Download applied science

GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION
TYSTYSGRIF ADDYSG GYFFREDINOL
2009 – 2010
APPLIED SCIENCE
SPECIMEN QUESTION PAPER
SPECIMEN MARKING SCHEME
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 3
Contents
Page
Question Paper - Unit 1
5
Mark Scheme
21
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 5
CYD-BWYLLGOR ADDYSG CYMRU
Tystysgrif Addysg Gyffredinol
Uwch Gyfrannol/Uwch
WELSH JOINT EDUCATION COMMITTEE
General Certificate of Education
Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced
Candidate Name
Centre Number
Candidate Number
0
APPLIED SCIENCE
UNIT 1
SPECIMEN PAPER
(1 hour 30 minutes)
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page.
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES
Section A is based on the pre-release article (included).
The number of marks is given in brackets at the end of each question or part-question.
You are reminded of the need for good English and orderly presentation in your answers.
You are reminded that assessment will take into account the quality of written communication
used in your answers.
No certificate will be awarded to a candidate detected in any unfair practice during the
examination.
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 6
Pre-release Article
This article has been downloaded from the internet.
About.com:Smoking Cessation
COPD Includes Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a disease in which the airways and tiny air sacs
inside the lungs are partially obstructed or destroyed. The result is labored breathing. There are
varying degrees of this illness, and different names for them, but it all comes back to damaged
airways and air sacs. This disease occurs when a person breathes in lung irritants of some kind:
smoke, chemicals, pollution, dust. It makes sense then, that the most common cause of COPD is
smoking.
The inside of our lungs look like upside down trees, with the trunks at the top, tapering down to tiny
branches at the bottom. At the ends of branches, there are many thousands of tiny round air sacs. In
healthy people, the passageways to the sacs are clear and open. The sacs are bouncy and strong.
When we take a breath, the sacs full up like little balloons, and deflate when we breathe out. In lungs
with COPD, the airways are partially blocked, and the air sacs are floppy and out of shape. When a
person breathes in, the sacs do not fill as well, and the result is shortness of breath. One or all of these
things may be happening inside of the lungs:
•
•
•
•
The airways and the air sacs have lost their springiness, like an old rubber band might
The walls between many of the sacs have been destroyed
The walls of the airways become thick from inflammation
Cells in the airways are making more mucus [sputum] and the airways are getting clogged
due to that.
Chronic bronchitis happens when the airways are inflamed and thickened. More of the cells in the
airways are making mucus, so the result is a habitual cough and difficult breathing.
Emphysema is what occurs as more and more of the walls between air sacs get destroyed. Instead of
having lots of little sacs, the sacs break up and what is left are fewer larger sacs. These bigger sacs
have less surface area for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide than the tiny ones. Poor
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide causes shortness of breath.
Often, people with COPD have both chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Most are smokers or former
smokers. This is a disease that develops slowly from repeated exposure to lung irritants. Most people
do not begin to show symptoms until they're 40 years of age or older. While the damage is
permanent, by quitting, a person can improve how they feel, and stop further damage from
happening.
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 7
COPD Symptoms and Treatments
Do you have Symptoms of COPD?
Symptoms of COPD include:
•
•
•
•
•
cough
sputum (mucus) production
shortness of breath, especially with exercise
wheezing (a whistling or rattle type noise) when you breathe in
tightness in the chest
If you have any of the above symptoms of COPD, it's time to see your doctor. The earlier this disease
is diagnosed and treated, the better your chances are at arresting further damage.
If you are diagnosed with COPD, there are different treatments available, depending on how severe
your symptoms are. Treatment can and does improve quality of life for many people. While the
disease is not reversible, it can be slowed and actions taken to improve breathing. The number one
thing you can do to improve your condition if you haven't already is to QUIT SMOKING. If you
don't, the disease will progress faster, and the treatments won't help as much as they would if you
were smoke free.
Treatment for COPD includes:
•
•
•
•
•
Bronchodilators. Short-acting bronchodilators last 4 to 6 hours with each dose and are used
on an as needed basis. Long-acting bronchodilators last about 12 hours and are used daily.
Because bronchodilators are inhaled, the medicine goes directly into the lungs, where it's
needed.
Inhaled glucocorticosteroids are steroids prescribed to some COPD patients to help reduce
inflammation of the airways. A doctor may try them on a person for 6 weeks to 3 months
initially to see if they are of any help.
Pulmonary Rehabilitation is a program of combined exercise, disease management
counselling and training to help the person become more active and do what they can to slow
the progression of symptoms.
