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Censorship
CENSORSHIP
Censorship is suppression of speech
or other communication which may
be considered objectionable,
harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient to
the general body of people as
determined by a government, media
outlet, or other controlling body.
TYPES OF CENSORSHIP
Moral censorship is the
removal of materials that are
obscene or otherwise
considered morally
questionable. Pornography,
for example, is often
censored under this
rationale, especially child
pornography, which is illegal
and censored in many
jurisdictions in the world.
MORAL CENSORSHIP
The content of school
textbooks is often the
issue of debate, since
their target audience is
young people, and the
term "whitewashing" is
the one commonly
used to refer to
removal of critical or
conflicting events.
MORAL CENSORSHIP
Music censorship has
been implemented by
states, religions,
educational systems,
families, retailers and
lobbying groups – and
in most cases they
violate international
conventions of human
rights.
MORAL CENSORSHIP
Aside from the usual
justifications of
pornography, language and
violence, some movies are
censored due to changing
racial attitudes or political
correctness in order to
avoid ethnic stereotyping
and/or ethnic offense
despite its historical or
artistic value.
TYPES OF CENSORSHIP
Military censorship is the
process of keeping
military intelligence and
tactics confidential and
away from the enemy in
order to counter
espionage. Militaries
might also attempt to
suppress politically
inconvenient information
even if that information
has no actual intelligence
or combat-tactical value.
MILITARY CENSORSHIP
In wartime, explicit censorship is carried out with the intent of preventing the
release of information that might be useful to an enemy. Typically it involves
keeping times or locations secret, or delaying the release of information until it
is of no possible use to enemy forces. Proponents of this form of censorship
argues that release of tactical information usually presents a greater risk of
casualties among one's own forces and could possibly lead to loss of the overall
conflict.
MILITARY CENSORSHIP
During World War I
letters written by British
soldiers would have to
go through censorship.
This consisted of officers
going through letters
with a black marker and
crossing out anything
which might
compromise operational
secrecy before the letter
was sent.
TYPES OF CENSORSHIP
• Political censorship occurs when governments hold back
information from their citizens. This is often done to exert
control over the populace and prevent free expression that
might foment rebellion.
Political Censorship
Nikolai Yezhov, standing to the
right of Joseph Stalin, was shot
in 1940. He was edited out of
the photo by Soviet censors
after his execution as a form of
damnation memoriae. This
policy was commonly applied
to executed political enemies
during Stalin's reign.
Political Censorship
Strict censorship existed in the Eastern Bloc. Throughout
the bloc, the various ministries of culture held a tight rein
on their writers. Cultural products there reflected the
propaganda needs of the state. Party-approved censors
exercised strict control in the early years.
Political Censorship
In the Stalinist period, even the
weather forecasts were changed if
they had the temerity to suggest
that the sun might not shine on
May Day. Under Nicolae
Ceauşescu in Romania, weather
reports were doctored so that the
temperatures were not seen to
rise above or fall below the levels
which dictated work must stop.
Political Censorship
Independent journalism did not exist in the Soviet Union until
Mikhail Gorbachev became its leader; all reporting was directed
by the Communist Party or related organizations. Pravda, the
predominant newspaper in the Soviet Union, had a monopoly.
Foreign newspapers were available only if they were published by
Communist Parties sympathetic to the Soviet Union.
Political Censorship
The People's Republic of
China, which continues
Communist rule in politics, if
not in the controlled
economy, employs some
30,000 'Internet police‘ to
monitor the internet and
popular search engines such
as Google and Yahoo.
TYPES OF CENSORSHIP
Religious censorship is the means
by which any material considered
objectionable by a certain faith is
removed. This often involves a
dominant religion forcing
limitations on less prevalent ones.
Alternatively, one religion may
shun the works of another when
they believe the content is not
appropriate for their faith.
RELIGIOUS CENSORSHIP
Religious censorship is usually performed on the grounds of blasphemy, heresy,
sacrilege or impiety - the censored work being viewed as obscene, challenging a
dogma, or violating a religious taboo. Defending against these charges is often
difficult as some religious traditions permit only the religious authorities (clergy) to
interpret doctrine and the interpretation is usually dogmatic. For instance, the
Catholic Church banned hundreds of books on such grounds and maintained the
Index Librorum Prohibitorum (list of prohibited books), most of which were writings
that the Church's Holy Office had deemed dangerous, until the Index's abolishment
in 1965.
RELIGIOUS CENSORSHIP
Similar methodology has been
carried out under Islamic
theocracies, such as the fatwa
(religious judgment) against The
Satanic Verses (a novel), ordering
that the author, Salman Rushdie,
be executed for blasphemy.
TYPES OF CENSORSHIP
Corporate censorship is the process by which editors in
corporate media outlets intervene to disrupt the
publishing of information that portrays their business or
business partners in a negative light, or intervene to
prevent alternate offers from reaching public exposure.
CORPORATE CENSORSHIP
An example would be the decision by
the Walt Disney Company to prevent
Miramax from releasing Fahrenheit
911 in 2004. Croteau and Hoynes
observe that this was a business
decision, and state that "even when
such business decisions are not
politically motivated, then can have
substantial political consequences".
CORPORATE CENSORSHIP
In 1993, during negotiations
regarding the release of Prince's
album The Gold Experience, a
legal battle ensued between
Warner Bros. and Prince over the
artistic and financial control of
Prince's output. During the
lawsuit, Prince appeared in public
with the word "slave" written on
his cheek. Prince explained his
name change as follows:
CORPORATE CENSORSHIP
“The first step I have taken towards
the ultimate goal of emancipation
from the chains that bind me to
Warner Bros. was to change my name
from Prince to the Love Symbol.
Prince is the name that my mother
gave me at birth. Warner Bros. took
the name, trademarked it, and used it
as the main marketing tool to
promote all of the music that I wrote.
The company owns the name Prince
and all related music marketed under
Prince. I became merely a pawn used
to produce more money for Warner
Bros...
CORPORATE CENSORSHIP
…I was born Prince and did not
want to adopt another
conventional name. The only
acceptable replacement for my
name, and my identity, was the
Love Symbol, a symbol with no
pronunciation, that is a
representation of me and what
my music is about. This symbol
is present in my work over the
years; it is a concept that has
evolved from my frustration; it
is who I am. It is my name.”
Censorship
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