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EUROPEAN THEATER
CHAPTER 28
INVASION OF POLAND
• AFTER THE MOLOTOV-RIBBENTROP PACT WAS
SIGNED ENGLAND AND FRANCE SET AN ULTAMTIUM
ON GERMANY INVADE POLAND WE WILL DECLARE
WAR
• SEPTMEBER 1, 1939, HITLER LAUNCHES A
BLITZKRIEG(LIGHTNING WAR) INTO POLAND
SEPTMEBER 3, 1939 ENGLAND AND FRANCE DECLARE
WAR ON GERMANY
AFTER THIS SUCCESS HITLER STOPS HIS AGGRESSION
SITZKRIEG(SITTING WAR)
WAR BEGINS
• AT THE START THE OPPONENTS OF THE WAR WERE:
• GERMANY vs. ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND POLAND
• BY THE END OF THE WAR THE OPPONENTS WILL BE
• AXIS POWERS: GERMANY, ITALY, AND JAPAN(approx. 7
nations aligned)
• ALLIED POWERS: ENGLAND, FRANCE, RUSSIA, UNITED
STATES AND CHINA(approx. 49 nations)
• 56 NATIONS FOUGHT IN THE WAR
EUROPEAN WAR
• GERMANY DID NOT MAKE ANOTHER MILITARY MOVE
UNTIL SPRING OF 1940
• FIRST A BLITZKRIEG ON NORWAY AND DENMARK
• MAY 1940 THEY INVADE THE NETHERLANDS AND
BELGIUM ON THEIR WAY TO FRANCE
• ENGLAND AND FRANCE RUSHED TO THE FRONT, BUT
THE BLITZKRIEG WAS TOO MUCH
• THE GERMANS LAUNCHED A SECOND ATTACK
FRONT AGAINST FRANCE THROUGH THE ARDENNES
FOREST
EUROPEAN WAR
• WINSTON CHURCHILL IS RESOLVED TO FIGHT THIS WAR
AGAINST GERMANY
• ON JUNE 4, 1940 HE SPEAKS BEFORE PARLIAMENT
• “I have, myself, full confidence that if all do their duty, if nothing is
neglected, and if the best arrangements are made, as they are being
made, we shall prove ourselves once again able to defend our Island
home, to ride out the storm of war, and to outlive the menace of tyranny,
if necessary for years, if necessary alone…. We shall go on to the end,
• we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans,
• we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air,
we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be,
• we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds,
• we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills;
• we shall never surrender
EUROPEAN WAR
• THIS FLANKING MOVE TRAPPED BRITISH AND FRENCH FORCES
ALONG THE COAST AT THE CITY OF DUNKIRK
• THE BATTLE OF DUNKIRK: THIS WAS MORE AN ESCAPE FROM
DUNKIRK THAN A BATTLE, ALLIED FORCES ABANDONED THEIR
EQUIPMENT, THEY WERE RESCUED BY MILITARY AND CIVILIAN
BOATS, OVER 300,000 SOLDIERS WERE SAVED, FRANCE LOST
850K+(92K dead, 350 wounded, 500k captured) Germany
lost 160K
• JUNE 22,1940 PARIS FELL, FRANCE WAS OFFICIALLY OUT OF
THE WAR, THE FRENCH RESISTENCE WOULD CONTINUE THE
FIGHT THROUGHOUT THE WAR
• ENGLAND WAS NOW ALONE TO FIGHT THE GERMANS
BATTLE OF BRITIAN
• THIS BATTLE BEGAN IN AUGUST AND LASTED THROUGH
EARLY 1941-OPERATION SEA LION
• THE BATTLE WAS AN AIR COMBAT BATTLE, THE GERMANS
LAUNCHED A BLITZ OF BOMBING RAIDS OVER ENGLANDTHE ATTEMPT WAS TO WEAKEN THE COUNTRY FOR AN
INVASION
• RADAR A NEW TECHNOLGY ALLOWED THE BRITISH SEE AND
TARGET GERMAN PLANES BEFORE VISIBLE SIGHTING
• THE GERMANS ATTACKED MAJOR CITIES, TARGETS WERE
MILITARY AND CIVILIAN; LONDON BEING A MAIN TARGET
• "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed
by so many to so few.” CHURCHILL
AMERICA
• WHEN THE WAR BROKE OUT IN 1939 THE U.S. TOOK A
POSITION OF NEUTRALITY
• WE WERE HELPING THE CHINESE-FLYING TIGERS
• WE PROVIDED WAR MATERIALS TO ENGLAND ON A
“CASH AND CARRY” POLICY
• AS THE BRITISH BECAME ISOLATED AFTER DUNKIRK THE
U.S. BEGAN THE LEND LEASE POLICY-ROOSEVELTS
“GARDEN HOSE SPEECH”
SOVIET UNION
• IN JUNE 1941, HITLER TRIED TO INVADE THE SOVIET
UNION
• HITLER BROKE HIS DEAL WITH THE SOVIETS AND
BEGAN A BLITZ INTO RUSSIA
• HIS PRIMARY TARGETS WERE: LENINGRAD(ST.
