantation based
agriculture and extract precious metals
and other resources.
C) European traders partnered
with some West African
groups who practiced slavery
to forcibly extract slave
labor for the Americas. The
__________________imported
Enslaved Africans to labor in plantation
agriculture and mining.
D) The __________________
developed
a caste system that
incorporated, and carefully
defined the status of,
the diverse population
of Europeans, Africans,
and Native Americans
in their empire.
Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian
Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
III. In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender
roles, family, land use, and power.
A) Mutual misunderstandings
between Europeans and
Native Americans often
defined the early years
of interaction and trade
as each group sought to
make sense of the other.
Over time, Europeans and
Native Americans adopted
some useful aspects of
each other’s culture like
__________________
__________________
B) As European encroachments
on Native Americans’ lands
and demands on their
labor increased, native
peoples sought to defend
and maintain their political
sovereignty, economic
prosperity, religious
beliefs, and concepts of
gender relations through
diplomatic negotiations
and military resistance like
__________________
__________________
__________________
C) Extended contact with Native
Americans and Africans
fostered a debate among
European religious and
political leaders about how
non-Europeans should be
treated, as well as evolving
religious, cultural, and
racial justifications for the
subjugation of Africans
and Native Americans.
like
__________________
__________________
__________________
Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals,
cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and
they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.
I. Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that
shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations.
A) ____________ efforts to extract
wealth from the land led
them to develop institutions like
________________________
based on subjugating native
populations, converting
them to Christianity,
and incorporating them,
along with enslaved and
free Africans, into the
Spanish colonial society.
B) __________ and _______
Colonial efforts involved relatively
few Europeans and
relied on trade alliances like ____________
and intermarriage with
American Indians to build
economic and diplomatic
relationships and acquire
___________ and other products
for export to Europe.
C) ___________ colonization efforts
attracted a comparatively
large number of male and
female migrants,
as well as other European
migrants, all of whom
sought social mobility,
economic prosperity,
religious freedom (like _______________)
, and improved living conditions.
These colonists focused
on agriculture and settled
on land taken from Native
Americans, from whom
they lived separately.
Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals,
cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and
they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.
II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected
various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors.
A) The ___________ and North _________
colonies grew prosperous exporting
________________ — a labor-intensive
product initially cultivated by white,
mostly male indentured servants
and later by enslaved Africans.
B) The New England colonies,
initially settled by Puritans,
developed around small towns
with family farms and achieved
a thriving mixed economy of
agriculture and commerce.
C) The _________ colonies supported a
flourishing export economy based
on cereal crops and attracted
a broad range of European
migrants, leading to societies
with greater cultural, ethnic, and
religious diversity and tolerance.
For example:
_____________________________
_____________________________
D) The colonies of the _________________
Atlantic coast and the British West
Indies used long growing seasons to
develop plantation economies based
on exporting staple crops like _________. They
depended on the labor of enslaved
Africans, who often constituted the
majority of the population in these
areas and developed their own forms
of cultural and religious autonomy.
E) Distance and Britain’s initially lax
attention led to the colonies creating
self-governing institutions that were
unusually democratic for the era. The
New England colonies based power
in participatory _______________,
which in turn elected members to
their colonial legislatures; in the
Southern colonies, elite planters
exercised local authority and also
dominated the elected assemblies.
Like _______________________
Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by
different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and
they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.
III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry
and trade and led to conflict in the Americas.
A) An Atlantic economy developed in which
goods, as well as enslaved ___________
and ________________, were exchanged
between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
through extensive trade networks.
European colonial economies focused
on acquiring, producing, and exporting
commodities that were valued in Europe
like: ____________________________
and gaining new sources of labor.
B) Continuing trade with Europeans
increased the flow of goods in and
out of American Indian communities,
stimulating cultural and economic
changes like _________________
and spreading ______________
that caused radical demographic shifts.
C) Interactions between European rivals and
American Indian populations fostered
both accommodation and conflict. French,
Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied
with and armed American Indian groups,
who frequently sought alliances with
Europeans against other Indian groups.
Like: ___________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
D) The goals and interests of European
leaders and colonists at times
diverged, leading to a growing mistrust
on both sides of the Atlantic. Colonists,
especially in British North America,
expressed dissatisfaction over issues
including territorial settlements,
frontier defense, self-rule, and trade.
Examples include:
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
E) British conflicts with American
Indians over land, resources, and
political boundaries led to military
confrontations, such as ____________
in New England.
