Download Church History - Catechist Conference 2016

2000 years in 15 common words and phrases
Consubstantial
 Logos
 Arius, 318
 Council of Nicea, 325
 Homoousius (In Latin, consubstantialis)
 Constantinople I, 381
Begotten, not made
 Origen of Alexandria, 185-254/5
 “As an act of will proceeds from the mind without
either cutting off any part of the mind or being
separated or divided from it, in some similar fashion
has the Father begotten the Son.”
Light from Light
 Origen of Alexandria, 185-254/5
 The Ray of Light that hits your eye is the same ray of
light in the candle flame
 “A pure effluence of the glory of the Almighty, the
brightness of eternal light, unspotted mirror of the
working and power of God.”
Persons
 Ousia + Idioma = Hypostasis
 God = 1 Ousia (Nature) + 3 Idiomata (distinguishing
characteristics) = 3 Hypostases (Persons)
 Father = Unbegottenness
 Son = Origin by generation (Begotten)
 Spirit = Origin by procession/mission
Mother of God
 Theotokos: God-bearer
 Nestorius: Christotokos
 Council of Ephesus 431
 Council of Chalcedon 451
Monk
 Anthony of Egypt (b.251) & Pachomius (290)
 Monastic movement introduced by Martin of Tours in
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France in 397, Patrick in Ireland in 461
St. Benedict’s “Rule,” 520
Monasteries became centers of Christian culture,
stabilizing the barbarians
Slow assimilation takes place from 500-800
Christmas 800: Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne
Crusade
 Pope St. Gregory the Great (d. 604) established the
Popes as rulers of central Italy; initiated the conversion
of Anglo-Saxon Britain; writings shaped Medieval
Papacy
 Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand; 1073-85) revives claim
the Popes have authority over emperors and kings
 Urban II calls for a crusade to retake Jerusalem, 1095
Filioque
 “Proceeds from the Father and the Son”
 Orthodox: “Proceeds from the Father through the Son”
 Toledo III 589
 Adopted as official doctrine, circa 1000 & added to the
Creed
 July 16, 1054: Leo IX’s representative, Humbert,
excommunicates Byzantine Patriarch Cerularius, &
Emperor Michael Constantine & all their followers
Scholasticism
 Charlemagne orders Bishops to establish schools at
their cathedrals
 1170: Rise of universities
 1150-1250 Aristotle’s works rediscovered and translated,
along with Arabic & Jewish commentaries
 Bonaventure (d. 1274) Albert the Great (d. 1280) and
Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274) reconcile Christian thought
with Aristotlian rational thought (Faith & Reason)
Avignon Captivity
 1100’s Rise of Nation-States
 122o-50 Popes, notably Gregory IX, fight Emperor
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Frederick over Sicily & the Papal States
1294 Celistine V resigns after less than a year
1300 Pope Boniface VIII declares the first “Holy Year”
(One of the pilgrims is Dante); fights with French king
Philip the Fair; Pope attacked Sept. 3, 1303
Clement V, elected in 1305 while in France, stayed
there
1305-1378: Seven Popes
Avignon Captivity
 Clement V (1305-14) w/ King Philip the Fair suppressed
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the Knights Templar
John XXII (1316-34) “Pope Midas” Money Changers
Benedict XII (1334-42) Jacques Fornier, inquisitor
suppressed the Cathars.
Clement VI (1342-52)
Innocent VI (1352-62)
Urban V (1362-70)
St. Gregory XI (1370-78) St. Catherine of Sienna
The Great Schism 1378-1417
Avignon
 Gregory XI returns to Rome
The Great Schism 1378-1417
Avignon
Rome
 Gregory XI returns to Rome
 Gregory XI dies in 1378.
Romans riot outside the
conclave. Urban VI elected;
goes nuts.
The Great Schism 1378-1417
Avignon
Rome
 Gregory XI returns to Rome
 Gregory XI dies in 1378.
 Cardinals declare Urban’s
election invalid; Elect
Clement VII.
Romans riot outside the
conclave. Urban VI elected;
goes nuts.
The Great Schism 1378-1417
Avignon
Rome
 Gregory XI returns to Rome
 Gregory XI dies in 1378.
 Cardinals declare Urban’s
Romans riot outside the
conclave. Urban VI elected;
goes nuts.
election invalid; Elect
Clement VII.
 Urban dies in 1389; cardinals
elect Boniface IX
The Great Schism 1378-1417
Avignon
Rome
 Gregory XI returns to Rome
 Gregory XI dies in 1378.
