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Information Structures: Standards Week 7 Lecture notes INF 380E: Perspectives on Information 1 Standards • Generally speaking, a standard is simply an agreed-upon way of doing things • What does this mean when it comes to: – the communication of information – information organization 2 Communication standards • Standardization is at the heart of our ability to communicate. • At one level, we agree upon the words for things. – and the ways of putting words together into sentences • At another level, we agree that make making noises with our vocal chords is a way to send information. – as is making marks on paper – as is making certain kinds of movements 3 Communication over networks • In order to communicate over electronic networks, certain standard protocols have been developed. • As well as standardized models for how the pieces of a network fit together. 4 TCP • The Transmission Control Protocol is a set of rules for transmitting data in a reliable way such that it can be transmitted over a network. 5 Internet addresses are standardized • each internet address is a pattern of 128 bits – this can be represented in a decimal notation • the pattern gives a blocked structure to network locations – internet service providers are allotted blocks and provide individual addresses to users • there is then an addressing system that associates a domain name that can be used to access information at a particular network address 6 HTTP • The Hypertext Transmission Protocol is a particular way to package text-like information and send/retrieve it over a network. 7 HTML • is a standardized way to encode text-like information such that it is ready to be transmitted across the web. 8 Interoperability • HIMSS – interoperability is the ability of different information technology systems and software applications to communicate, exchange data, and use information that has been exchanged 9 Three Levels of Interoperability (HIMSS) 1. foundational • allows data exchange from one information technology system to be received by another • does not require the ability for the receiving information technology system to interpret the data. • System B can “receive” data from System A 10 Three Levels of Interoperability (HIMSS) 2. structural • relies on the syntax of the data exchange. • ensures that data exchanges between information technology systems can be interpreted at the data field level. • system B can “read in” data from system A 11 Three Levels of Interoperability (HIMSS) 3. semantic • ability of two or more systems or elements to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged • relies on both the structuring of the data exchange and the codification of the data -- including vocabulary -- so that the receiving information technology systems can interpret the data. • system B can “understand” data from system A 12 Activity • Move into groups. • Say hello to your group members and remind each other of your names. 13 Three Levels of Interoperability 1. foundational • allows data exchange from one information technology system to be received by another • does not require the ability for the receiving information technology system to interpret the data. • System B can “receive” data from System A 2. structural • relies on the syntax of the data exchange. • ensures that data exchanges between information technology systems can be interpreted at the data field level. • system B can “read in” data from system A 3. semantic • ability of two or more systems or elements to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged • relies on both the structuring of the data exchange and the codification of the data including vocabulary so that the receiving information technology systems can interpret the data. • system B can “understand” data from system A 14 Development and implementation • By developing shared standards we can have more universal descriptions • A standard is an agreed-upon way of making a series of choices – some technical – some conceptual • By documenting our choice of standards we make our descriptions more useful 15 Standards for Interoperability in Science • Bowker and Millerand describe the development of a metadata system for ecological data • to support the “frictionless circulation of data across diverse technical platforms, organizational environments, disciplines, and institutions” 16 Challenges • Local practices for describing ecological data traditionally oriented around production of scientific papers – e.g. data recorded in units shaped for the research project at hand – organization and description of data by scientists • Not around creation of shareable, universally reusable datasets – requires a system-level perspective – and orientation around datasets as products 17 Challenges of another sort • Nunberg points to some problems in Google Books metadata. – This metadata is, in some sense, very standardized. – What are some of the problems? – Where do they seem to come from? • Is this an over-application of computational thinking? 18 Principles and Practicalities Find partner and discuss: • What are some of the principles discussed by Duval, et al.? • What types of metadata do they discuss and how do those types interact with the desire for standardization? 19 The Europeana Data Model • This data model for metadata is intended to provide a structure that can address some of the principles described by Duval, et al. • The data model – separates a resource from descriptions of the resource – allow many separate descriptions of the same resource to be aggregated – then users should be able to access the version of the description that works best for them 20