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Chapter 4 – The Human World
Elements of Culture
A. _______________: way of life of a group of people who share similar culture traits, including
beliefs, customs, technology, and material items
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_________________: a group pattern of activity usually transmitted from one generation
to another
2. _____________________: well-established and structured pattern of behavior or of
relationships that is accepted as a fundamental part of a culture
3. ___________________ is a key element in a culture’s development
a. _______________: local form of a language the differs from the main language
b. ___________________ ______________: group of related languages that have all
developed from one earlier language
4. In many cultures, religion gives people a sense of _____________ and influences daily life
a. Major Religions: ___________________, Christianity, ___________________, Islam,
Judaism, Sikhism
b. Animism: belief that _____________ inhabit natural objects and forces of nature
c. _____________: disbelief in the existence of any god
d. ____________________: belief that life’s questions can be answered apart from
religious belief
e. _____________: a belief, doctrine, or principle believed to be true and held in common
by members of a group
5. _____________ _____________: group of people who share common ancestry, language,
religion, customs, or place of origin
6. __________: identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor; traits
passed genetically from parents to children
7. _______________ _______________: division of Earth's surface in which most people
share a similar way of life, including language, religion, economic systems, and values
B. Cultures are continually changing
1. _______________ factors: new ideas, lifestyles, and inventions
2. _______________ factors: trade, migration, and war
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3. _______________ ___________________: the spread of culture traits, material and nonmaterial, from one culture to another
4. _______________ _____________: a center where cultures developed and from which
ideas and traditions spread outward
5. _______________: when a society changes because it accepts or adopts an innovation
6. _______________ __________________: the separation of cultures through less and less
contact and interaction between them; restriction of a culture from outside influences
7. _______________ __________________: contact and interaction of one culture and
another
8. _____________________: occurs when the original traits of the weaker culture are
completely erased and replaced by the traits of the more dominant culture
9. ___________________ ___________________: period of major industrialization during
the late 1700s and early 1800s; marked by the general introduction of power-driven
machinery or by an important change in the prevailing types and methods of use of such
machines
C. ___________________ Revolution: the explosion of availability of information due to the use
of computers, the Internet, and other electronic devices at the end of the 20th century
1. ___________________: the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to
the point that they become global in scale and impact
2. ___________________: the degree of connection between people, places, and things
3. Benefits of globalization:
a. Standard of ______________: the level of wealth, goods, and necessities available
b. Larger selection of _____________ and _____________
c. Growth of ___________________ and innovation
d. New ___________________
e. Greater ___________________ and awareness
f. Great access to ______________ cultures
4. Challenges of globalization:
a. ___________________: setting up businesses abroad to produce parts and products
for domestic use or sale
b. Increasing gap between ___________ countries and ___________ countries
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c. Loss of _____________
d. ________________: the spread of disease across a large area or even the world
D. Migration fosters cultural diffusion
1. Positive factors (pull factors): better _____________ and economic conditions; religious
or political freedom
2. Negative factors (push factors): wars, persecution, and _____________
Population Geography
A. Population Growth: more than ______ billion people live on Earth
1. _____________ _____________: number of births per year for every 1,000 people
2. _____________ _____________: number of deaths per year for every 1,000 people
3. ________________ ________________: the growth rate of a population; the difference
between birthrate and death rate
4. ___________________: the movement of people from place to place
5. Demographic ___________________: the model that uses birthrates and death rates to
show how populations in countries or regions change over time
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ADDITIONAL NOTES:
6. _____________ Population Growth: birth rate and death rate are equal
7. Some cultural beliefs and ___________________ factors encourage large families
8. ___________________ Time: the number of years it takes for population to double in size
9. Population ________________: diagram that shows distribution of a population by age
and gender
ADDITIONAL NOTES:
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B. People are not distributed _____________ across the Earth or across countries
1. ___________________ ___________________: the variations in population that occur
across a country, a continent, or the world
a. Related to Earth’s ________________ geography
b. People usually live where there is fertile _____________, available _____________, and
climate is not extreme
2. Population _____________: the average number of people living on a square mile or
square kilometer of land
Political Geography
A. The government of each country relates to that country’s _______________ development
1. ________________ ________________: form of government in which all key powers are
given to the national or central government
2. ________________ ________________: form of government in which powers are divided
between the national government and the state or provincial governments
3. ___________________: system of government in which one person rules with unlimited
power and authority