 Cardinals declare Urban’s
Romans riot outside the
conclave. Urban VI elected;
goes nuts.
election invalid; Elect
Clement VII.
 Urban dies in 1389; cardinals
elect Boniface IX
 Clement dies, 1394; Benedict
XIII elected; breaks promise.
The Great Schism (cont.)
Avignon
Rome
 (Benedict XII continues)
 1406: Boniface dies;
Gregory XII elected; promises
to resign if Benedict does.
Face-to-face talks never
happen
The Great Schism (cont.)
 March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes
invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope
Alexander V.
The Great Schism (cont.)
 March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes
invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope
Alexander V.
 He dies before arriving in Rome.
The Great Schism (cont.)
 March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes
invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope
Alexander V.
 He dies before arriving in Rome.
 1410: Conclave replaces Alexander with John XXIII, a
reprobate.
The Great Schism (cont.)
 March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes
invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope
Alexander V.
 He dies before arriving in Rome.
 1410: Conclave replaces Alexander with John XXIII, a
reprobate.
 1414-1417: Council of Constance; Assertion of councilar
supremacy in the decree Sacrosancta, April 6, 1415.
The Great Schism (cont.)
 March 25, 1409; Council of Pisa declares both Popes
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invalid; Cardinals, in conclave, elect a third: Pope
Alexander V.
He dies before arriving in Rome.
1410: Conclave replaces Alexander with John XXIII, a
reprobate.
1414-1417: Council of Constance; Assertion of councilar
supremacy in the decree Sacrosancta, April 6, 1415.
1417 Pope Martin V elected. Pope John flees. Pope
Gregory resigns. Pope Benedict XII flees to Spain.
Protestant
 October 31, 1517: Luther nails his 95 Theses to the
church door in Wittenberg
 Protesting against: Selling Indulgences; Simony
(selling church offices); Pluralism (more than one man
in the same office); Absenteeism (Bishops who never
live in their diocese); Church preaching that actions,
not faith alone, are required for salvation
 Calvin: Pre-destination; Henry VIII: Head of nationstate is head of its church, not a foreigner; Zwingli:
emphasis on Scripture
Trent (Tridentine)
 Council of Trent 1545-1563
 Scripture & Tradition
 Seven Sacraments
 Justification by faith, alone, rejected
 Reaffirms Christ’s presence in the Eucharist
 Obliges Sunday preaching
 Obliges bishops to live in their diocese
 Seminaries to train priests
 Imposes censorship (Index of Forbidden Books)
Tridentine (cont.)
(Council of Trent: 1545-1563)
 Reformed but reaffirmed indulgences
 Retranslated Bible (New Vulgate)
Infallibility
 Pius IX: 1846-1878
 Defined the Immaculate Conception Dec. 8, 1854
 Syllabus of Errors, 1864: Lists 80, including allowing
non-Catholics in Catholic countries to practice their
religion and that the Pope should reconcile himself
with progress, liberalism and recent civilization.
 Vatican I, 1870, Defined infallibility: The Roman
Pontiff’s doctrinal definitions are “irreformible of
themselves, and not from the consent of the Church…”
 BUT …
Infallibility (cont.)
 Only when the Pope is speaking ex cathedra, as
supreme pastor
 Deals with a doctrine of faith & morals
 Divine assistance that protects him from error is due to
the gift of infallibility granted to the Church, itself.
Vatican II
 John XXIII 1958-63; Paul VI 1963-78
 Summons a Council: January 1959
 Four sessions: Oct. – Dec. of 1962, 63, 64, 65
 16 Formal documents
 Church looks at:
 1) Itself
 2) Other Christians
 3) The World
Vatican II
SACROSANCTUM (Liturgical reform)
 Pius X 1903-1914: Encouraged frequent Communion;
lowered minimum age from 14 to “age to reason;”
called for use of Gregorian Chant
 Early 1900’s in Europe: Translation of Roman Missal
 1932 in U.S.: My Sunday Missal
 Pius XII 1939-58: Modified Eucharistic fast;
reorganized Triduum liturgies
Vatican II
SACROSANCTUM (Liturgical Reform)
 Active participation in liturgy is a right & a duty
 Paschal Mystery: Suffering, death, resurrection
 Emphasizes Christ’s presence in the scripture
 Allows use of the vernacular
 Allows reception of Eucharist under both species
 Bishops’ conferences to decide on changes
 Approved in 1962: 2,162-46
 Final vote in 1963: 2,147-4
Vatican II
DEI VERBUM (The Dogmatic Constitution on Divine
Revelation)
 God his revealing Himself, not just a list of rules
 General Revelation: God speaking to all humans,
calling them to love
 Special Revelation: God’s choice to reveal Himself to
specific groups of human beings, Jews and Christians
 The Christian revelation (Jesus & the sending of the
Spirit) is the high point of revelation, in that it is God’s
personal self-communication
Vatican II
DEI VERBUM (The Dogmatic Constitution on Divine
Revelation)
 What Jesus reveals to his disciples is called the Deposit
of Faith.
