Download common minimum optometry curriculum for india

COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY
CURRICULUM (CMOC)
FOR INDIA
FIRST DRAFT
DATED -16-06-2009
Additional Information
Dated 18-08-2009
--2--
Dear Optometry Friends,
Greetings from members of Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum development
team.
It is with utmost sincerity and dedication; we hereby would like to share the first draft of
the Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum for India to you all.
It was on January 25th 2008, the team of like minded people came together at Elite
School of Optometry, Chennai to initiate the much needed Common Minimum
Optometry Curriculum for India. Since then every three months the team met in different
places and brainstormed on the essential courses, objective, description, and course
contents. Please give your open comments to the below contact person either through
email/normal mailing/ telephone. You can also access the softcopy of the First draft of
CMOC for India from Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry (ASCO)
website.
Thanking you,
For CMOC Team
Dr. R Krishna Kumar
Elite School of Optometry
8; GST Road, St Thomas Mount,
Chennai – 600 016
Email : [email protected]
Mobile: 098403 12791
LAN Phone: 044 – 2234 6023
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--3-Members of Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
1. Dr. R Krishna Kumar
Principal,
Elite School of Optometry
8, GST Road, St Thomas Mount,
Chennai – 600 016
Email : [email protected]
Mobile: 098403 12791
LAN Phone: 044 – 2234 6023
2. Mr. Aditya Goyal
In- Charge – Optometry programme
Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research,
#1, 3rd cross street, Sri Sankara Nagar, Pammal,
Chennai – 600075
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: 09381053158
Land Phone: 044 22484799/5299
3. Dr. L Srinivasa Varadharajan
Assistant Professor
Elite School of Optometry
8, GST Road, St Thomas Mount,
Chennai – 600 016
Email : [email protected]
LAN Phone: 044 – 2232 1835
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--4--
4. Ms. Prema Chande
Principal,
Lotus College of Optometry
Mumbai
Email : [email protected]
5. Prof. De Jong Coen
Bausch & Lomb School of Optometry
Kismatpur,
Hyderabad
6. Prof. Dipti Gogate
Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College
School of Optometry
Katraj- Dhanakawadi, Pune, Satara Road,
Pune – 411 043 BVP, Pune
Email :[email protected]
Mobile: 09422504206
7. Ms. Kunda Ganatra
President
Indian Optometric Association
Mumbai
Email:[email protected]
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--5--
8. Mr. Vivek Mendonsa
President
Association of Schools & Colleges of Optometry (ASCO)
Lawrence & Mayo House, 274, Dr. D. N. Road, Fort,
Mumbai – 400 001.
Mobile: 098 202 888 17
Email: [email protected]
LAN Phone: 022 – 2207 7440 / 2201 2358
9. Mr. Yeshwant Saoji
Educational Representative
Indian optometric Association
Nagpur
10. Ms. Lakshmi Shinde
Coordinator – IACLE & ICEE
Asia Pacific region
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--6-List of Contributors
Sr.
No
1
Biochemistry I & II
Mr. Aditya Goyal
2
General Anatomy
Mr. Aditya Goyal
3
4
General Physiology
Ocular Anatomy
Mr. Aditya Goyal
Mr. Aditya Goyal
5
6
Ocular Physiology
Geometrical Optics I & II
Mr. Aditya Goyal
Dr. L Srinivasa
Varadharajan
7
Course
Physical Optics
8
Optometric Optics -I & II
9
Microbiology
10
Pathology
Authors
Dr. L Srinivasa
Varadharajan
Mr. Prasant Sawant
Ms. Anjali
Dr. S Krishna
Kumar
Faculty, Elite
School of
Optometry
Reviewer
Dr. K.N. Sulochana Ph.D.
Professor and Head
Biochemistry Research Dept
Vision Research Foundation
Sankara Nethralaya
18, College Road
Chennai . 600 006.
Phone: 044-28271616 (Extn. 1315)
Fax: 044-28254180