Oxygen treatment is used when the patient has severe COPD symptoms, known usually at
this point as emphysema. The oxygen level in the blood is too low, which leaves the person
quite breathless. Inhaling oxygen will help them get enough oxygen and there will be less
difficulty breathing. Depending on the need of the person, a doctor may advise using oxygen
for part of the day, or all of the time.
Surgery is sometimes recommended when other treatments have not provided any relief.
COPD symptoms can worsen very quickly. When this happens, people may find that breathing
suddenly becomes much more difficult; they may get a fever; experience more coughing and sputum
that has changed colors. Be sure to get in touch with your doctor if this happens to you.
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 8
If you experience any of these symptoms, seek emergency help:
•
•
•
•
You have trouble talking or walking
You have a very fast or irregular heartbeat
Your lips or fingernails are gray or blue
Your breathing is fast and hard, even after you've used your medications
It's a good idea to put together a list which includes the numbers of your doctor and hospital, as well
as what medications you're taking. Make sure you have the numbers of people who can take you to
the doctor also, if necessary. Put this list in a central location, such as on the refrigerator. Let other
family members know that it's there.
COPD is the 4th leading cause of death in the United States and around the world.
Material for this article was obtained from information about COPD at The National Heart, Lung and
Blood Institute (NHLBI) Website. NHLBI is part of the national Institute of Health (NIH)
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 9
Section A
Answer all the questions
These questions relate to the pre-release material.
1.
2.
"Upside down trees" is the expression used in the article on COPD to describe lung structure.
Replace the following words from the article with the correct biological terms.
[4]
Trunk
…………………………..
Passageways
…………………………..
tiny branches
…………………………..
thousands of air sacs
…………………………..
(i)
What does a bronchodilator do?
[1]
...........................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Why is this effective in helping breathing?
[1]
...........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
3.
Give four features of air sacs which make gas exchange more efficient.
[4]
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
4.
Why are smokers, whose lung mucous has become thick and sticky, more likely to contract
lung infections?
[4]
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 10
5.
Explain the likely cause of 'blue fingernails' in advanced COPD.
[2]
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
6.
Quitting smoking is believed to lead to complete lung recovery. In what situation will this
not be true? Explain why.
[2]
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
7.
Describe the process of inhalation, using the following terms in the correct sequence:
intercostal muscles; diaphragm; volume; pressure; ribs; pleural membranes.
[8]
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 11
8.
A decision was made not to treat a patient for COPD who had refused to quit smoking. What
arguments could be used to justify this decision?
[4]
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 12
SECTION B
Answer all the questions
9.
The procedures for testing blood in the hospital laboratory may involve a technician preparing
a blood smear and examining it using a microscope. The photograph below shows a human
blood smear.
(a)
(b)
Identify A, B and C by giving the correct terms below.
A
.............................................................................
B
.............................................................................
C
.............................................................................
(i)
What is the function of cell C?
[3]
[1]
.........................................................................................................................................
(ii)
What does cell C contain to enable it to carry out this function?
[1]
...................................................................
(c)
The technician noticed that the cells labelled C were fewer in number than would
normally be expected. What medical condition would this suggest?
[1]
.........................................................................................................................................
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 13
(d)
Describe two hazards associated with taking a blood sample from a person. Give a
control measure to minimise the risk of each.
[4]
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
10.
Complete the following statements.
[2]
(a)
The blood leaves the heart through the ……………………….. on its way to the
lungs.
(b)
The blood leaves the heart through the ……………………….. on its way to the rest
of the body.
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 14
11.
The diagrams show the left side of the heart in three stages of the cardiac cycle. X and Y
represent the position of valves but the drawing of them is incomplete.
Key:
A = left atrium
V = left ventricle
Atrial systole
(a)
Ventricular systole
Ventricular diastole
Give the names of the valves at X and Y.
X
.................................................................................
Y
.................................................................................
[2]
(b)
Complete each diagram by drawing the valve at position X and the valve at position
Y in each case showing clearly whether they are open or closed.
[3]
(c)
Valves Y are attached to the heart wall by tendons. What is the function of these
tendons?
[1]
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(d)
A doctor uses a stethoscope to listen to the sound of the heart beat. What is the cause
of the first heart sound?
[2]
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 15
12.
(a)
Medical staff use a sphygmomanometer to measure a person's blood pressure.
(i)
When the nurse inflates the cuff on the person's arm, what happens to the
blood flow in the artery of the arm?
[1]
...........................................................................................................................
(ii)
What happens in the artery as the nurse slowly releases the pressure?
[2]
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(b)
Blood pressure is recorded as 120/80 where the larger figure is the systolic pressure.
What is systole?
[1]
...........................................................................................................................
