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Transcript
coldwar •Uneasy peace between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. •Competition for world dominance and global power. •Fought on political and economic fronts rather than on military battlefields---------Even though the threat of war was always present. •Defined America’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1989. •It affected domestic politics and how Americans viewed the world and themselves. •Constant state of military preparedness and arms race Propaganda war----Democracy vs Communism US policy: Support nations threatened by Communism Differences between Capitalism and Communism CAPITALISM COMMUNISM System of government: democratic System of government: totalitarian Property is privately owned Property is owned by the state Driven by free enterprise (gov’t not interfering in economy) No free enterprise is allowed (gov’t controls economy) Wealth distributed unevenly Wealth distributed equally Most education and health care provided by private entities Education and health care provided by the state Freedom of the press Press controlled and owned by the state Class distinctions: upper class, middle class and working class Classless society: all members of society are considered to be equal Focus is on the individual and his/her own progress in life Focus is on the progress of the community as a whole Ideology Differences CAPITALISM COMMUNISM People need freedom People need one another Competition great accomplishments Cooperation great accomplishes Some people have more than others because they make better use of their No-one should have more than anyone else - everybody's needs are equally abilities important Governments should not interfere with the rights of individuals to make Governments should make sure that everyone's needs are being met their own living There is central control of the economy The government should interfere in the economy as little as possible map/cold war 1950’s Containment: Stop the expansion of Communism in Asia and Europe US, Allied Nations and Allied colonies. Soviet Union/China and Allies…….. Focus on Berlin • After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops. Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone. Soviet blockade: East Berlin West Germany East Germany West Berlin · In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany. · In response, the Soviets cut off West Berlin from the rest of the world with a blockade. Eventual site of the Berlin Wall Berlin Airlift · President Truman decided to avoid the blockade by flying in food and other supplies to the needy people of West Berlin. · At times, over 5,000 tons of supplies arrived daily. Satellite State When a nation is under the control of another. Ex. Part of Germany was under the control of the Soviet Union. Other examples: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria Truman Doctrine [1947] Civil War in Greece. Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles. 1. The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid. Marshall Plan [1948] “European Recovery Program.” Secretary of State, George Marshall 1. The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected]. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty Military alliance to counter Soviet expansion. United States Luxemburg Belgium Netherlands Britain Norway Canada Portugal Denmark 1952: Greece & Turkey France Iceland Italy 1955: West Germany 1983: Spain Warsaw Pact (1955) was a collective defense treaty among eight communist states of Central and Eastern Europe Soviet Union and satellite states rival alliance to NATO } U. S. S. R. } East Germany } Albania } Hungary } Bulgaria } Poland } Czechoslovakia } Rumania •Red Scare was Americans response to the fear of Communism •Senator Joseph McCarthy accused 205 US Govt. officials of being Communist. •McCarthyism to destroy or assassinate one’s character without proof and it ruined the careers of many Americans. Became a witch hunt that led to Americans pledging a “loyalty oath” to the United States……. red scare •Soviets detonate their first atomic bomb….. •The question is raised, where did they get the technology the bomb? •Ethel and Julius Rosenberg would be accused of giving away atomic bomb secrets. •Charged with espionage they would be found guilty and executed in 1953. NATO Effects of Russian Launch of Sputnik on United States Atomic Anxieties: “Duck-and-Cover Generation” Atomic Testing: Between July 16, 1945 and Sept. 23, 1992, the United States conducted 1,054 official nuclear tests, most of them at the Nevada Test Site. Americans began building underground bomb shelters and cities had underground fallout shelters.