F) American Indian resistance to Spanish
colonizing efforts in North America,
particularly after the _______________
led to Spanish accommodation
of some aspects of American
Indian culture in the Southwest.
Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with
Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control.
I. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the
British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to
Britain and one another.
A) The presence of different
European religious and ethnic
groups contributed to a
significant degree of pluralism
and intellectual exchange,
which were later enhanced
by the first Great Awakening
and the spread of European
Enlightenment ideas.
Examples include:
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
B) The British colonies experienced
a gradual Anglicization over
time, developing autonomous
political communities based
on English models with
influence from intercolonial
commercial ties, the emergence
of a trans-Atlantic print
culture, and the spread of
Protestant evangelicalism.
C) The British government
increasingly attempted to
incorporate its North American
colonies into a coherent,
hierarchical, and imperial
structure in order to pursue
______________ economic aims,
but conflicts with colonists
and American Indians led
to erratic enforcement
of imperial policies.
Examples include:
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
D) Colonists’ resistance to
imperial control drew on
local experiences of self government,
evolving ideas
of liberty, the political thought
of the ________________, greater
religious independence and
diversity, and an ideology
critical of perceived corruption
in the imperial system.
Examples include:
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great
Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control.
II. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English
colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic
characteristics of those colonies.
A) All the British colonies
participated to varying degrees
in the ____________ trade due
to the abundance of land and
a growing European demand
for colonial goods like ____________
, as well as a shortage of indentured
servants. Small ________________
farms used relatively few
________________laborers, all
port cities held significant
minorities of ___________ people,
and the emerging plantation
systems of the Chesapeake
and the southernmost
Atlantic coast had large
numbers of ___________ workers,
while the great majority
of ___________________ were
sent to the West Indies.
the dominant labor system
in many southern colonies,
new laws created a strict
racial system that prohibited
interracial relationships and
defined the descendants
of African American
mothers as black and
enslaved in perpetuity.
C) Africans developed both overt
and covert means to resist
the dehumanizing aspects of
slavery and maintain their
family and gender systems,
culture, and religion.
Examples include:
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
B) As ___________ slavery became
Key Concept 3.1: British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial
resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War.
I. The competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political
advantage in North America culminated in the Seven Years’ War (the French and Indian War), in
which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians.
expense, setting the stage
A) Colonial rivalry intensified
for imperial efforts to raise
between Britain and
_______________ and consolidate
______________in the mid-18th
control over the colonies.
century, as the growing
population of the British
C) After the British victory,
colonies expanded into the
imperial officials’ attempts
interior of North America,
to prevent colonists from
threatening______________–Indian
moving westward (in the ____________
trade networks and American
________________) generated
Indian autonomy.
colonial opposition, while
native groups sought to
B) Britain achieved a major
both continue trading
expansion of its territorial
with Europeans and resist
holdings by defeating the
the encroachments of
______________, but at tremendous
colonists on tribal lands.
Key Concept 3.1: British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial
resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War.
II. The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British
imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain.
A) The imperial struggles of the
mid-18th century, as well as
new British efforts to collect
taxes like _________________
_________________________
without direct colonial
representation or consent and
to assert imperial authority in
the colonies, began to unite the
colonists like ________________
___________________________
against perceived and
real constraints on their economic
activities and political rights.
B) Colonial leaders based their
calls for resistance to Britain
on arguments about the
rights of British subjects, the
rights of the individual, local
traditions of self-rule, and the
ideas of the ___________________.
C) The effort for American
independence was energized
by colonial leaders such as
__________________, as well as
by popular movements that
included the political activism of
laborers, artisans, and women.
Like _______________________
___________________________
D) In the face of economic shortages
and the British military occupation
of some regions, men and women
mobilized in large numbers to
provide financial and material
support to the Patriot movement.
Examples include:
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
E) Despite considerable ___________
opposition, as well as Great
Britain’s apparently overwhelming
military and financial advantages,
the Patriot cause succeeded
because of the actions of colonial
militias and the Continental
Army, _____________________
military leadership, the colonists’
ideological commitment and
resilience, and assistance
sent by European allies.
Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of
government.
I. The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been
developing over the course of the 18th century.
A) ________________ ideas and philosophy
inspired many American political
thinkers to emphasize individual
talent over ______________ privilege,
while religion strengthened
Americans’ view of themselves
as a people blessed with liberty.
B) The colonists’ belief in the
superiority of _____________ forms
of government based on the
natural rights of the people
found expression in _________
_____________________ and the
__________________________.
The ideas in these documents
resonated throughout American
history, shaping Americans’
understanding of the ideals on
which the nation was based.
