Download Children The Early Years by Anita Decker

Chapter 4…Pregnancy
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Describe what happens during conception.
Explain how genetic factors affect prenatal development.
Describe how a person inherits traits through genes.
List the three different types of multiple pregnancies.
Describe the three main stages of prenatal development.
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www.quizlet.com/6862040
This is a review for the chapter. The test will be at
the end of the chapter.
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See handout:
Due the next class day.
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Cell…The smallest unit of life that is able to
reproduce itself.
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Sperm…The male sex cell.
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Ovum…The female sex cell or egg.
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Zygote…The single cell formed at conception;
also called a fertilized egg.
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Conception…The union of the ovum and
sperm cells.
Fallopian Tubes…Two hollow tubes that
connect to the uterus and have fingerlike
projections that reach toward each ovary.
Uterus...The organ in which the baby develops
and is protected until birth.
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Resources
http://www.webmd.com/baby/healthtool-ovulation-calculator
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The average menstrual cycle is 28 to 32 days.
Some women have longer or shorter cycles,
so the exact timing of ovulation can vary.
Here's an overview of a typical 28-day
menstrual cycle
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Day 1
Your cycle begins on the first day of blood
flow.
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Days 2-14 Follicular Phase
The follicles on your ovary become active,
and your cervical mucus starts to thin.
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Day 14
Ovulation occurs mid-cycle, but can vary
from between Day 11 and Day 21 of a
woman's cycle. Rising estrogen levels trigger
the LH surge, which causes the follicle to
ovulate and release an egg. It's important to
chart your basal body temperature and LH
surge so you know when you ovulate.
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Days 15-22 Luteal Phase
After releasing the egg, the follicle
produces progesterone, which thickens
the lining of the uterus for implantation.
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Days 23 to 24
Implantation of a fertilized egg can take
place. At this point, hormones produced
by pregnancy may be detected by a
pregnancy test.
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Days 25 to 28
If pregnancy does not occur, your
hormone levels begin to fall. The uterine
lining sheds, resulting in your period.
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Ovulation occurs when a mature egg is released
from the ovary, pushed down the fallopian tube,
and is available to be fertilized. The lining of the
uterus has thickened to prepare for a fertilized
egg. If no conception occurs, the uterine lining as
well as blood will be shed. The shedding of an
unfertilized egg and the uterine wall is the time
of menstruation.
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1.
Change in cervical fluid. Cervical fluid that
resembles “egg whites” is a sign that you are near
ovulation or are ovulating.
Every woman can experience her own type of
cervical fluid, and not all cervical fluid looks the
same.
Ovulation usually takes place on the day a woman
has the most amount of wet fluid.
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2.
Change in basal body temperature.
For most women, you will see that prior to
ovulation, the basal body temperature is rather
consistent.
As you get closer to ovulation, you may have a
slight decline, but it will be followed by a sharp
increase after ovulation.
The increase in temperature is the sign that
ovulation has just occurred. Tracking your basal
body temperature accurately over a few months
can help you predict when ovulation is going to
occur.
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3. Change in cervical position or
firmness. The cervix goes through many
changes as a woman ovulates.
A woman may notice the clear signs of
ovulation; her cervix will be soft, high, open and
wet.
For most women it will take some time in
studying her body to be able to differentiate
between what her cervix normally feels like and
the changes it goes through during ovulation.
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Light spotting
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Slight cramping or pain on one side of the pelvis
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Breast tenderness
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Abdominal bloating
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Increased sex drive
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Heightened sense of smell, taste or vision
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Demonstration
Egg
White
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Chromosomes: rod-shaped structures, located
in the nucleus of a cell, that carry genetic
information. Each cell contains 46
chromosomes.
Genes: segments of a DNA molecule, located
on a chromosome, that contain genetic
information. Genes carry traits from parents to
children.
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Sex Determination is decided at the moment
you conceive. One pair of the baby’s
chromosomes, determines it’s sex.
These chromosomes are called “X” and “Y”
chromosomes.
Females: 2 “X” chromosomes
Males: 1 “X” and 1 “Y” chromosomes
Eggs contain only
“X” sex
chromosomes.
Sperm contain either
“X” or “Y”
chromosomes.
The fathers
contribution is the
one that determines
the sex of the fetus.
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During a woman’s menstrual cycle, a single
egg leaves the ovary. This is called ovulation.
At the instant fertilization occurs, sperm and
egg join and put together their chromosomes,
creating an embryo with a full complement of
23 pairs or a total of 46 chromosomes.
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Your are 35 years or older and plan to go through a pregnancy.
You have a child with a birth defect.
You or your partner has a birth defect.
You or your partner has a history of some type of birth defect.
You or your partner has a family history of inherited deafness.
You have has recurrent miscarriages.
You or your partner are descended from Ashkenazi Jews (risk of
Tay Sachs or Canavan’s disease).
You or your partner are African American (risk of sickle cell
anemia).
The male partner is 40 years or older.
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Directions: Student’s will work together in groups of 2. The groups are predetermined
by the teacher. Answer the following questions.
What is Genetic Counseling?
What is the philosophy of Genetic Counseling?
Who is part of the genetic counseling team?
Who should see a Genetic Counselor?
What are some specific examples of issues for which Genetic Counseling is
recommended?
What kind of information and guidance is provided by Genetic Counselors on issues
related to fertility and pregnancy?
What can you expect to happen at a visit to a genetic counselor?
List all of your websites that you got information from.
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Dominant Trait…Traits that always show in a
person even if only one gene of the pair is
inherited for that trait.