(c)
The diagram below shows the pressure in different vessels.
(i)
State why there is such a large pressure drop between the arteriole and
venule.
[2]
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(ii)
Calculate the percentage drop in pressure as blood flows through the
capillaries.
[1]
Answer……………………
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 16
(d)
Part of Body
Blood Pressure/Kpa
Standing
Lying
Head
9.3
13.2
Heart
13.3
13.3
Feet
26.8
13.1
Using the data and your knowledge explain why soldiers at attention on a hot parade
ground sometimes faint.
[4]
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 17
13.
(a)
Give two structural features which can be used to distinguish an artery from a vein.
[2]
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(b)
The following diagram shows blood pressure changes as blood travels through one
circuit of the circulatory system.
Explain fully the reasons for the alternating high and low blood pressure in region A.
[3]
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(c)
Why is it important that the blood pressure in the lung capillaries is lower than that in
the body capillaries?
[1]
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 18
14.
A doctor may carry out an electrocardiogram (ECG) test which provides results as a graph
trace. The diagram below shows a normal ECG trace.
(a)
Explain what an ECG is used for.
[1]
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
(b)
(i) What causes P on the ECG trace?
[1]
...........................................................................................................................................
(ii)
What causes QRST on the ECG trace?
[1]
...........................................................................................................................................
(c)
Explain how a doctor may use a treadmill and an ECG in combination to diagnose a
condition that had been indicated by a resting ECG.
[4]
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 19
15.
The picture below shows an MRI scanner being used.
(a)
What is an MRI scan used for?
[1]
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(b)
Give three advantages of using MRI scanning rather than X-rays.
[3]
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(c)
Explain why it is important to remove items such as watches or bracelets when
undergoing an MRI scan.
[1]
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(d)
Why would the images from an MRI scan involving the mouth not be clear and
sharply defined.
[1]
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 21
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
WELSH JOINT EDUCATION COMMITTEE
CYD-BWYLLGOR ADDYSG CYMRU
MARK SCHEME
COVER SHEET
AS/A2 UNITS
NOTES
Assistants are asked to read and digest thoroughly all the information set out in the document
"Instructions for Examiners". It is essential for the smooth running of the examination that these
instructions are adhered to by all. Particular attention should be paid to the following instructions
regarding marking:
1.
The markscheme indicates the central information required to access the mark. However
points, particularly in extended prose answers, should be made in the correct context and
expanded sufficiently beyond a basic phrase or term in order to provide a complete and
coherent answer to the question asked including relevant explanation of the points being
made.
2.
Compliance with the mark scheme is required of all assistants in order to ensure
comparability. The mark scheme shows a variety of suitable correct answers to the questions.
Over-rigidity in its interpretation is not intended and it is accepted that points may be made in
a variety of different ways to include converse and counterpoints. Thus, except where terms
are specifically requested, all correct responses even if expressed using different words are
acceptable provided the points are explicit, unambiguous and made in the correct context. If
the meaning is unclear then the mark cannot be awarded.
3.
Marking is to be carried out with a red ballpoint or felt-tip pen. The ticks are to be placed on
the word or phrase which qualifies for the mark.
4.
Sub-totals in the margins must clearly be seen to be the sum of ticks within the script and all
questions should show evidence of marking. The total for the question should be written at
the end of the question. Transfer each checked total to the front cover.
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 22
WELSH JOINT EDUCATION COMMITTEE
CYD-BWYLLGOR ADDYSG CYMRU
General Certificate of Education
Tystysgrif Addysg Gyffredinol
MARK SPECIFICATION GRID
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE
UNIT TEST
Year of Examination __Specimen paper
Page__1____of___2____
Session: summer/winter
Unit __1_______
Assessment Objective
Target Totals
Question
Number
Section A 1
AO1
AO2
AO3
59
16
5
Paper
Total
Mark
80
Specification
Reference
4
2
2
3
4
4
3
1
5
1
1
6
1
1
7
8
8
1
9
3
9b
2
9c
1
3
9d
30
4
10
2
11a
2
11b
1
11c
1
11d
2
12a
2
12b
1
12c
2
1
12d
3
1
10
2
2
8
1
11
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 23
WELSH JOINT EDUCATION COMMITTEE
CYD-BWYLLGOR ADDYSG CYMRU
General Certificate of Education
Tystysgrif Addysg Gyffredinol
MARK SPECIFICATION GRID
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE
UNIT TEST
Year of Examination __________
Page___2___of__2_____
Session: summer/winter
Unit ____1_____
Assessment Objective
Target Totals
Question
Number
13a
AO1
AO2
AO3
59
16
5
80
Specification
Reference
2
13b
2
13c
1
14a
1
14b
2
14c
15a
1
15b
3
15c
1
15d
Raw Totals:
Paper
Total
Mark
59
1
6
4
7
1
6
17
4
80
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 24
Unit 1
Mark scheme:
1.