PETERSBURG), AND MOSCOW-OPERATION
BARBAROSSA
• SOVIETS WERE POORLY TRAINED AND EQUIPPED, BUT
THE RUSSIAN WINTER STALLED GERMAN ADVANCES
• THE GERMANS WERE NOT PREPARED FOR THE WINTER
AND HAD TO STOP
SOVIET UNION
TWO MAJOR EVENTS OF THE RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN WAS THE SIEGE OF
LENINGRAD(ST. PETERSBURG) AND STALINGARD
GERMANY WAS UNABLE TO CAPTURE LENINGRAD IN 1941, SO THE
ARMY WAS ORDERED TO BLACKADE THE CITY
GERMANY BLOCKED THE CITY FOR ABOUT A YEAR, THE RESULTS
ABOUT 1MILLION CIVILIANS DIED-MANY STARVING TO DEATH
BATTLE OF STALINGRAD-IN THE SPRING OF 1942 GERMANY BEGAN A
BLITZ ON THE CITY, DESTROYING MOST OF IT BY BOMBING RAIDS,
GERMAN TROOPS LATER MOVED IN ON SOVIET TROOPS, THE BATTLE
LASTED ABOUT 6 MONTHS, STALIN REFUSED TO ALLOW HIS ARMY TO
RETREAT OR SURRENDER(1MILLION DEATHS) BY JANUARY OF 1943
THE GERMANS WERE CAPTURED
THIS MARKED A TURNING POINT FOR THE SOVIETS, PLUS THE U.S. IS
NOW OFFICIALLY IN THE WAR
BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC
• THIS WAS NOT A SPECIFIC NAVAL BATTLE, IT WAS A
CONTINUED EFFORT TO CONTROL THE SHIPPING
LANES OF THE ATLANTIC
• THE GERMANS WOULD USE SUBMARINES TO ATTACK
SUPPLY SHIPS
• THE ALLIES WOULD USES THE CONVOY SYSTEM TO
PROTECT THE MERCHANT SHIPS
• BY 1943 MORE ESCORT SHIPS, ESCORT PLANES AND
RADAR ALLOWED THE ALLIES TO FINALLY CONTROL
THE ATLANTIC
NORTH AFRICA
• OPERATION TORCH- CODE NAME FOR THE ALLIED
CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE GERMANS
• ALLIED OFFICERS: GEORGE PATTON, DWIGHT
EISENHOWER(US), BERNARD MONTGOMERY(BRITISH)
• GERMAN OFFICER: ERWIN ROMMEL
• KEY VICTORY AT KASSERINE PASS(TUNISIA) PUSHED THE
GERMANS OUT OF THE WEST, THEN MONTGOMERY’S
VICTORY AT EL ALAMEIN(EGYPT) PUSHED THE LAST
GERMAN ARMY OUT OF NORTH AFRICA
• ESTABLISHING BASES ALONG THE COAST ALLOWED THE
ALLIES TO LAUNCH AN INVASION INTO ITALY
ITALIAN CAMPAIGN
• JULY 1943 THROUGH MAY 1944
• GOALS: CAPITALIZE ON THE COLLAPSE OF ITALIAN
RESISTENCE, IMMEDIATE PRESSURE IN EUROPE, OCCUPY
GERMAN TROOPS,SECURE AIRFIELDS, CONTROL
MEDITERRANEAN
• ALLIED OFFICERS: CLARK, PATTON, BRADLEY(US);
MONTGOMERY(BRITISH)
• KESSELRING(GERMANY)
• VICTORY BY MAY 1944, LEVELS OF RESISTENCE UNTIL THE
END OF THE WAR
OPERATION OVERLORD
• COMMONLY CALLED D-DAY; JUNE 6, 1944
