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Cancer
Chapter 16
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Leading Causes of Cancer
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Risk Factor
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Tobacco
Diet and obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
Family history of cancer
Occupational factors
Viruses
Alcohol
Environmental pollution
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What is Cancer?
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Definition: an abnormal and uncontrollable
growth of cells or tissue that can lead to death.
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Tumor: a mass of tissue that serves no purpose.
 Malignant tumor: (Neoplasm) cancerous, can invade
surrounding tissues.
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Benign tumor: mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that
prevents their penetration of other tissues.
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How Cancer Spreads
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Metastasis: Primary tumor
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Definition: the spreading of cancer cells,
occurs because cancer cells do not stick to
each other as strongly as normal cells.
Cells break away from primary tumor and invade
surrounding tissues or travel through the blood
and lymphatic system.
 Secondary tumor or metastases
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Types of Cancer
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Malignant Tumors
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Classified according to the types of cells.
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Initially retain some of the original properties of
the host cell.
 Carcinomas
- most common - start from the
epithelial tissue that cover body surfaces. Linings,
tubes, cavities and secretion glands.
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Malignant Tumors
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Sarcomas: arise in connective and fibrous
tissues. Bone, muscle, cartilage and
membranes covering muscle or fat.
Lymphomas: Cancers of the lymph nodes.
Leukemia: cancer of the blood-forming
cells in bone marrow.
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The Incidence of Cancer
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1.3 million Americans are diagnosed yearly
More than half will be cued.
About 40% will die as a result of cancer.
1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will be
develop cancer during their lifetime.
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Common Cancers
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Lung Cancer: Most common cancer.
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Risk Factors
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Tobacco smoking contributes to 87%.
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Combined with environmental carcinogens multiply by 10.
Detection and Treatment (Difficult to detect)
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Symptoms are not detected until cancer has reached the
invasive stage.
Persistent cough, chest pain, or recurring bronchitis.
Diagnosis - chest x-ray or sputum examination - fiber-optic
bronchosectomy.
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Common Cancers
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Lung Cancer treatment:
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Difficult to treat.
Surgery- removal of involved cells.
Typically- cancer cells have already spread.
Very resistant to chemotherapy.
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Common Cancers
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Colon and Rectal- second most prevalent
cancer.
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Risk Factors
Directly linked to diet and genetic predisposition.
 Mostly occurs after 50 yr. of age.Diet low in fat
and High in fiber - best defense.
 Up to 1/3 of the population is genetically prone.
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Detection and Treatment
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Common Cancers
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Breast Cancer - Second most common
cancer in women; 1:9 American women
will have it during her lifetime.
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Risk Factors
 Most common in women over 50
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5 year survival rate is 79%
“Disease of Civilization”
Common causes: Genetic predisposition; High fat, High
calorie diet and Sedentary lifestyle, Alcohol use, early onset
of menstruation, First child after 30 and obesity
Estrogen -cancer in estrogen-responsive sites
Detection and Treatment
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Common Cancers
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Breast Cancer -.
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Three part program for early detection.
Monthly breast self-exam for all women over 20.
 Clinical breast exam by a physician every 3 yr.
 Mammography- Every 1-2 years 40-50 yr. old.
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Over 50 every year.
New Strategies for Treatment and Prevention
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Common Cancers
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Prostate Cancer - Most common cancer in
men. Third leading cause of cancer deaths
in men
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Risk Factors - Age, diet, lifestyle and genetic
predisposition
Early detection is key. PSA Blood test
Treatment - surgical removal of the prostate
and radiation
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Common Cancers
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Female Reproductive Tract: Uterus, Cervix
or Ovaries.
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Cervical cancer - sexually transmitted.
80% stems from infection by the papillomavirus transmitted by unprotected sex.
 PAP Test
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Cervical cancer most common in women in
their 20’s and 30’s.
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Factors: sexual intercourse before 18, multiple sex
partners, cigarette smoking and low
socioeconomic status.
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Common Cancers
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Uterine, or Endometrial:
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Occurs after 55
Determined by Pelvic Exam
Treatment is surgery
Ovarian Cancer: Difficult to detect and
diagnosis, No warning signs
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Family history or genetic factors
Determined by Pelvic Exam
Treatment is surgery & radiation
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Common Cancers
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Skin Cancer: Most common form
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Easily detected and highly curable
Exposure to ultraviolet rays during childhood
Common cause - sunburns and suntans
Types:
 Basal and Squamous
 Melanoma - more dangerous form
Prevention
Detection and Treatment
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Common Cancers
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Oral Cancer
Testicular Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Stomach Cancer
Bladder Cancer
Kidney Cancer
Brain Cancer
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Common Cancers
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Leukemia:
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Cancers of the blood forming tissues
Abnormal production of immature white
blood cells; rapidly growing cells displace red
blood cell precursors
Immature WBC’s cannot fight off infections
Risk factors are unknown
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Common Cancers
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Lymphoma
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Arising from the lymph cells
Hodgkin’s disease
 Non-Hodgkin’s disease
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Multiple Myeloma
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Malignant plasma cells produce tumors in the
bone marrow.
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Leads to anemia, excessive bleeding and
decreased resistance to infection
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The Cause of Cancer
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The Role of DNA
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Each cells has 23 pairs of chromosomes
Each controls the way a cell will work
 A gene
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DNA Mutations and Cancer
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Changes the way the cells function
Mutagens
Oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
Hereditary Risks
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Links to Cancer
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Foods:
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Both carcinogens and compounds that provide
protection
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Dietary Fat and Meat (Saturated Fats)
Alcohol
Dietary Fiber
Fruits and Vegetables
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Anticarcinogens
Carotenoids
Antioxidants versus Free radicals
Phytochemicals
Sulforaphane
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Foods That Contain CancerPreventing Substances
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Broccoli
Brussels sprouts
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Carrots
Red peppers
Tomato
Sweet potato
Collard greens
Green Tea
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Kale
Spinach
Apricot
Cantaloupe
Grapefruit
Orange
Papaya
Peach
Plum
Watermelon
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Links to Cancer
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Inactivity and Obesity
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Linked to colon cancer
Benefits of Physical Activity
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Carcinogens in the Environment
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Ingested Chemicals
Environmental and Industrial pollution
Radiation
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Detecting, Diagnosing, and
Treating Cancer
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Detecting
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Self-monitoring
Diagnosing
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Biopsy
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Computed tomography (CT)
Ultrasonography
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Detecting Cancer
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Self Monitoring is Essential
C Change in bowel or bladder habits
A A sore that does not heal
U Unusual bleeding or discharge
T Thickening or lump in breasts or
elsewhere
I Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
O Obvious change in a wart or mole
N Nagging cough or hoarseness
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Detecting, Diagnosing and
Treating Cancer
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Treatment:
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Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
New and Experimental
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Gene therapy
Bone marrow and Stem Cell transplants
Biological therapies
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Cancer Survivors
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Must live with fear of recurrence
Face prejudice from health insurers
Psychological support is important
Financial impact
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Prevention
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Lifestyle choices
 Avoid tobacco
 Control diet and weight
 Regular exercise
 Protecting skin from the sun
 Avoiding environmental and occupational
carcinogens
 Regular self exams
 Medical screenings
 Be aware of the early signs and symptoms
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Thanks!!!!!!!
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