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The Era of Reform: Change is coming… How did the reform movement of the early to mid-1800’s change life for Americans? The Roots of the Reform Spirit • _______________– humans can make our own path to heaven with good deeds • Transcendentalism – stressed relationship with __________ and individual ________ • _________ –collaborative communities • Writers/Poets: Harriet Beecher Stowe, _____________ • Election of ___________= Validation of the power of the common man to be a leader in democratic government The Roots of the Reform Spirit • Second Great Awakening – humans can make our own path to heaven with good deeds • Transcendentalism – stressed relationship with nature, individual conscience • Utopias –collaborative communities • Writers/Poets: Hawthorne, Melville, Poe, Longfellow, Whitman, Dickenson, Harriet Beecher Stowe • Election of Andrew Jackson = Validation of the power of the common man to be a leader in democratic government Temperance Movement • Alcohol abuse was widespread, especially in the ______and among ________workers. • Religious reformers and women’s rights activists blamed alcohol for poverty, family problems, crime, and insanity. • 1851 - ________ bans manufacturing and sale of alcohol –other states follow. • Temperance laws are soon repealed, but seeds are planted for early 1900’s _______________. Temperance Movement • Alcohol abuse was widespread, especially in the west and among urban workers. • Religious reformers and women’s rights activists blamed alcohol for poverty, family problems, crime, and insanity. • 1851 - Maine bans manufacturing and sale of alcohol –other states follow. • Temperance laws are soon repealed, but seeds are planted for early 1900’s prohibition. Treatment of Prisoners and Mentally Ill • Prisoners subject to _____ and _______punishment • _________ prisons - prisoners can’t work/ pay debt • Mentally ill were __________for insanity Treatment of Prisoners and Mentally Ill • Prisoners subject to Cruel and unusual punishment • Debtors prisons - prisoners can’t work/ pay debt • Mentally ill were punished for insanity Reforms in the Treatment of Prisoners and Mentally Ill • __________– Mentally ill should be treated • Report on the conditions of Massachusetts mental health institutions led to _______________ • Eliminated debtors prisons and cruel and unusual punishment • Created ________system Reforms in the Treatment of Prisoners and Mentally Ill • Dorothea Dix– Mentally ill should be treated • Report on the conditions of Massachusetts mental health institutions led to public asylums • Eliminated debtors prisons and cruel and unusual punishment • Created juvenile justice system State of Education – Early 1800’s • “Democracy could not survive without ________ citizens” – Thomas Jefferson • Only ____________schools provided free public education • Other areas had to pay fees or send children to ________________ State of Education – Early 1800’s • “Democracy could not survive without educated citizens” – Thomas Jefferson • Only New England schools provided free public education • Other areas had to pay fees or send children to schools for the poor Education Reform • Three basic Principles of Education: _________schools, _______ teachers, all children required to go to school • Most schools were poorly _______and many children did not attend • Higher education became available to _______ and ________ Americans Education Reform • Three basic Principles of Education: free/taxsupported schools, trained teachers, all children required to go to school • Most schools were poorly funded and many children did not attend • Higher education became available to Women and African Americans Women’s Rights Violations • Men considered the _________ of women • Women ________were first suffragists • _________ resented the sexism in the anti-slavery movement • Women faced opposition from most – wasn’t _______ to speak-out in public Women’s Rights Violations • Men considered the guardians of women • Women abolitionists were first suffragists • Quakers resented the sexism in the anti-slavery movement • Women faced opposition from most – wasn’t ladylike to speak-out in public Women’s Rights RefoRm • Sojourner _______ – spoke throughout the north about abolitionism and women’s rights • Elizabeth Cady _______worked with Lucretia ______to organize the ____________Convention • Susan B. _______ fought for equal pay, college training and co-education • Women’s _________did not achieve full rights until 1920’s Women’s Rights RefoRm • Sojourner Truth – spoke throughout the north about abolitionism and women’s rights • Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked with Lucretia Mott to organize the Seneca Falls Convention • Susan B. Anthony fought for equal pay, college training and co-education • Women’s suffrage did not achieve full rights until 1920’s Abolitionism • Started during Revolutionary war time – ___________of the Constitutional Convention • How could “America, the Land of the Free” still allow slavery? • ________________________ ended in 1808 – Northern shipping companies lost interest in slaves, continued to profit from slave labor Abolitionism • Started during Revolutionary war time – Great compromise of the Constitutional Convention • How could “America, the Land of the Free” still allow slavery? • Intercontinental slave trade ended in 1808 – Northern shipping companies lost interest in slaves, continued to profit from slave labor Barriers to Abolishment of Slavery • _________ States were morally opposed to slavery, but could not support abolition because of political and economic reasons: – Slaves would take ______away from northerners – Abolition would disrupt __________ – Radical Abolitionists like William Lloyd ____________were a threat to the Union and could start a bloody civil war • Southern States argued: – Southern ___________ was dependent on slave labor – it allowed Americans to experience great culture and prosperity – Slaves were better-off working on ___________than they would be on their own or working in Northern factories – Slavery was a decision to be left up to the ______ – federal government had no right to override states’ rights – if Federal Government could take away this state right, they could take away any state right Barriers to Abolishment of Slavery • Northern States were morally opposed to slavery, but could not support abolition because of political and economic reasons: – Slaves would take jobs away from northerners – Abolition would disrupt social order – Radical Abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison were a threat to the Union and could start a bloody civil war • Southern States argued: – Southern economy was dependent on slave labor – it allowed Americans to experience great culture and prosperity – Slaves were better-off working on plantations than they would be on their own or working in Northern factories – Slavery was a decision to be left up to the states – federal government had no right to override states’ rights – if Federal Government could take away this state right, they could take away any state right Progress in Abolitionism • ____________– North Star (abolitionist Newspaper) • ____________– Underground Railroad frees hundreds of slaves • ______ sisters – Quaker abolitionists who paved the way for women to speak out against slavery • Abolitionists were still far outnumbered in the North • 1861 – _________ Erupts • 1863 – Lincoln issues ______________________= Slavery Abolished in all confederate states (ignored by south • 1865 – Civil War ends, Union is preserved Progress in Abolitionism • Frederick Douglas – North Star (abolitionist Newspaper) • Harriet Tubman – Underground Railroad frees hundreds of slaves • Grimke sisters – Quaker abolitionists who paved the way for women to speak out against slavery • Abolitionists were still far outnumbered in the North • 1861 – Civil War Erupts • 1863 – Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation = Slavery Abolished in all confederate states (ignored by south • 1865 – Civil War ends, Union is preserved