 Tradition (Our common experience of trying to live
what Jesus taught, guided by the Holy Spirit) and…
 Scripture (Writings inspired by the Holy Spirit) both
arise out of the Deposit of Faith.
Vatican II
DEI VERBUM (The Dogmatic Constitution on Divine
Revelation)
 Scripture “teaches firmly, faithfully and without error that
truth which God wanted put into the sacred writings for
the sake of our salvation.” (DV 11)
 “Since God speaks through sacred Scripture through men
in human fashion, the interpreter of sacred Scripture, in
order to see clearly what God wanted to communicate to
us, should carefully investigate what meaning the sacred
writers really intended, and what God wanted to manifest
by the means of their words.” (DV 12)
Vatican II
DEI VERBUM
 “The task of authentically interpreting the Word of
God, whether written or handed on, has been
entrusted exclusively to the living teaching office of
the Church.” (DV 10) This is called Magisterium.
 “This teaching office is not above the Word of God, but
serves it” (DV 10)
 Sacred tradition, sacred Scripture & the teaching
authority of the Church “are so linked and joined
together that one cannot stand without the others”
(DV 10)
Vatican II
LUMEN GENTIUM: (The Dogmatic Constitution on the
Church)
 Church is a Mystical Body. The visible nature of the
Church is not enough; ALL CHRISTIANS are members
of Christ’s Mystical Body with a shared, supernatural
existence
 People of God
 Church is “linked” to all Christians, Jews, Muslims,
non-Christian religions, “those who strive to live a
good life” (LG 15, 16)
Vatican II
LUMEN GENTIUM: (The Dogmatic Constitution on the
Church)
 Eschatological Institution: The Church is the final
development of God’s saving plan but we have not yet
reached full flower. We are journeying toward Christ’s
second coming but the Reign of God already is in our
midst. We are a combination of already/not yet. The
Church is the budding of the Kingdom
 Sacrament. Just as Christ is the sacrament of God; the
Church represents Christ to the world
Vatican II
UNITATIS REDINTEGRATIO (The Decree on
Ecumenism)
 “Catholics must joyfully acknowledge and esteem the
truly Christian endowments from our common
heritage which are to be found among our separated
brethren.”
 “Nor should we forget that whatever is wrought by the
grace of the Holy Spirit in the hearts of our separated
brethren can contribute to our own edification.”
 Calls for dialogue, understanding & a mutual “change
of heart”
Vatican II
NOSTRA AETATE (Declaration on non-Christian
Religions)
 The Church rejects nothing that is holy and sacred in
these religions
 The Church repudiates all persecutions
Vatican II
DIGNITATIS HUMANAE (Declaration on Religious
Freedom)
 The dignity of the human person supersedes ALL
government and social constraints. Only areas where
government should intervene are: 1) Create a peaceful way
to solve disputes; 2) Maintain a genuine public peace;
3) Guard the public morality
 Every human being has a right to publically express their
religious ideology
 Parents have a right to determine their children’s education
 Racial and ethnic discrimination are condemned
Vatican II
GAUDIUM ET SPES (The Pastoral Constitution on the
Church in the Modern World.)
 Treats Humanity as a whole, not as Christians & nonChristians.
 Very Optimistic! Says the triumphs of the human race
are a sign of God’s greatness and the flowering of His
mysterious design.
Vatican II
GAUDIUM ET SPES (cont.)
 It praises humanity’s economic, artistic, scientific,
technical and philosophical achievements, declaring
such progress purifies religion by banishing magic and
superstition
 Urges Christians to devote their energy to the world
 Says the Christian life joyously brings God’s values –
love, dignity, forgiveness - to the world
Catholic responses to secular society
The Church Today
 Institution
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Cardinal Avery Dulles
Offer Salvation to All
Mystical Communion
Provide Spiritual
Support
Sacrament
Make Christ Present
Herald
Preach the Gospel
Servant
Transform Society
The Church Today
Philip Murnion
 Traditionalist
 Sectarian Response of the Right or Left
 Community as Intimacy
 Association
 Solidarity