Download Ch3

Chapter 3: Migration
The Cultural Landscape:
An Introduction to Human Geography
Migration
• A type of mobility
– Migration is a permanent move to a new
location
– Migration = relocation diffusion
• Emigration – from a place
• Immigration – into a place
• Emigration = immigration
– Its all about perspective!
Why Do People Migrate?
• Reasons for migration
– Most people migrate for economic reasons
– Push and pull factors
• Economic: people move away from places
with poor economic opportunities and toward
places with better ones
• Cultural factors
– Forced migration (e.g., slavery, refugees)
– Political factors
• Environmental factors
Refugees: Sources and Destinations
Figure 3-2
Why Do People Migrate?
• Reasons for migration
– Push and pull factors
• Intervening obstacles
– Historically, intervening obstacles =
environmental
– Transportation technology = limited
environmental intervening obstacles
Why Do People Migrate?
• Distance of migration
–Internal migration
• Two types:
–Interregional migration = movement
from one region to another
–Intraregional migration = movement
within a region
Internal Migration Movement within a single country’s borders (implying a
degree of permanence).
Why Do People Migrate?
• Distance of migration
– International migration
• Two types:
– Voluntary
– Forced
• Migration transition
– International migration is most common in countries
that are in stage 2 of the demographic transition
Voluntary Migration –
Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide first, to
emigrate from the home country and second, where to go.
Distance
Decay
can lead many
migrants to move
less far than they
originally
contemplate.
Kinds of Voluntary Migration
• Step Migration –
When a migrant follows a path of a series of stages, or
steps toward a final destination.
* intervening opportunity –at one of the steps along
the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle
there.
• Chain Migration –
When a migrant communicates to family and friends at
home, encouraging further migration along the same
path, along kinship links.
Forced Migration – the Atlantic Slave Trade
Atlantic Slave Trade
By the Numbers
Region
Number
%
West Indies
4,128,000
36.4
Brazil
4,000,000
35.4
Spanish Empire
2,500,000
22.1
500,000
4.4
200,000
1.8
11,328,000
100
North
America/U.S.
Europe
TOTAL
International Migration –
Movement across country borders (implying a degree of
permanence).
Global Migration Patterns
Figure 3-5
Why Do People Migrate?
• Characteristics of migrants
– Most long-distance migrants are
• Male
• Adults
• Individuals
– Families with children = less common
Why Do People Migrate?
• Characteristics of migrants
– Gender
• Traditionally, males outnumbered females
• In the United States today, 55 percent of
immigrants = female
– Family status
• In the United States today, about 40 percent of
immigrants = young adults, aged 25–39
Why do you think this
changed?
Key Issue 2
WHERE ARE MIGRANTS
DISTRIBUTED?
Where Are Migrants Distributed?
• Global migration patterns
– Net out-migration: Asia, Africa, and Latin
America
– Net in-migration: North America, Europe,
and Oceania
• The United States has the largest foreign-born
population
Net Migration by Country
Figure 3-7
Where Are Migrants Distributed?
• U.S. migration patterns
– Three main eras of migration
• Colonial migration from England and Africa
• Nineteenth-century immigration from Europe
• Recent immigration from LDCs
Migration to the United States
Figure 3-8
Migration to the United States
from Latin America
Figure 3-9
Where Are Migrants Distributed?
• Impact of immigration on the United
States
– Legacy of European migration
• Europe’s demographic transition
– Stage 2 growth pushed Europeans out
» 65 million Europeans emigrate
• Diffusion of European culture
Where Are Migrants Distributed?
• Impact of immigration on the United
States
– Unauthorized immigration
• 2008 = estimated 11.9 million unauthorized/
undocumented immigrants
– About 5.4 percent of the U.S. civilian labor force
– Around 59 percent are undocumented immigrants
from Mexico
Where Are Migrants Distributed?
• Impact of immigration on the United
States
– Destinations
• California = one-fifth of all immigrants and onefourth of undocumented immigrants
• New York = one-sixth of all immigrants
– Chain migration
Key Issue 3
WHY DO MIGRANTS FACE
OBSTACLES
Governments Place
Legal Restrictions on Migration
• Immigration laws – laws that restrict or
allow migration of certain groups into a
country.
– Quotas limit the number of migrants from
each region into a country.
– A country uses selective immigration to bar
people with certain backgrounds from
entering.
Waves of Immigration
Changing immigration laws, and changing push and pull
factors create waves of immigration.
Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
• Immigration policies of host countries
– U.S. quota laws
• The Quota Act (1921) –
– country by country quotas
– Aimed at southern Europeans
• The National Origins Act (1924)
– Furthered the quota limits of 1921
– Asians also targeted
• 1965 Immigration Law
– Hemisphere quotas
• 1978 Changes
Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
• Temporary migration for work
– Guest workers
– Time-contract workers
Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
• Distinguishing economic migrants from
refugees
– Emigrants from Cuba
– Emigrants from Haiti
– Emigrants from Vietnam
Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
• Cultural problems faced while living in
host countries
– U.S. attitudes towards immigrants
– Attitudes toward guest workers
Key Issue 4
WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE
WITHIN A COUNTRY?
Population Center
• Imagine the US as a flat object.
• The “population center” is the point on
that object (the US) that the weight of
the population would “balance” that
object
• Thus, it’s the center of the population’s
distribution in a given area.
Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
• Migration between regions of a
country
–U.S. settlement patterns
• Colonial settlement
–Primarily on the coast to export and
receive goods
–Lack of technology to overcome
Intervening Obstacles.
»Mts. & Population
Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
• Migration between regions of a country
– U.S. settlement patterns
• Early settlement in the interior (early 1800s)
– Building of canals enabled faster, easier transport
from the interior
» 1807 Robert Fulton invents steam-powered
ship
– Land Grants, Homestead acts among others
encourage mass migration to cheap land filled
with forest
» Wood is primary material
Population Shift in USA
• In the colonial period, the population
center was the coast of Massachusetts
(1790)
• By the 1840’s, it was 250 west in
modern West Virginia (note, WV doesn’t
exist until 1860’s)
Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
• Migration between regions of a country
– U.S. settlement patterns
• California
– Center of population jumps 400 miles by 1890 to
Indiana.
– There are two major reasons:
1) The previous push into agricultural land is
bypassed by the 1840’s gold rush in California.
2) The land of the Great Plains is tough, dry, and in
the 1840’s, not easily farmable
a) was at one point considered a wasteland
Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
• Migration between regions of a country
– U.S. settlement patterns
• Great Plains settlement
– By WWII (1940), center of population was only 150
west of where it was in 1890
– Three reasons for this:
1. Migration from Europe off-set westward
expansion
2. Immigrants settled the Great Plains region.
a) Technology improved for farming (tractors)
3. The mass construction of railroads
1. Companies sold land to farmers cheaply,
which allowed them to x-port easily
Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
• Migration between regions of a country
– U.S. settlement patterns
• Recent growth of the South
– Population center moves west to central Missouri (present)
– Also moves south due to high internal migration North to
South
– There are several reasons for this:
1. Job opportunities in the south are higher
2. Temperate climate
3. Decline of manufacturing in Midwest/North
1. Rise in the South’s non-union climate
• Present intraregional migration is near zero
Changing Center of the U.S. Population
Figure 3-16
U.S. Interregional Migration
Figure 3-17
Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
• Migration between regions of other
countries
– Russia
• Komsomol
– Government incentives in Brazil and
Indonesia
– Economic migration within European
countries
– Restricted migration in India
Migration in Europe
Figure 3-20
Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
• Intraregional migration in the United
States
– Migration from rural to urban areas
• Began because of the Industrial Revolution
– This migration pattern has diffused to LDCs
• Primary reason = economic migration
Year
1800
1920
2012
% Urban
5
50
83
Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
• Intraregional migration in the United States
– Migration from urban to suburban areas
• Population of cities decline in 2nd half of 20th century
– People migrate out of cities due to:
» Crime
» Better living conditions
» Access to more economic activities (material goods)
» Better education
» Ethnic similarity
• Primary reason = suburban lifestyle- NOT ECONOMIC
Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
• Intraregional migration in the United States
– Migration from urban to rural areas
• In the late 20th, early 21st century MDCs (this is not an
LDC event) saw people leave cities/suburban areas for
rural space
• 1st time immigration was higher than emigration in rural
areas
– Counterurbanization – Net migration from cities to rural areas
Counterurbanization: The Why & How
• Very fast suburban expansion
– Many times they are created ‘in rural areas’ as a
marketing tool
• Majority is real migration away from urban
existence
– Lifestyle is biggest pull, not economic
– Reasons include:
• Slower pace of life
• Healthier living
• Varied opportunities
Counterurbanization: The Why & How
• There is little isolation in most MDCs due to
the internet revolution
– Many can work far from home offices
(telecommuters)
• Many economic activities take place online:
– Shopping, finances, credit cards
• Most counterurbanization occurs in the Rocky
Mountains
• In general in present day, net migration is
zero across the USA
Intraregional Migration in the United States
Figure 3-21
The End.
Up next: Folk and Popular Culture