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South seceded from the Union to form the Confederacy Civil War 1861-1865 Texas South lacks resources, supplies, soldiers Ends when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrenders to Union General Ulysses S. Grant April 9, 1865 April 14, 1865-Lincoln assassinated 1863-President Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation, which frees slaves Texans do not hear about this, though June 19, 1865 Union General Gordon Granger lands at Galveston and proclaims that the slaves in Texas are free “Juneteenth” Federal agency designed to help former slaves and manage Confederate-seized land General E.M. Gregory-head of Texas bureau Find jobs for freed Texans Issue food/clothing to sick, aged, and poor Opens public schools (eventually closed when the bureau ceased operation) Defended rights of former slaves in court Texas is a large state with poor transportation/communication system Hostility of whites Texans (and Southerners in general) Since African Americans are free, some go in search of family members from whom they were separated Since other southern states were destroyed during the war, southerners came to Texas looking for land. More Europeans came to Texas (Germans, Irish, French, English, Austrians, Czechs, Scots, Swedes, and Swiss) Period lasting from 1865-1870s Southern states are gradually brought back into the Union Rebuilding the Union Disagreement among Northerners about how the South should be handled Lincoln feels like the former Confederate states should be given some sympathy After assassination, President Andrew Johnson continues Lincoln’s plan Set up a provisional government in each southern state with troops to protect them Must prohibit slavery Must nullify, or cancel, ordinance of secession Citizens must take oath of allegiance to US Voting requirements Confederate leaders must seek pardon from president After this, southern states can write new constitutions Andrew Jackson Hamilton appointed governor by President Johnson Against Texas secession, like Sam Houston Honest and fair-minded But most Texans liked him because he wanted the Reconstruction process to go smoothly Governor Hamilton appointed many state and local officers who took the oath of allegiance Delegates wrote a new constitution (some of these delegates were former Confederates who got pardons) Declares slavery illegal Declares secession illegal Schools for African Americans DOES NOT give them full rights, because African Americans do not have the right to vote (disappoints Governor Hamilton) Ratified June 1866 Some Northerners think that Lincoln and Johnson were “going too easy” on the former Confederate states They wanted Congress to decide how they should be readmitted into the Union Why do you think Congress felt this way? Most elected southern officials were exConfederates Example: newly elected Texas Governor Throckmorton had been a Confederate general It made Congress very nervous and upset that the very people who called for secession were basically back in power. Changes to the Constitution passed by Congress 13th amendment-abolishes slavery 14th amendment-grants citizenship to former enslaved people Texas legislators and other southern states refuse to ratify, or accept, these amendments Southern states started passing black codes Black codes-Laws limiting the rights of African Americans (not as restrictive in Texas, but still offensive) Examples: Not allowed to vote Not allowed to testify against a white person Cannot serve on juries If African Americans don’t have a job or home, they work for a plantation owner Northerners who want stricter regulations for Southern states to get back in the Union Want Congress to set up these regulations Want to protect the rights of and freedoms about African Americans (they think that in the long run, they will stay in power this way) Many get elected to Congress in 1866 They can override any presidential veto They do not get along with President Johnson and even vote to impeach him Remove him from office because of misconduct Senate fails to convict him Radical Republican Congress’s plan for Southern states to reenter the Union 1. Military governs 1 of 5 districts of the South (TX and LA are one district) 2. State constitutions must give African American men the right to vote and to hold office 3. Require states to ratify the 14th amendment and 15th amendment (guarantees African Americans the right to vote) 4. Must repeal the black codes 5. Voters must take Ironclad Oath which states that southerners had not served in Confederate army (prevents many from voting) This plan pleased many Unionists and African Americans Southerners VERY mad In Texas, Governor Throckmorton did NOT put these laws into effect. Elisha M. Pease appointed governor of Texas after Throckmorton was removed by Unionists Well respected by Texans, as well as Radical Republicans All across Texas, ex-Confederates were removed from office and replaced with Radical Republican sympathizers Scalawags-Southern whites who supported Reconstruction Carpetbaggers-Northerners who came to the South during Reconstruction to help rebuild the nation Ku Klux Klan-group of white Southerners who used terror to prevent African Americans from exercising their rights Written by delegates including African Americans No one excluded from voting due to race or color Support for public education Extended rights of African Americans Many African Americans elected to office Edmund J. Davis (Radical Republican choice) elected to governor in 1869 Ratified of the 14th and 15th amendment Everything seems to be ok in Texas BUT, March 30, 1870, President Ulysses S. Grant declares that Reconstruction in Texas had ended…………. Many Texans did not like Republican Governor Davis Argued that he gave too many rights to African Americans and Tejanos Tried to restrict rights of white Southerners Increased spending (education, etc.) meant that state debt increased Many Texans overlooked the successes of Davis 1872 anti-Davis Democrats won a majority of seats in the state legislature They reduced the power of the governor and abolished the state police force Richard Coke (ex-Confederate) ran against Davis for governor and won Fighting over when Coke will be sworn in Coke sworn in January 15, 1874, and Davis forced to leave Reconstruction is officially over