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The International
Dimension
International MIS
Study Questions
Q1: How does the global economy affect organizations and
processes?
Q2: What are the characteristics of international IS components?
Q3: How do inter-enterprise IS facilitate global supply chain
management?
Q4: What are the security challenges of international IS?
Q5: What are the challenges of international IS management?
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IntDim-2
Q1: How Does the Global Economy Affect
Organizations and Processes?
• After World War II, Japanese and other Asian countries increased
manufacturing.
• Fall of Soviet Union opened economies of Russia, Eastern Europe.
• N. American and European economies integrated.
• Plentiful, cheap telecommunications after dot.com bubble burst.
• Booming economies: India, China, Brazil.
• EU- and U.S.-based companies greatest opportunities outside own
national markets.
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IntDim-3
Percent of Cross‐Border Commerce: Opportunities
Abounds
World Isn’t
Flat
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IntDim-4
How Does the Global Economy Change the
Competitive Environment?
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IntDim-5
How Does the Emerging Global Economy Change
Competitive Strategy?
• Product localization and product differentiation
• Accelerates flow of data about price, product, availability,
service.
• Products localized to language and culture.
• Internet supports unprecedented market size and product
differentiation.
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IntDim-6
How Does the Global Economy Change Value
Chains and Business Processes?
• Value chain activities can be performed anywhere.
• Final product frequently distributed throughout world.
• Abundance of low-cost, well-educated, English-speaking
professionals allows outsourcing service and support functions.
• Ability to work 24/7 by moving work into other time zones
increases productivity.
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IntDim-7
Q2: What Are the Characteristics of International
IS Components?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Hardware – sold worldwide.
Emergence of the international cloud
User interface – in multiple, local languages.
Data – choosing language(s) for data descriptions and remarks.
Procedures – reflect local cultural values and norms.
People – job descriptions and reporting relationships appropriate
to culture.
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IntDim-8
What’s Required to Localize Software?
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IntDim-9
What’s Required to Localize Software? (cont'd)
• Localizing programs difficult, expensive, and time consuming
than translating documents.
• Programming techniques can be used to simplify and reduce
the cost of localization.
• Design for localization, long before any code written .
• Acquisition of foreign company, budget time and expense for
localization of information systems.
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IntDim-10
IBM’s Watson Learns Japanese
• Improve customer service in its education, banking, healthcare,
insurance, and retail sectors.
• Processes some text in Japanese, gets feedback from humans
who speak Japanese, then processes more text until it learns to
speak Japanese.
• Other languages to be learned.
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Spoken World Languages
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IntDim-12
What Are the Problems and Issues of Global
Databases?
• Commit to single company language.
– Single database not possible for companies using multiple
languages.
• Need applications to export and import data among separated
databases.
• Slow data transmission speeds may require distributed,
partitioned databases and highly skilled personnel.
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IntDim-13
Types of Distributed Database Processing
• Distributed database
– Single database resides in multiple locations.
• Replicated database
– Multiple copies of a database distributed.
– Updating requires highly skilled personnel.
• Partitioned database
– Database divided into non-overlapping segments.
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IntDim-14
Challenges of International Enterprise Applications
Independent Functional Systems
Inherent Processes
Unnecessary to accommodate
language, business, and cultural
differences
Differences in language, culture, norms,
and expectations
Requires adequate data interface
Developing and evaluating “as is” models
and alternative international processes
incredibly challenging
Integrated, cross-functional, international system with high-level
processes connected by SOA standards and the cloud
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Advantages of Functional Systems
• Lack of integration has advantages for international
organizations and international systems
• U.S. order-processing systems operate in English, reflect
practices and culture of U.S.
• Taiwanese manufacturing information systems operate in
Chinese and reflect business practices and culture of Taiwan.
• Need adequate data interface between two systems.
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IntDim-16
Problems of Inherent Processes
• Some inherent processes may conflict with cultural norms.
• Difficult to convince employees to follow inherent processes,
more difficult in some cultures.
• Future inter-enterprise business processes defined to document
service responsibilities of each international unit.
• The cloud and Web service standards used to connect services
into an integrated, enterprise, international system.
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IntDim-17
Q3: How Do Inter-enterprise IS Facilitate Global
Supply Chain Management?