Trachea;
Bronchus/bronchi;
Bronchioles;
Alveoli;
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
2.
Relaxes the muscles of the bronchioles;
Reduces resistance to airflow/allows air to move more easily into alveoli.
[1]
[1]
3.
Large surface area;
rich blood supply;
thin walls;
moist
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
4.
Cilia normally move mucous continuously away from lungs; thick sticky mucous difficult to
move; cilia unable to function effectively; mucous traps dirt and pathogens; pathogens can
cause lung infections. 4 from 5
5.
Low oxygen levels in the blood;
deoxygenated blood is dark red/blue/ oxygenated blood is bright red/pink.
[1]
[1]
6.
during emphysema/ walls of alveoli have broken down;
so there is permanent damage.
[1]
[1]
7.
Intercostal muscles contract
Ribs are raised upwards/outwards
Diaphragm contracts/flattens
Pleural membranes hold lungs to wall
Volume increases
Pressure decreases
Air moves in
Correct sequence
[8]
8.
smoking causes COPD; quitting smoking arrests or reverses process; treatment expensive;
hospital/consultant time taken up; commitment from patient is reasonable expectation;
without the commitment the treatment would be less effective; time/treatment should be
given to other patients; OWTTE! Any 4.
[4]
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 25
Section B:
9.
10.
11.
12.
(a)
A white blood cell/lymphocyte
B plasma
C erythrocyte
[1]
[1]
[1]
(b)
(i)
(ii)
[1]
[1]
(c)
anaemia
[1]
(d)
Risk of puncture wound from sharp needle so dispose of carefully in
'sharps' container.
Cross contamination of blood/infection so wear protective (latex) gloves.
[2]
[2]
(a)
pulmonary artery;
[1]
(b)
aorta;
[1]
(a)
X= semilunar/aortic valve
Y= bicuspid/atrio-ventricular/mitral valve
[1]
[1]
(b)
atrial systole- Y open X closed
Ventricular systole X open Y closed
Ventricular diastole Y open X closed
(Valves drawn as open or closed and in correct direction)
[1]
[1]
[1]
(c)
To prevent valves inverting/being forced the wrong way
[1]
(d)
closure of the valve
ref to atrioventricular
[1]
[1]
(a)
(i)
blood flow stops;
[1]
(ii)
reduces pressure and blood flow starts; at first only at systole; then normal
blood flow at diastolic pressure
[2]
transport
Contains haemoglobin
(b)
contraction of the ventricles
(c)
(i)
Blood has passed through capillaries; small diameters give large resistance so
large pressure drop;
[2]
(ii)
63%
(d)
[1]
[1]
increase blood in leg veins/veins distended; less blood to brain; venous return assisted
by movement; less return(attention), hence distension; less flow to brain causes faint;
pressure in the head whilst standing is lowered; data quoted . Any 4.
[4]
GCE APPLIED SCIENCE Specimen Assessment Materials 26
13.
14.
15.
(a)
Ref. to valves; size of lumen; thickness of muscle layer. Any 2.
[2]
(b)
Contraction of ventricles causes a surge in blood pressure/
This drops when the ventricles relax/
But does not fall to zero because of the closing of the semi-lunar valves/
The elastic recoil of the arteries maintains blood pressure.
Any 3.
(c)
(Interstitial) fluid in the lungs must not build up as this reduces the efficiency of
gaseous exchange/fluid leaks out of capillaries and fills lungs.
[1]
(a)
Measure the electrical activity in the heart over time/to diagnose heart
attack/conduction faults in the heart/arrhythmia/pacemaker malfunction.
[1]
(b)
(i)
Wave of conduction/excitation over the atria.
[1]
(ii)
Wave of conduction/excitation over the ventricles.
[1]
(c)
Patient attached to ECG; runs/walks briskly on treadmill; heart rate increased/BP
increased; heart under strain; fault more likely to show in these circumstances.
Any 4.
[4]
(a)
Diagnosis of growths/tumours/soft tissue injuries.
[1]
(b)
Less risk as X-rays can be harmful/cause mutations.
Complete picture can be built up not just 2D.
Provides detail of soft tissues.
[1]
[1]
[1]
(c)
These/similar items would interfere with the magnetic field.
[1]
(d)
It is impossible to keep the mouth completely still for any length of time.
[1]
GCE Applied Science SAMs (2009-2010)/ED
9 May 2008