Download Phylogeny

Phylogeny
Figure 26.1
Phylogeny
 Phylogeny: evolutionary history of a species or group
of species
Taxonomy
A. Taxonomy: scientific discipline of naming and
classifying organisms
B. Taxon (pleural taxa): taxonomic unit at any level of
classification
Classification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Dumb Kings Play Clowns On Family Game Shows
Figure 1.14
Species Genus Family
Order
Class
Phylum Kingdom Domain
Ursus americanus
(American black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
Cell
divisio
n
error
Figure 26.3
Species:
Panthera pardus
Genus:
Panthera
Family:
Felidae
Order:
Carnivora
Class:
Mammalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Domain:
Bacteria
Kingdom:
Animalia
Domain:
Eukarya
Domain:
Archaea
Domains
3 Domains:
1.
2.
Domain Bacteria: prokaryotic cells, eubacteria
Domain Archaea: prokaryotic cells, live in extreme
environments, archeobacteria
3.
Domain Eukarya: eukaryotic cells, consists of:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Kingdom Plantae: autotrophic, multicellular,
Kingdom Fungi: heterotrophic, absorb nutrients from surroundings
(decompose dead organisms, organic wastes, etc)
Kingdom Animalia: heterotrophic, ingest food to absorb nutrients
Protists: single celled, eukaryotic, divided into many kingdoms.
Figure 1.15
2 m
(b) Domain Archaea
2 m
(a) Domain Bacteria
(c) Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
100 m
Kingdom Plantae
Protists
Kingdom Fungi
 How do you name species?
 Is a starfish a fish?
 Is a seahorse a horse in the sea?
 Is the animal below a cougar, puma, panther, or
mountain lion?
Cougar, puma, panther, mountain lion
 Domain: Eukarya
 Kingdom: Animalia
 Phylum: Chordata
 Class: Mammalia
 Order: Carnivora
 Family: Felidae
 Genus: Puma
 Species: concolor
Binomial nomenclature
A. Binomial nomenclature: unique scientific 2 word
name given to species. Use Genus species
underline or italics Genus species

Ex. Puma concolor
Phylogenetic tree
A. Phylogenetic tree: shows the evolutionary history of
a group of organisms
1.
Can be organized based on:
Classification
 Evolutionary relationships
 Time
 Physical characteristics
 DNA or amino acid sequence

