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Science 9 Unit 1: Biological Diversity Section 1: Name:________________________ 1. Define the following vocabulary words: a. Species____________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________ b. Biological Diversity _____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________ c. Ecosystem _______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________ d. Population _______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________ e. Community_______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________ f. Symbiosis ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________ g. Commensalism___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________ h. Mutualism________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________ i. Parasitism________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________ j. Interspecies competition________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________ k. Niche______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________ l. Resource Partitioning___________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________ m. Variability________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________ n. Natural Selection_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________ Answer the following questions using pages 8 to 24 in the textbook 2. Explain using examples what is meant by biological diversity. Ecosystem Diversity – Differences between the different ecosystems ex. Forest vs Grassland or a forest as an ecosystem vs a fallen log. Community Diversity – Differences between different species Ex. Lion and Zebra Genetic Diversity – Differences within a species Ex. Individuals within a species are different from each other. Ex. A Chihuahua and a Doberman pinscher are the same species. 3. Compare and contrast the meaning of population and community. -­‐Population Same species living in the same place at the same time Community Differing species that interact with each other in the same place at the same time. 4. Summarize in your own words, ecosystem diversity community diversity and genetic diversity. Ecosystem diversity is the differences we see in the different ecosystems of the world. Ecosystems can differ in size, and type. Community diversity Interactions between species differ all over the world, and the species within communities differ all over the world. Genetic Diversity -­‐ There are differences within species. Individuals within a species have a different genetic makeup. This leads to subtle differences within individuals which influences there chance for survival. 5. Why is there more biological diversity closer to the equator than in Canada? Give reasons for your answers. There is a warmer and wetter climate near the equator. There are generally more seasonal rains and the hotter temperature allows for more different kinds of plants to survive. The more different kinds of plants the more different kinds animals that can live on them. Each different kind of plant is like its own ecosystem, There are more habitats for animals to live. 6. A donkey and a horse can mate and have offspring. This offspring is called a mule. A mule is infertile. Why is a mule not considered a species? Because in order to be a species you must be able to reproduce and produce fertile offspring. A mule can never produce offspring so it does not fit the definition of a species. 7. Choose one of the data sets at the bottom of page 13 and construct a graph of your choice. Remember to include a title and label both axes. Section 1.2 1. How does a prey population benefit when an individual in this population is eaten by a predator? Predators eat the weak and sick animals 1st. This way disease will not spread in the species and the weak animals will not pass their genes on. 2. List the three different types of interdependence among living organisms and provide an example of each. Mutualism – a bird feeding off an alligators teeth. Commensalism – an orchid living in a tree branch Parasitism – a mosquito biting your arm. 3. A student observes the following organisms in a field: a dandelion: a small butterfly on the flower of the dandelion: a caterpillar eating the leaves of the dandelion. Describe the niche of each organism. Butterfly – Consumes nectar from the flower, aids in pollination. Uses the flower part of the dandelion plant, flies. Caterpillar – lives off the leaves of the dandelion plant. It is a primary consumer, living on the leaves of the dandelion plant Dandelion – producer, uses the suns energy to make food, lives in the soil, is eaten by caterpillars and uses butterflies to help pollinate other plants. Section 1.3 1. In your own words, define natural selection. The environment selects traits that will be passed to the next generation. 2. Describe several examples of changes in the environment that might select some individuals in a species for survival over other individuals. Explain your answers. A temperature change – if it gets colder certain individuals will not be able to respond to the change, and can freeze A change in weather patterns – Extreme wet or dry will favor some individuals over others. An introduction of a new predator – some individuals will not run as fast etc so certain individuals will survive and others will not. 3. Suppose a population of sparrows migrating south for the winter is blown off course by a storm and the sparrows become isolated on an island. The only food source available on the island is a plant that produces large seeds. Predict which birds in the population, those with large beaks or those with small beaks, will survive to continue their migration or to populate the island. Explain your answer. Large beaks will survive because they can crack the seeds to eat. The other birds with small beaks will most likely die of starvation. Review for Quiz: 1. Write a definition of biological diversity that includes a description of its three main components. Biological diversity is the differences we see between and within ecosystems, it also includes the differences within communities of organisms around the world (different species look and act differently), and finally it also includes the differences within a species (genetic diversity) Individuals of the same species are slightly different (variation) 2. How does natural selection enhance or reduce the variability of a species? Explain your answer using examples. Natural selection depends upon the variability of a species. Natural selection enhances variability in the long term because traits usually do not disappear they are hidden in the genes. In the short term it might appear the species variability is reduced because certain genes are not expressed but when environmental conditions change certain traits could be expressed again. Natural selection depends on genetic variability to function. 3. Restate the meaning of interspecies competition in your own words. Use an example to illustrate. 2 different species competing for a resource cow and a horse in the same field competing for grass lion and crocodile fighting over a water buffalo. 4. How does variation within a species contribute to the health of the species? Of an ecosystem? a. The more variation the healthier the species as a whole. If environment changes then there is a chance that a gene will become advantageous and the species may survive. b. The more species in an ecosystem the healthier the ecosystem. If one species is lost many species are affected.