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3. Phylum Proteobacteria GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA Wide morphological and metabolic diversity. Clinical, environmental, and industrial relevance Phylum with highest number of cultured representatives 5 groups (based on 16S rRNA): a, b, g, d, and e L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 2. Phylum Proteobacteria L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.1. a-Proteobacteria: Rhizobium N2 fixing organisms: FREE LIVING Some cyanobacteria (Bacteria) Some anoxygenic phototrophs (Bacteria) Some chemolithotrophs (Bacteria/Archaea) Some chemoorganotrophs (Bacteria/Archaea) SYMBIONTS Some chemoorganotrophs (Bacteria) E.g. symbionts of leguminous plants L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.1. a-Proteobacteria: Rhizobium RECOGNITION NOD FACTORS L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.1. a-Proteobacteria: Rhizobium L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.1. a-Proteobacteria. Agrobacterium pTi L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.1. a-Proteobacteria: “acetic acid bacteria” They oxidize sugars and alcohols Acidophilic ETHANOL ETHANAL Gluconobacter ACETIC ACID e- e- H20 O2 Acetobacter L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.1. a-Proteobacteria: Caulobacter Prosthecae: cytoplasmic extrusions (stalks, hyphae, or appendages) Budding division (mother cells retain their original identity) Attachment, increased surface-to-volume ratio, reduced cell sinking Aquatic bacteria (either planctonic or benthonic) PROSTHECAE L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.2. b-Proteobacteria. Neisseria Aerobic diplococcus Penicillin sensitive Pathogens and normal microbiota Carrier state N. meningitidis (“meningococcus”) Aerosols Nasopharynx Blood stream: Meningitis (sudden onset of headheache, vomiting and stiff neck) Intravascular coagulation shock L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.2. b-Proteobacteria: Neisseria N. gonorrhoeae (“gonococcus”) - Very sensitive to environmental stress (drying, sunlight, UV light…) - High incidence (STD, ETS) - Mild symptoms* in women (asymptomatic carriers). PID - Complications if untreated Sexual contact Mucous membranes of the genitourinary tract Reasons? L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.2. b-Proteobacteria. Acidithiobacillus Chemolithotroph: donor: Fe2+ / acceptor: O2 They use large amounts of substrate (they fix CO2) pH acidic (acidiphilic) Acid mine drainage (formation of H2SO4 and Fe3+) (O2, water and bacteria) Thiobacillus ferrooxidans Biolixiviation L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.2. b-Proteobacterias. Zooglea WASTEWATER TREATMENT BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.3. g-Proteobacteria: Legionella Rods Complex nutritional requirements (Fe) Resistent to b-lactamic Terrestrial and aquatic habitats Waterborne, aerosols (no person-to-person) LEGIONELLOSIS L. pneumophila Pontiac fever Pneumonia Emerging disease (1976) Cases per 100.000 inhabitants. Spain L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.3. g-Proteobacteria: Legionella Legionella inside an alveolar macrophage L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.3. g-Proteobacteria: Haemophilus Haemophilus influenzae L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.3. g-Proteobacteria: Pseudomonas More than 100 species Some species utilize over 100 different compounds Aerobic chemoorganotrophic rods • Some chemolitotroph (H2, CO) • Some anaerobic (NO3- / fermentation) Sugar oxidation: Entner-Doudoroff pathway Fluorescent pigments L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.3. g-Proteobacteria: Pseudomonas Pseudomonas aeruginosa Opportunistic pathogen; intrahospitalary infections Resistence plasmids (plasmids R) Respiratory tract infections Skin infections Bacteremia Endocarditis Joint infections Fastrointestinalinfections UTI Eye infections CNS infections Upper respiratory tract infections Cystic fibrosis complications L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.3. g-Proteobacteria: Pseudomonas DEGRADATIVE MEGAPLASMIDS L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.3. g-Proteobacteria: Family Enterobacteriaceae Enteric bacteria Facultatively aerobic, gram negative rods • Fermentation of sugars to organic acids • Some respire NO3- to NO2- (never to N2) Virulence factors and pathogenicity L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.3. g-Proteobacteria: Family Enterobacteriaceae Escherichia Warm blooded animals Gut microbiota (comensals) Pathogenic strains: E. coli enterotoxigenic (ECET) E. coli enteropathogenic (ECEP) E. coli enterohemorrhagic (ECEH) (STEC) E. coli O157:H7 E. coli O104:H14 Gastroenteritis Hemolytic uremic syndrom (HUS) Urinary tract infections (UTI) L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 vitamin K L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.3. g-Proteobacterias. Familia Enterobacteriaceae Salmonella Habitat: gastrointestinal tract of wild and domestic animals, birds, pets, and insects. Zoonosis. Main pathogenic serovars: S. typhimurium: salmonellosis (enterocolitis) S. typhi: typhoid fever L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.3. g-Proteobacteria: Family Enterobacteriaceae Shigella Reservoir: infected gut S. dysenteriae: - Shigellosis or bacillary dysentery (“disentería bacilar”) - HUS Shigella cells invading intestinal epithelium L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.3. g-Proteobacteria: Family Enterobacteriaceae Yersinia: Y. pestis PLAGUE (bubonic, pneumonic and speticemic). Zoonotic disease. Gangrene and black spots (“black death”) Buboes (“bubones”) Bacteria in lung tissue L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.3. g-Proteobacterias: Vibrio Curved and straight rods Aquatic media Many species, some pathogenic: V. cholerae: cholera CHOLERA