Recessive Traits…Traits that typically do not
show in a person unless both genes for the trait
are inherited.
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Multiple Pregnancy… Pregnancy in which two or more
babies develop.
CONJOINED (Siamese) TWINS: Ovum splits apart, but
the separation is not completed. Babies are joined at some
part of their bodies.
Fraternal…Term describing children from multiple
pregnancies who develop from two ova and differ in
genetic makeup. 2 Eggs + different Sperm
 Will look different - May be different or the same gender
Identical…Term describing children from multiple
pregnancies who develop from one fertilized ovum and
have the same genetic makeup. 1 Egg + 1 Sperm
 Fertilized ovum splits into 2 identical cells - Always the
same gender
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Prenatal Development…The first stage of
prenatal development, which last about two
weeks after conception.
Placenta…An organ filled with blood vessels
that nourishes the baby in the uterus.
Umbilical cord…The cord that connects the
baby to the placenta.
Embryo…Term used to describe a baby in the
embryonic stage of development.
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Fetus…The term used to describe a baby in the
fetal stage of development.
Genetic Factors…Traits that are passed
through the genes.
Chromosomes…Threadlike structures that
carry genes in living cells.
Amnion…A fluid-filled sac that surrounds the
baby in the uterus.
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http://www.hoax-slayer.com/black-whitetwins.html
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http://www.babycenter.com/2_inside
-pregnancy-early-fetaldevelopment_10354436.bc
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http://www.babycenter.com/2_insidepregnancy-girl-or-boy_10313041.bc
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50 Lessons Over Easy
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Students will work together in groups.
Each group will design a freestanding
pyramid.
3 minutes
Items Needed
4 large bags of marshmallow
toothpicks
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How The Baby Develops Over 40 Weeks
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WEEK 1
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Ovarian & Endometrial
cycle occurs.
WEEK 5
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A plate that will later
become the heart has
developed.
The central nervous
system and muscle & bone
formation have begun.
The baby’s skeleton is
starting to form.
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Development of organ system and the body are
well underway.
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Baby may begin sucking it’s thumb.
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WEEK 20
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Skin begins growing
into the two layers.
WEEK 25
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Although highly risky,
some babies can survive
outside the womb at
this time, but would
spend several months in
the hospital
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WEEK 35
WEEK 30
The baby is not about
3lbs and 17 inches.
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The baby is now about
5.5 lbs and 20.25 inches.
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Baby is ready! Time for delivery!
http://www.babycenter.com/fetaldevelopment-images-40-weeks
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Chapter 4…Pregnancy
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Genetic Defects…passed to offspring on the genes.
Cystic Fibrosis…involves functional defects of the
respiratory and digestive systems. Can be detected before
birth or at birth and is often fatal before the afflicted
persons reach adulthood.
Diabetes…form of diabetes that is characterized by an
insufficient amount of insulin and an excess of sugar in the
urine and blood. Symptoms include thirst, hunger,
tiredness, and gradual weight loss.
Sickle Cell Anemia…a blood defect characterized by
malformed red blood cells that interfere with the body’s
oxygen supply.
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Tay Sachs…caused by the inability of the body to
metabolize fats. Due to the lack of a chemical in the blood
necessary for this process. This disease causes severe
brain damage and death usually before the age of three.
PKU (phenylketouria)…defect in which the body is unable
to metabolize a specific protein. Can result in mental
retardation. Placing the affected infant on a special diet
can lessen or prevent brain damage.
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Hemophilia…a blood disease that usually affects only males.
Reduces the blood’s ability to clot, thus causing severe
bleeding when an injury occurs. Detects even before birth.
Symptoms can be treated with medication and blood
transfusions.
Spina Bifida…incompletely formed spinal cord. Partial but
permanent paralysis is the result of this spinal cord defect.
Diagnosed at birth or before. Corrective surgery and physical
therapy along with special education can help minimize and
handicaps caused by the disease.
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Huntington’s Disease…brain defect that causes
nerve cells to waste away. This disease does not
usually appear until the ages 35 to 50.
Characteristics of the disease are moodiness,
paranoia, uncontrollable facial movements, jerky
body movements, and mental impairment.
Jaundice…Yellowing of the skin, eyeballs, and
urine caused by large amounts of bile pigment
(fluid secreted from the liver in the blood).
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Some birth defects can be diagnosed before
birth. Some prenatal tests that can be taken
are:
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Ultrasound
Amniocentesis
Chronic villus sampling
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Advances in prenatal therapy now make it
possible to treat some birth defects before
birth.
Prenatal surgery – urinary-tract blockages,
rare tumors in the lungs, Spina bifida, ph
disease,
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1. Malformations present at birth
defects such as congenital heart malformation, Spina bifida (open
spine), cleft palate, clubfoot
2. Inborn errors of metabolism
Defects such as PKU, Tay Sachs disease
3. Blood Disorders
Defects such as sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, thalassemia.
4. Chromosomal Abnormalities
Conditions such as Down’s Syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome,
Turner Syndrome.
5. Prenatal damage
Cases include certain infections, drugs, maternal disorders such as
diabetes, high blood pressure, Rh disease, umbilical cord
accidents, difficult labor or delivery, premature birth.
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Nutrition
Alcohol
Smoking
Drugs
STDs
Rubella
Parasites
Radiation
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Student’s will work together in groups of 2. The
groups are predetermined by the teacher.
This will be a power point assignment.
Each group will present their information to the
class.
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Test…Ch. 4 Pregnancy
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