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Transcript
Meetings between leaders of the Allies during World War II • Tehran Conference (at the Soviet Embassy in Tehran, Iran) • Yalta Conference (in Crimea) • Potsdam Conference (in Potsdam, Germany) November 28 to December 1, 1943 “Big-Three” (Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt) Issues discussed • Decide the direction of World War Two in Europe (including opening a second front against Axis) • Entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan • The possible creation of an international organization after the war February 4-11, 1945 “Big-Three” (Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt) Defeat of Nazi Germany was imminent Churchill saw a democratic Europe headed by Britain Stalin wanted an increase in Soviet power and safeguards against further attacks Roosevelt saw a world democracy headed by the U.S. . Germany would be divided into zones of occupation “Free elections” in liberated countries The Soviet frontier would advance westward USSR agreed to enter the war against Japan Trials would be set for leading war criminals A meeting would be held to establish the United Nations July 17-August 2, 1945 Stalin (USSR), Truman (US) and Churchill and Clement Attlee (Great Britain) • Attlee replaced Churchill as Britain’s Prime Minister on July 26th Met to decide how to administer punishment to Germany The goals of the conference also included the establishment of post-war order, peace treaties issues, and countering the effects of the war. Truman said that America had a weapon of awesome power Stalin wanted a buffer zone of friendly countries to prevent attacks Britain was concerned about a Soviet presence in Eastern Europe • Britain was bankrupt • Many colonies were claiming independence USSR would begin collecting reparations from its zone of occupation Allies agreed to divide Berlin into four sectors Germany was to be “de-Nazified” Created Council of Foreign Ministers to deal with peace settlements Poland was ruled by the USSR Human costs • WWII deaths were much higher than WWI Territorial changes • Larger Soviet state • Migration of millions of people Economic changes • East v. West Social Changes • Women and racial minorities International Relations • Start of the Cold War Country Military Deaths Total Civilian and Military Deaths Soviet Union 8,800,000-10,700,000 24,000,000 China 3-4,000,000 20,000,000 Germany 5,533,000 6,600,000-8,800,000 Poland 240,000 5,600,000 Japan 2,120,000 2,600,000-3,100,000 France 217,600 567,600 Italy 301,400 457,000 Austria 261,000 384,700 United Kingdom 383,600 450,700 United States 416,800 418,500 USSR increased its borders (taking Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and part of Poland) Germany’s borders decreased and divided into East and West Germany Poland’s borders shifted to the West Japan lost its territorial gains Korea gained its independence (although divided into North and South) Europe after WWI Europe after WWII US spent $341 billion (including $50 billion in the Lend-Lease program) Germany spent $272 billion USSR spent $192 billion Great Britain spent $120 billion Italy spent $94 billion Japan spent $56 billion Damage to Europe and war zones of Asia greater than WWI More damage caused by more mobility and greater air power Nearly all major cities in Europe suffered damage After 1945, intense suffering in Europe US remained involved in Europe and became a major player in helping Western Europe recover financially By 1948, Western European economies began to revive and by the early 1950s, Europe was twice as productive as they were in 1938 Women • More women worked during WWII than ever before • Women were more financially independent • Wartime work experience led to post-war feminist movements and campaigns for equal pay and rights Challenge to Tradition • Class changes were significant – in Europe the middle class rose and the aristocracy declined • Monarchy was ousted in Italy Family Life • Family life was disrupted by war and roles of mothers & fathers changed • Homes were destroyed and people migrated to new areas or new countries • Perhaps the scale of the changes to the family can never been known Racism and Minority Rights • Holocaust did not end ethnic conflicts • Working women and soldiers had a larger experience with the world which led to the growth of civil rights • War experience of black Americans led directly to Executive Order 9981 which desegregated the U.S. Military Cold War origins started in with ideological differences and disagreements during the war and in the war conferences U.S. adopted a policy of “containment” in the Truman Doctrine (which opposed the spread of communism) USSR was called the “Iron Curtain” by Churchill The development of atomic weapons had the most profound effect on the post-war world Between 1945 and 2000, the USSR built 55,000 nuclear warheads and the US built 70,000 Atomic weapons stopped another world war because it was too dangerous to start War accelerated the end of the empires • India given independence by Britain in 1947 which led to the creation of Pakistan • Britain also withdrew from Palestine in 1948 and a state of Israel was created • France refused to give up its territories in Vietnam and in Algeria, but eventually lost those colonies Creation of the United Nations U.S. decided not to take reparations from the Allies Creation of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) a political and military alliance Warsaw Pact (Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance between 8 communist states