TOXIN L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.3. g-Proteobacteria: Photobacterium Autoinduction: “quorum sensing” FMN FMNH2 + O2 + RCHO NADH luciferase FMN + RCOOH + H2O + luz Inducer molecule: acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) NAD+ L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.4. d-Proteobacteria: Bdellovibrio “Predator” of other bacteria L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.4. d-Proteobacteria: SULFATE (AND SULFUR) REDUCING BACTERIA (SRB)* Desulfo- (generally) or Desulfuro- They reduce sulfate/sulfur(acceptors) Donors H2 O. M. Final products: H2S Strict anaerobes (anoxic environments) Group I: Acetate cannot be used as donor Sulfate reducing bacteria Group II: H2 and acetate can be used as donors Sulfate reducing bacteria Fixation of CO2 (acetil-CoA pathway) Group III: H2 or organic matter as donors S and sulfite reducing bacteria (NEVER sulfate) L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 *Some sulfate-reducing bacteria are not delta-proteobacteria 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.4. d-Proteobacteria: SULFUR AND SULFATE REDUCING BACTERIA m.o. Marine sediments O2 +0.8 NO3 - Mn+4 E’ (V) Fe+3 0 Consortia of SRB/methane oxidizing Archaea SO4 -2 -0.2 CO2 Stratification of electronic acceptors Limited organic matter Most important metabolism: sulfate reduction Competence (or not---) with methanogenic Archaea L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.4. d-Proteobacteria: MYXOBACTERIA Vegetative cells: long rods without flagella (names: Myxo…). Gliding. Fruiting bodies: cell-to-cell communication and differentiation L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.5. e-Proteobacteria: Campylobacter and Helicobacter (both microaerophilic) Campylobacter: acute gastroenteritis, food borne disease (chicken meat…) L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 Helicobacter: gastritis and ulcers http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/marshall-lecture.pdf L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 Nitrospira (independent phylum) Nitrifying Archaea 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.6. OTHER PROTEOBACTERIA: NITRIFYING BACTERIA a, b, g , and d Proteobacteria Electron donors: NH4+ and NO2- / Acceptor: O2 (Nitroso…/ Nitro…) They consume large amounts of substrate: chemolithoautotrops/ chemolithoheterotrophs Soils and waters; ammonia-rich sites; leaching of NO3Nitrification NH4+ Nitrosomonas NO2- NO3Nitrobacter AMO: ammonia monooxygenase NOR: nitrite oxidoreductase L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.6. OTHER PROTEOBACTERIA: SULFUR OXIDIZING BACTERIA a, b, g, e Proteobacteria Donors: H2S, S0, S2O32-, metallic suflides, H2 / Acceptor: O2 (sometimes NO3- ) S0 accumulation inside or outside the cell Acidithiobacillus: acidiphilic (A. ferrooxidans FeS2, Fe2+); autotrophs Thiomargarita: anaerobic oxidation (acceptor: NO3-) L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 Hydrothermal vents: H2S, H2, CO2, O2, N2... L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.6. OTHER PROTEOBACTERIA: PURPLE BACTERIA Anoxygenic phototrophs Reaction centre: bacteriochlorophylls Antenna pigments: BChl + carotenoids Photosynthetic systems: invaginations of the cytoplasmatic membrane L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.6. OTHER PROTEOBACTERIA: PURPLE BACTERIA ATP: Cyclic photophosphorilation Eo (-) NAD(P)H: Reverse electronic flow BChl EXCITED NAD(P)+ BChl EXCITED e- H+ cte- NAD(P)H cte- H+ e- H+ H+ eEo (+) LIGHT BChl BChl BASAL BASAL NO external electron donors for ATP Images property of Fernando Santos External electron donors for NAD(P)H H2S S0 Fe2+ S0 SO42Fe3+ L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.6. OTHER PROTEOBACTERIA: PURPLE BACTERIA g-Proteobacteria (“purple sulfur bacteria”): highly sensitive to O2; highly tolerant to [H2S] S compounds as electron donors. Photoautotrophs (Calvin cycle) Photoheterotrophs N2 fixers a/b-Proteobacteria (“purple nonsulfur bacteria”): more tolerance to O2; very sensitive to high [H2S] Chenoorganotrophs, Photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs N2 fixers Anoxic areas blooms Sulfide-rich waters Meromictic lakes, microbial mats (SRB) L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 Metabolic diversity of nonsulfur purple bacteria L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 Microbial mats: stratification of microbial populations driven by environmental gradients Images property of Fernando Santos L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.6. OTHER PROTEOBACTERIA: METHANOTROPHS Methylotrophs vs. methanotrophs Biotic and abiotic methane Where does the methane come from? Methanotrophs vs. methanogens L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.6. OTHER PROTEOBACTERIA: METHANOTROPHS (Methylo…) Type I Type II L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 Methane as energy source Methano Methanol Formalhehyde CO2 Methane monooxygenase L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 Methane as carbon source Methane Methanol Type I Formalhehyde biomass Type II Ribulose monophosph ate pathway Serine pathway L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 3. Phylum Proteobacteria 3.6. OTHER PROTEOBACTERIA: RICKETTSIAS a/g Proteobacteria Obligate intracellular parasites* Induce phagocytosis, do not survive outside hosts Highly specific energy metabolism*, synthesize few compounds Transmitted by arthropod vectors Damage to blood vessels Epidemic tifus (Rickettsia prowazekii) Vector: human louse Rocky Mountains spotty fever (Rickettsia rickettsii) Vector: tick *Q Fever (Coxiella) Vectors: tick, aerosols, dairy products One bacteria is enough!! (Biological weapon) Fever, headheach, weakness Rash Organ infections High mortality untreated L. 6: Bacteria Domain (II). 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014 *Exception