Download Motivation and Emotion

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
THEORIES
DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY
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CLARK HULL—YALE
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DREW ON IDEAS FROM PAVLOV, WATSON, AND DARWIN
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ALL MOTIVATION ARISES AS A RESULT OF BIOLOGICAL NEEDS. IN HIS
THEORY, HULL USED THE TERM DRIVE TO REFER TO THE STATE OF
TENSION OR AROUSAL CAUSED BY BIOLOGICAL OR
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS. THIRST, HUNGER AND THE NEED FOR
WARMTH ARE ALL EXAMPLES OF DRIVES. A DRIVE CREATES AN
UNPLEASANT STATE; A TENSION THAT NEEDS TO BE REDUCED.
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IN ORDER TO REDUCE THIS STATE OF TENSION, HUMANS AND
ANIMALS SEEK OUT WAYS TO FULFILL THESE BIOLOGICAL NEEDS.
WE GET A DRINK WHEN WE ARE THIRSTY. WE EAT WHEN WE ARE
HUNGRY. WE TURN UP THE THERMOSTAT WHEN WE ARE COLD. HE
SUGGESTED THAT HUMANS AND ANIMALS WILL THEN REPEAT ANY
BEHAVIOR THAT REDUCES THESE DRIVES.
AROUSAL THEORY/YERKES-DODSON LAW
• 1908—ROBERT YERKES AND JOHN
DILLINGHAM DODSON
• A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF AROUSAL
(EXCITEMENT) IMPROVES PERFORMANCE;
BUT TOO MUCH INHIBITS
• EXAMPLES?
INCENTIVE THEORY
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IN CONTRAST TO OTHER THEORIES THAT SAY WE ARE MOTIVATED
BY INTERNAL DRIVES, INCENTIVE THEORY SAYS WE ARE MOTIVATED
BY EXTERNAL INCENTIVES OR REWARDS
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INCENTIVES CAN BE USED TO GET PEOPLE TO ENGAGE IN CERTAIN
BEHAVIORS, BUT THEY CAN ALSO BE USED TO GET PEOPLE TO STOP
PERFORMING CERTAIN ACTIONS.
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INCENTIVES ONLY BECOME POWERFUL IF THE INDIVIDUAL PLACES
IMPORTANCE ON THE REWARD.
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REWARDS HAVE TO BE OBTAINABLE IN ORDER TO BE MOTIVATING.
FOR EXAMPLE, A STUDENT WILL NOT BE MOTIVATED TO EARN A TOP
GRADE ON AN EXAM IF THE ASSIGNMENT IS SO DIFFICULT THAT IT IS
NOT REALISTICALLY ACHIEVABLE.
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
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THIS IS THE FEELING OF UNCOMFORTABLE TENSION WHICH COMES FROM
HOLDING TWO CONFLICTING THOUGHTS IN THE MIND AT THE SAME TIME.
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DISSONANCE INCREASES WITH:
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THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SUBJECT TO US.
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HOW STRONGLY THE DISSONANT THOUGHTS CONFLICT.
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OUR INABILITY TO RATIONALIZE AND EXPLAIN AWAY THE CONFLICT.
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DISSONANCE IS OFTEN STRONG WHEN WE BELIEVE SOMETHING ABOUT
OURSELVES AND THEN DO SOMETHING AGAINST THAT BELIEF. IF I BELIEVE I AM
GOOD BUT DO SOMETHING BAD, THEN THE DISCOMFORT I FEEL AS A RESULT IS
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE.
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COGNITIVE DISSONANCE IS A VERY POWERFUL MOTIVATOR WHICH WILL
OFTEN LEAD US TO CHANGE ONE OR OTHER OF THE CONFLICTING BELIEF OR
ACTION. THE DISCOMFORT OFTEN FEELS LIKE A TENSION BETWEEN THE TWO
OPPOSING THOUGHTS. TO RELEASE THE TENSION WE CAN TAKE ONE OF THREE
ACTIONS:
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CHANGE OUR BEHAVIOR.
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JUSTIFY OUR BEHAVIOR BY CHANGING THE CONFLICTING COGNITION.
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JUSTIFY OUR BEHAVIOR BY ADDING NEW COGNITIONS.
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DISSONANCE IS MOST POWERFUL WHEN IT IS ABOUT OUR SELF-IMAGE.
FEELINGS OF FOOLISHNESS, IMMORALITY AND SO ON (INCLUDING INTERNAL
PROJECTIONS DURING DECISION-MAKING) ARE DISSONANCE IN ACTION.
INTRINSIC/EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
• EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION OCCURS WHEN WE
ARE MOTIVATED TO PERFORM A BEHAVIOR OR
ENGAGE IN AN ACTIVITY IN ORDER TO EARN A
REWARD OR AVOID A PUNISHMENT.
• INTRINSIC MOTIVATION INVOLVES ENGAGING
IN A BEHAVIOR BECAUSE IT IS PERSONALLY
REWARDING; ESSENTIALLY, PERFORMING AN
ACTIVITY FOR ITS OWN SAKE RATHER THAN
THE DESIRE FOR SOME EXTERNAL REWARD.