4. ___________________: a form of autocracy with a hereditary king or queen exercising
supreme power
5. ___________________: system of government in which a small group holds power
6. ___________________: system of government in which the officials are regarded as
divinely inspired
7. ___________________: system of government in which leaders rule with consent of the
citizens
B. Geographic areas can determine how _______________ and administrative units are drawn
and how they will be governed
1. _______________ Boundary: a fixed limit or extent defined along physical geographic
features such as mountains and rivers
2. _______________ Boundary: a geographic boundary between two different cultures
3. ___________________ Boundary: a boundary that follows a geometric pattern
4. ___________________: belief that an individual’s loyalty to the nation or state should
surpass other individual or group interests
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5. ___________________: any violent and destructive act committed to intimate a people
or government
6. Countries work together through ___________________, _______________, and
international organizations to resolve conflicts and establish ways to share resources
Economic Geography
A. An economic system determines what ____________ and _______________ to produce,
how to produce them, and who receives them
1. ___________________ Economy: tradition and custom control all economic activity;
exists in only a few parts of the world today
2. ________________ Economy: based on free enterprise, in which businesses are privately
owned and production and prices are determined by supply and demand
3. ___________ ___________________: private individuals or groups have the right to own
property or businesses and make a profit with limited government interference
4. ___________________: factors of production are privately owned
5. _______________ Economy: the government supports and regulates enterprise through
decisions that affect the marketplace
6. ___________________Economy: decisions about production and distribution of goods
and services are made by a central authority
a. ___________________: government owns some, but not all basic productive
resources; provides some basic needs such as education and health care
b. ___________________: no private property; one political party (Communist) makes all
decisions
B. __________ levels of economic activity:
1. Primary: taking or using _______________ resources directly from the Earth
a. Farming, grazing, _______________, forestry, and mining
2. Secondary: use raw materials to make a tangible _______________ that is more valuable
than the raw material
a. manufacturing, assembling ___________________goods, producing electric power, or
making pottery
3. Tertiary: provide _______________ to people or businesses
a. Doctors, ________________, lawyers, _______________, truck drivers, and store clerks
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4. Quaternary: services involving complex ___________________and handling of
information
a. _________________, engineers, computer specialists, financial mangers
C. Economic activities influence a country’s level of ________________ ____________________
1. ___________________: spread of industry
2. More Developed Country: has a highly developed _________________ and advanced
technological infrastructure relative to other less developed nations
3. Newly Industrialized Country: has begun transitioning from primarily ________________
to primarily manufacturing and industry activity
4. Less Developed Country: according to the _____________ _____________, exhibits the
lowest indicators of socioeconomic development
Key Development Factors Comparison
More Dev Country
New Dev Country
Less Dev Country
Literacy
Doctor-Patient Ratio
Low
Civil-Human Rights
Citizen Government
Sometimes
High
Government
Somewhat
Life Expectancy
Infant Mortality
Birth Rate
Unprotected
Low
Low
Decreasing
High
5. _______________ ____________________ _______________ (HDI): a way to measure
people’s well-being rather than just their income; considers things such as: life
expectancy, literacy, and per capita GNP
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D. _______________ _______________: the exchange of capital, labor, goods, and services
across international borders
1. Natural resources are _______________ distributed
2. Labor ____________ and education vary in different countries
3. ___________________: something useful that can be bought or sold
4. _______________: to bring a commodity into a country to be sold
5. _______________: a commodity sent from one country to another for purposes of trade
6. ___________________ _______________: nations with social or business activity in the
process of rapid grown and industrialization
Urban Geography
A. The industrial Revolution sparked an age of ___________________
1. ___________________: the relocation of people from rural areas to urban areas
2. ______________ _____________: spreading of urban developments on undeveloped land
near a city
3. ____________________: the directness of routes linking pairs of places
4. ___________________ _________: region that includes a central city and its surrounding
suburbs
5. Three models explain the _______________ of cities and how they grow:
a. ________________ Model: a city grows outward from a central point in a series of rings
b. _______________ Model: certain areas of a city are more attractive for various
activities
c. _______________ _______________ Model: a city contains more than one center
around which activities revolve
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6. _______________ _______________ _______________: seeks to explain the number,
size, and location of human settlements in an urban system
7. _______________ _______________: cities generally considered to play an important
role in the global economic system
B. Challenges of urbanization:
1. Rapid growth strains ability to provide services: _____________, __________________,
health care, transportation, sanitations, and physical security
2. Problems include poor _______________, homelessness, _______________, and social
problems such as addiction, crime, and gang violence
3. _______________ _______________ (New Urbanism): cities plan growth
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