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Mother and Child Health
Mother Health
 Mortality:
• All around the World, 289 000 women died in 2013.
 Access to skilled care:
• < 50% of deliveries were attended by a skilled attendant in low-income countries
Preventing unintended pregnancies:
• 12% of women 15-49 married or in union wanting to avoid a pregnancy did not have
access to or are not using an effective method of contraception
Maternal mortality ratio, (per 100.000 live births), 2013
Maternal mortality ratio, international comparison, (per 100.000 live births), 2013
FERTILITY INDICATORS
 Age-specific fertility rate:
• The number of births per 1000 women in the age group. A measure for assessing the current age
pattern of child bearing.
• It is defined in terms of the number of live births during a specified period to women in the
particular age group divided by the number of woman lived in that age group during the specified
period.
 Total fertility rate:
• The total number of births a woman would have by the end of her childbearing period if she
were to pass through those years bearing children at the currently observed rates of agespecific fertility.
• It is obtained by summing the age-specific fertility rates and multiplying by five.
 General fertility rate:
• The number of live births occurring during a specified period per 1,000 women age 15-44.
 Crude birth rate:
• Crude birth rate (CBR) is the number of births per 1,000 population during a specified period.
FERTILITY INDICATORS
Age-specific and total fertility rates, the general fertility rate, and the crude birth rate,
Turkey 2013.
Age-Specific Fertility Rates
Trends in Fertility
Infant and Child Health
 Mortality:
• 6.3 million children under age five died in 2013, nearly 17 000 every day
• In 2013, 4.6 million (74% of all under-five deaths) occurred within the first year of life
 Causes of death:
• 83% of deaths in children under age five are caused by infectious, neonatal or
nutritional conditions
Preventing under 5 deaths:
• 59% of children with suspected pneumonia are taken for treatment to an
appropriate care providers
Source: Levels and Trends in Child Mortality, UNICEF, 2014.
Infant and Child Mortality
 Neonatal Mortality:
• The probability of dying in the first month of life.
 Post-neonatal mortality:
• The probability of dying after the first month of life but before the first birthday
 Infant mortality:
• The probability of dying in the first year of life
 Child mortality:
• The probability of dying between the first and fifth birthday
 Under-five mortality:
• The probability of dying before the fifth birthday
Infant and Child Mortality
• The rates of childhood mortality are expressed as deaths per 1,000
live births, except in the case of child mortality, which is expressed as
deaths per 1,000 children surviving to age one.
Between 20-29, it is the lowest
Breastfeeding
Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months of
life.
At six months, solid foods, such as mashed fruits and vegetables,
should be introduced to complement breastfeeding for up to two
years or more.
Breastfeeding should begin within one hour of birth
Breastfeeding should be "on demand", as often as the child wants
day and night.
Bottles or pacifiers should be avoided.
Breastfeeding
• Breast milk is safe and contains antibodies that help protect infants
from common childhood illnesses such as diarrhea and pneumonia,
the two primary causes of child mortality worldwide.
• Breast milk is readily available and affordable, which helps to ensure
that infants get adequate nutrition.
• Breastfeeding also benefits mothers. Exclusive breastfeeding is
associated with a natural (though not fail-safe) method of birth
control (98% protection in the first six months after birth). It reduces
risks of breast and ovarian cancer later in life, helps women return to
their pre-pregnancy weight faster, and lowers rates of obesity.
Breastfeeding
• Beyond the immediate benefits for children, breastfeeding contributes to a
lifetime of good health. Adolescents and adults who were breastfed as
babies are less likely to be overweight or obese. They are less likely to have
type-2 diabetes and perform better in intelligence tests.
• Infant formula does not contain the antibodies found in breast milk. When
infant formula is not properly prepared, there are risks arising from the use
of unsafe water and unsterilized equipment or the potential presence of
bacteria in powdered formula. Malnutrition can result from over-diluting
formula to "stretch" supplies. While frequent feeding maintains breast milk
supply, if formula is used but becomes unavailable, a return to
breastfeeding may not be an option due to diminished breast milk
production.
Breastfeeding
• Beyond the immediate benefits for children, breastfeeding contributes to a
lifetime of good health. Adolescents and adults who were breastfed as
babies are less likely to be overweight or obese. They are less likely to have
type-2 diabetes and perform better in intelligence tests.
• Infant formula does not contain the antibodies found in breast milk. When
infant formula is not properly prepared, there are risks arising from the use
of unsafe water and unsterilized equipment or the potential presence of
bacteria in powdered formula. Malnutrition can result from over-diluting
formula to "stretch" supplies. While frequent feeding maintains breast milk
supply, if formula is used but becomes unavailable, a return to
breastfeeding may not be an option due to diminished breast milk
production.