2.
Represents a hypothesis
Figure 26.5
Branch point:
where lineages diverge
Taxon A
3
Taxon B
4
Taxon C
Sister
taxa
2
Taxon D
ANCESTRAL
LINEAGE
1
5
Taxon E
Taxon F
Taxon G
This branch point
represents the
common ancestor of
taxa A–G.
This branch point forms
a polytomy: an
unresolved pattern of
divergence.
Basal
taxon
A. Sister taxa: groups of organisms that share an
immediate common ancestor
B. Branch point: represents a common ancestor from
which different lineages diverged. Common
ancestor is extinct.
Figure 26.2
Geckos
ANCESTRAL
LIZARD
(with limbs)
No limbs
Snakes
Iguanas
Monitor lizard
Eastern glass lizard
No limbs
Order
Family Genus
Species
Panthera
Felidae
Figure 26.4
Panthera
pardus
(leopard)
Taxidea
Lutra
Mustelidae
Carnivora
Taxidea
taxus
(American
badger)
Lutra lutra
(European
otter)
1
Canis
Canidae
2
Canis
latrans
(coyote)
Canis
lupus
(gray wolf)
Figure 26.6
Results
Minke
(Southern Hemisphere)
Unknowns #1a,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Minke
(North Atlantic)
Unknown #9
Humpback
Unknown #1b
Blue
Unknowns #10,
11, 12, 13
Fin
Figure 26.UN01
(a)
A
B
D
B
D
C
C
C
B
D
A
A
(b)
(c)
Homology vs analogy
 Homology: Shared ancestry
 Analogy: similar in appearance,
 due to convergent evolution
 Features evolved independently (Ex. Flight in birds and bats,
streamlined design of fish and dolphins)
Figure 26.7
Australian marsupial “mole”
North American eutherian mole
Figure 25.22
Dubautia
laxa
Close North
American
relative, the tarweed
Carlquistia muirii
KAUA
I5.1
MOLOK 1.3
million
years OAHU AI
millio
3.7
n
MAU
years
millio LANAI
I
n
years
Argyroxiphiu
m
sandwicense
HAWA
0.4
II
millio
n
years
Dubautia
waialealae
Dubautia
scabra
Dubautia
linearis
Figure 25.22f
Dubautia
waialealae
Argyroxiphium
sandwicense
Dubautia linearis
CHARACTERS
Figure 26.12
Lancelet
(outgroup)
Lamprey
Bass
Frog
Turtle
Leopard
Vertebral
column
(backbone)
Hinged jaws
TAXA
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
Four walking
legs
0
0
0
1
1
1
Amnion
0
0
0
0
1
1
Hair
0
0
0
0
0
1
Lancelet
(outgroup)
Lamprey
Bass
Vertebral
column
Frog
Hinged jaws
Turtle
Four walking legs
Amnion
Leopard
Hair
(a)Character table
(b)Phylogenetic tree
TAXA
Lancelet
(outgroup)
Lamprey
Bass
Frog
Turtle
Leopard
CHARACTERS
Figure 26.12a
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
Amnion
0
0
0
0
1
1
Hair
0
0
0
0
0
1
Vertebral
column
(backbone)
Hinged jaws
Four walking
legs
(a)Character table
Lancelet
(outgroup)
Figure 26.12b
Lamprey
Bass
Vertebral
column
Frog
Hinged jaws
Turtle
Four walking legs
Amnion
Leopard
Hair
(b) Phylogenetic tree
Figure 26.14
Drosophila
Lancelet
Zebrafish
Frog
Chicken
Human
Mouse
PALEOZOIC
542
MESOZOIC
251
Millions of years ago
CENOZOIC
65.5 Present
Figure 26.16
Lizards
and snakes
Crocodilians
Common
ancestor of
crocodilians,
dinosaurs,
and birds
Ornithischian
dinosaurs
Saurischian
dinosaurs
Birds
Cell
Euglenozoans
divisionForams
error Diatoms
Figure 26.21
Red algae
Green algae
Land plants
Amoebas
Domain Eukarya
Ciliates
Fungi
Animals
Methanogens
COMMON
ANCESTOR
OF ALL LIFE
Thermophiles
Domain
Archaea
Nanoarchaeotes
Proteobacteria
Chlamydias
Spirochetes
Gram-positive
bacteria
Cyanobacteria
(Chloroplasts)*
Domain Bacteria
(Mitochondria)*
Using DNA to create a pylogenic tree
1 C C A T C AG AG T C C
Figure 26.8-1
2 C C A T C AG AG T C C
Cell
1 CCATCA
GAG T C C
2
division
Figure
26.8-2
CCATCA
GA
GTCC
error
Deletion
1 C C A T C AG AG T C C
2 C C A T C AG AG T C C
G T A Insertion
Cell
1 CCATCA
GAG T C C
2
division
Figure
26.8-3
CCATCA
GA
GTCC
error
Deletion
1 C C A T C AG AG T C C
2 C C A T C AG AG T C C
G T A Insertion
1 C C A T C AAG TC C
2 C C A TG TA C AG AG TC C
Cell
1 CCATCA
GAG T C C
2
division
Figure
26.8-4
CCATCA
GA
GTCC
error
Deletion
1 C C A T C AG AG T C C
2 C C A T C AG AG T C C
G T A Insertion
1 C C A T C AAG TC C
2 C C A TG TA C AG AG TC C
1 CCAT
CA
AG TC C
2 C C A TG TA C AG AG TC C
Figure 26.9
A C G G A T A G T C C A C T A G G C A C T A
T C A C C G A C A G G T C T T T G A C T A G
Figure 26.UN02a
Organism
Alignment of Amino Acid Sequences
Acyrthosiphod (aphid)
IKIIIIGSGV
Ustilago (fungus)
KKVVIIGAGA
Gibberalla (fungus)
KSVIVIGAGV
GGVSTAARLA
Staphylococcus (bacterium)
Pantoea (bacterium)
MKIAVIGAGV
TGLAAAARIA
Arabidopsis (plant)
KRTFVIGAGF
GGTAAAARLS
KKGFQVEVYE KNSYNGGRCS IIR-HNGHRF
DQGPSL--YL
GGTALAARLG RRGYSVTVLE KNSFGGGRCS LIH-HDGHRW DQGPSL--YL
KAGFKVTILE KNDFTGGRCS LIH-NDGHRF DQGPSL--LL
SQGHEVTIFE
KNNNVGGRMNQLK-KDGFTF
DMGPTI--VM
GGLALAIRLQ AAGIATTVLE QHDKPGGRAY VWQ-DQGFTF DAGPTV--IT
WDAVVIGGGH NGLTAAAYLA RGGLSVAVLE RRHVIGGAAV TEEIVPGFKF SRCSYLQGLL
Figure 26.UN03
Branch point
Most recent
common
ancestor
Taxon A
Taxon B
Sister taxa
Taxon C
Taxon D
Taxon E
Polytomy
Taxon F
Taxon G
Basal taxon
Figure 26.UN05
Salamander
Lizard
Goat
Human
Lancelet
(outgroup)
Lamprey
Tuna
Salamander
Turtle
Leopard
Dolphin
Figure 26.UN06
(1) Backbone
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
(2)Hinged jaw
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
(3)Four limbs
0
0
0
1
1
1
1*
(4)Amnion
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
(5) Milk
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
(6)Dorsal fin
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Character
*Although adult dolphins have only two obvious limbs (their flippers), as embryos they have two hind-limb buds, for a total of four limbs.
Horizontal Gene Transfer
 Horizontal gene transfer: process in which genes are
transferred from one genome to another through:



Viral infections
Plasmids
Fusion of organisms (bacteria)