Supply Chain Relationships
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IntDim-18
Supply Chain Example
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The Importance of Information in the Supply Chain
Walmart Supply Chain
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IntDim-20
The Importance of Information in the Supply Chain
(cont’d)
Global information systems increase supply chain profitability by:
• Reducing inventories.
• Reducing or eliminating bullwhip effect.
• Producing comprehensive, accurate, timely information.
• Choosing delivery option that optimize value.
• Enabling 24/7 global shipment tracking.
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IntDim-21
How Can
Information
Relieve the
Bullwhip
Effect?
P & G supply chain
for diapers
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IntDim-22
Eliminate Bullwhip Effect with True Demand
Information
Sharing
Supply
Chain
Data
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IntDim-23
Q4: What Are the Security Challenges of
International IS?
• Legal Environment
– Encryption illegal or highly restricted in many countries.
– Censorship problems with stored content.
– Dozens of countries regularly block access to certain Internet
companies.
– Privacy laws vary. (“Right to be forgotten”)
– Intersection of international law and technology forces evaluation
how information systems managed and location of data.
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IntDim-24
Security Challenges of International IS? (cont'd)
• Physical Security
– Threats to infrastructure from natural disasters, geopolitical
risks, civil unrest, terrorist attacks.
– Physical infrastructure vulnerable to outright seizure.
– Employees who run critical infrastructure can be targeted.
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IntDim-25
Security Challenges of International IS? (cont'd)
• Cultural Norms
– Bribery in some countries expected.
– Graft a worldwide problem.
 Risks control of separation of duties and authorities.
 Risk loss of valuable intellectual property.
– Personal references: may be considered exceedingly rude to
talk about someone when he or she is not present.
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Q5: What Are the Challenges of International IS
Management?
International
information systems
larger, more complex
International IT depts.
bigger, more cultures,
languages
More IT assets, risks,
greater uncertainty
Complex international
law, security incidents
complicated to
investigate.
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IntDim-27
Why Is International IS Development More
Challenging?
Hardware
– Running hardware in different countries not a problem,
especially using the cloud.
Software
–Localizing software manageable, assuming programs
designed to be localized.
– If underlying business processes differ, requirements for
information system will differ.
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Why Is International IS Development More
Challenging? (cont'd)
Data
• Databases pose more difficulties.
• Single database used, can it be distributed?
–If so, how will updates be processed? What language,
currency, and units of measure will be used to store data? If
multiple databases used, how will data be transported among
them?
• Cloud-based databases reduces difficulties.
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Why Is International IS Development More
Challenging? (cont'd)
Procedures
• Customers in different countries treated differently than in U.S.
– CRM procedures different.
• Specific requirements will differ, if underlying business processes
differ.
• Options
– Define single set of standard business processes.
– Develop alternative versions of system to support different
processes in different countries.
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What Are the Challenges of International Project
Management?
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What Are the Challenges of International Project
Management? (cont'd)
• Managing costs in different countries and cultures paying vastly different
labor rates.
• Quality and human resources more complicated for international projects.
Quality standards vary among countries.
• Worker expectations vary among cultures and nations.
– Compensation, rewards, and work conditions vary.
– Can lead to misunderstandings, poor morale, and project delays.
• Language and culture differences and geographic separation make
communication more difficult and expensive.
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What Are the Challenges of International IS
Management?
1. Conducting operations in different countries, cultures, and
languages adds complexity.
2. Dozens of different inventory systems used throughout the
world to coordinate and integrate.
3. Information systems to be integrated with outsource vendors’
information systems, for different systems, all over the world.
4. Protecting IS and IT infrastructure.
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Setting Up Information Systems in Foreign Offices
• Mahr Group, a midsized, multinational headquartered in Germany.
• Purchases its hardware and Internet access from local vendors but
corporate employees install and configure same software worldwide.
• Corporate employees perform standardized IT audits at foreign
offices.
• Maintains centralized database in Germany accessed via its own
leased communication lines.
• Same computer-assisted-design (CAD) software be used worldwide.
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Active Review
Q1: How does the global economy affect organizations and
processes?
Q2: What are the characteristics of international IS components?
Q3: How do inter-enterprise IS facilitate global supply chain
management?
Q4: What are the security challenges of international IS?
Q5: What are the challenges of international IS management?
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
IntDim-35
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.