C) During and after the American
Revolution, an increased
awareness of inequalities
in society motivated some
individuals and groups to call for
the abolition of _____________ and greater
political democracy in the new
state and national governments.
D) In response to women’s
participation in the American
Revolution, Enlightenment
ideas, and women’s appeals
for expanded roles, an ideal
of “__________________________”
gained popularity. It called on
women to teach republican values
within the family and granted
women a new importance in
American political culture.
E) The American Revolution
and the ideals set forth in the
Declaration of Independence
reverberated in ___________, ____________, and
_______________, inspiring future
independence movements.
Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of
government.
II. After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that
articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized
power and excessive popular influence.
A) Many new state _________________
placed power in the hands
of the legislative branch and
maintained property qualifications
for voting and citizenship.
B) The _______________________ unified
the newly independent states,
creating a central government with
limited power. After the Revolution,
difficulties over international
trade, finances, interstate
commerce, foreign relations, and
internal unrest like _______________led to calls for a
stronger central government.
C) Delegates from the states
participated in a Constitutional
Convention and through negotiation,
collaboration, and compromise
proposed a constitution that created
a limited but dynamic central
government embodying federalism
and providing for a separation of
powers between its three branches.
Examples include:
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
D) The Constitutional Convention
compromised over the representation
of slave states in Congress (known as the
________________________) and the
role of the federal government in
regulating both slavery and the slave
trade, allowing the prohibition of the
______________________ after 1808.
E) In the debate over ratifying the
Constitution, _________________
opposing ratification battled with
_________________, whose principles were
articulated in the ___________________
(primarily written by Alexander
Hamilton and James Madison).
_________________ ensured the ratification
of the Constitution by promising
the addition of a _____________________ that
enumerated individual rights and
explicitly restricted the powers
of the federal government.
Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of
government.
III. New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and
differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues.
A) During the presidential
administrations of George
Washington and John
Adams, political leaders
created institutions and
precedents that put
the principles of the
Constitution into practice.
Examples include:
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
B) Political leaders in the
1790s took a variety of
positions on issues such as
the relationship between
the national government
and the states, economic
policy, foreign policy,
and the balance between
liberty and order. This led
to the formation of political
parties — most significantly
the _________________, led by
_________________, and the
_____________________ Party,
led by _____________________
and _________________________.
C) The expansion of slavery
in the deep South and
adjacent western lands and
rising antislavery sentiment
began to create distinctive
regional attitudes toward the institution.
This was because of ___________________
____________________________________
D) Ideas about national
identity increasingly found
expression in works of art,
literature, and architecture.
Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among
peoples and nations.
I. In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting
alliances, and cultural blending.
A) Various American Indian groups repeatedly evaluated
and adjusted their alliances with Europeans, other tribes,
and the U.S., seeking to limit migration of white settlers
and maintain control of tribal lands and natural resources.
British alliances with American Indians contributed to
tensions between the U.S. and Britain.
Examples include:
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
B) As increasing numbers of migrants from North America
and other parts of the world continued to move westward,
frontier cultures that had emerged in the colonial period
continued to grow, fueling social, political, and ethnic
tensions.
Examples include:
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
C) As settlers moved westward
during the 1780s, Congress
enacted the ____________________
for admitting new states; the
ordinance promoted public
education, the protection of
private property, and a ban on
slavery in the _____________________________.
D) An ambiguous relationship
between the federal government
and American Indian tribes
contributed to problems
regarding treaties and American
Indian legal claims relating to
the seizure of their lands.
Examples include:
_______________________________
_______________________________
E) The _______________, supported by
the bonded labor of the local
American Indians, expanded
their mission settlements into
_____________________; these provided
opportunities for social mobility
among soldiers and led to
new cultural blending.
Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade
intensified conflicts among peoples and nations.
II. The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged the United States to find
ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests.
A) The United States government forged
diplomatic initiatives aimed at dealing with
the continued British and Spanish presence in
North America, as U.S. settlers migrated
beyond the Appalachians and sought free
navigation of the Mississippi River.
Examples include:
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
B) War between _____________ and
_______________ resulting from the
_______________ Revolution presented
challenges to the United States over
issues of free trade and foreign policy and
fostered political disagreement.
Examples include:
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
C) George Washington’s _________________
encouraged national unity, as he cautioned
against political ________________ and
warned about the danger of permanent foreign
______________.