• ALLIED FORCES LAND ON 5 BEACH LOCATIONS
ALONG THE NORTH COAST OF FRANCE-NORMANDY
• BEACHES: UTAH, OMAHA-US; GOLD, SWORD-BRITISH;
JUNO-CANADA
• GOALS: LIBERATE FRANCE, DRIVE THE GERMANS
BACK TO GERMANY, END THE WAR
• SUPREME COMMANDER: DWIGHT EISENHOWER
BATTLE OF THE BULGE
• IN DECEMBER 1944, THE GERMANS HAD BEEN
PUSHED BACK TO BELGUIM, HITLER ORDERED HIS
ARMIES TO LAUNCH A MASSIVE COUNTER ATTACK IN
AN ATTEMPT TO SPLIT ALLIED FORCES-DIVIDE AND
CONQUER TACTIC
• GERMAN FORCES WERE ABLE TO PUSH THE ALLIES
BACK, BUT WERE NOT ABLE TO BREAK THE LINES
• THIS CAUSED A BULGE IN THE ALLIED LINES-HENCE
THE BATTLE OF THE BULGE
• THE ALLIES WERE ABLE TO STOP THE GERMAN
ADVANCE BY JANUARY 25, 1945
BATTLE OF THE BULGE
• THE MALMEDY MASSACRE-150 AMERICANS WERE
KILLED BY THE GERMANS AFTER SURRENDERING AND
BEING DISARMED-DEC 17,1944
• CHENOGNE MASSACRE-AMERICANS WERE
ORDERED TO TAKE NO PRISONERS, ON JAN 1, 1945,
U.S. SOLDIERS KILLED 66 GERMAN PRISONERS
• THE SIEGE OF BASTONE- U.S. OFFICER ANTHONY
McAULIFFE RESPONSE TO A GERMAN CALL FOR
SURRENDER “NUTS”
BATTLE OF THE BULGE
• U.S OFFICERS: EISENHOWER, OMAR BRADLEY, HODGES,
PATTON, McAULIFFE
• BRITISH OFFICER: MONTGOMERY
• GERMAN OFFICERS: RUNDSTEDT, MANFEUFFEL, DIETRICH,
BRANDENBERGER
• AT THIS POINT THE GERMANS WERE DONE; THE SOVIETS
MOVED INTO BERLIN IN MAY1945, FOUND HITLER DEADSUICIDE, GUN SHOT TO THE HEAD
• THE U.S. ENTERS BERLIN, THE GERMANS SURRENDER MAY 7TH,
V-E DAY IS DECLARED MAY 8, 1945
THE WAR ENDS
• CASUALTIES TOTALS: 72.5 MILLION, MILITARY AND
CIVILIAN
• RUSSIA-25 M, 9.7 M MILITARY, 13 M CIVILIAN
• GERMANY- 8 M, 5.5 M MILITARY, 2.5 CIVILIAN
• POLAND- 5.7 M, 240 K MILITARY, 2.4 M CIVILIAN
• UNITED STATES- 300+ K, 300+ MILITARY
• U.S. CIVILIAN CASUALTIES FOR THE WAR WAS 1,000 IN
BOTH THEATERS COMBINED
POST WAR GERMANY
• AFTER THE UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER OF
GERMANY, THE ALLIES WILL GO THROUGH A
PROCESS OF REMOVING THE NAZI FROM POWER
• EACH ALLIED NATION WILL BE GIVEN A PORTION OF
GERMANY TO CARRY OUT THIS PROCESS, ALONG
WITH A PORTION OF THE CAPITAL-BERLIN
• ALSO PART OF THE PROCESS WILL BE NAZI LEADERS
WILL BE ARRESTED AND TRIED FOR WAR CRIMES AND
CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY OF THESE TRIALS WILL BE
HELA IN NUREMBURG