Email: [email protected]
Dr. R Krishna Kumar
Principal,
Elite School of Optometry
Dr. R Krishna Kumar
Principal,
Elite School of Optometry
Ms. Varuna Padmanabhan MS
Was teaching Physical/ Geometrical
Optics at School of Optometry, University
of California, Berkeley.
Ms. Revathy
ESO Alumnus, At present working in
Sankara Nethralaya
Ms. Varuna Padmanabhan MS
Was teaching Physical/ Geometrical
Optics at School of Optometry, University
of California, Berkeley.
Ms. Revathy
ESO Alumnus, At present working in
Sankara Nethralaya
Ms. Rashima ,
Faculty,
Optometric optics, Elite School of
Optometry
Dr. Mrs. Padmini Sathe
BHMS, PGDPC
Dr. Padmini Sathe
BHMS, PGDPC
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--7-11
Visual Optics I & II
12
13
Contact Lens I & II
Geriatric Optometry
14
15
Binocular Vision I and II
Paediatric Optometry
16
Public Health &
Community Optometry
17
Low Vision Aids
Miss. Mithali Kamat,
Assistant Lecturer,
B.V.P. School of Optometry,
Pune.
Mr. Nagesh
Mr. Vishakh Nair
Associate
Professor,
BVP School of
optometry
Prof. Dipti Gogate
Mr. Vishakh Nair
Associate
Professor,
BVP School of
optometry
Dr.R.R.Sudhir,
M.B.B.S.,D.O.,D.N.
B.,M.P.H (Johns
Hopkins, USA)
Head Dept of
Preventive
Ophthalmology,
Consultant Cornea
Services,
Consultant Incharge Electronic
Medical Records,
Sankara
Nethralaya,
Medical and Vision
Research
Foundation,
18 College Road,
Nugambakkam,
Chennai- 600 006,
Tel : +91-4428271616 ; Fax :
+91-44-28254180
email: rrsudhir@ya
hoo.com ;
[email protected]
Prof .Dipti Gogate
Mr. Vishakh Nair
Associate
Professor,
BVP School of
optometry
Ms. Prema Chande
Principal,
Lotus Collage of Optometry
Mr. Aditya Goyal
Rizwana
Pediatric Optometrist
Sankara Nethralaya
Faculty, Elite School of Optometry
Dr. R Krishna Kumar
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--8-18
Occupational Optometry
19
Systemic Disease
20
Nutrition
21
22
Optometric Instruments
Pharmacology
23
Ocular Disease I & II
24
25
CEVS
Dispensing Optics
26
Clinical Training
Prof. Dipti Gogate
Mr. Vishakh Nair
Associate
Professor,
BVP School of
optometry
Dr. R Krishna
Kumar
Dr. R Krishna
Kumar
Dr. R Krishna
Kumar
Dr R Krishna
Kumar
Ms. Prema Chande
Mr. Prasant Sawant
Mrs Anjali
Dr. R Krishna
Kumar
Mr. Aditya Goyal
Ms. Prema Chande
Dr .R Krishna Kumar
Dr. R Krishna Kumar
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--9--
Acknowledgements To

Prof. Jay M Enoch, Dean, Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley

Dr. S Meenakshi, Director, Academics, Sankara Nethralaya

Dr. Vivek A Saoji, Dean, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Bharati Vidyapeeth
University, Medical College, Pune

Dr. S S Badrinath, Chairman, Emeritus, Sankara Nethralaya
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--10--
Definition for Optometry (from CMOC perspective) :
“Optometry is a health care profession that is autonomous and
optometrists are primary health care practitioners of the eye and visual
system who provide comprehensive eye and vision care, which includes
refraction and dispensing, detection/diagnosis and co-management of
disease in the eye and the rehabilitation of conditions of the visual
system”
Role of an Optometrist:
Primary eye care (Diagnosis /referral),
Vision care (Contact lens, Refraction, Low Vision, Binocular vision
services),
Co- Management of diseases (Referral and Follow-up).
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--11-COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY CURRICULUM FOR INDIA
( Four year Degree programme)
Eligibility : Higher Secondary with Physics/Chemistry/ Maths or Biology, and minimum
60% marks in each of the above subjects in the final examination
Year
Courses
First Semester
General Anatomy
General Physiology
Basic Biochemistry I
Nutrition
Geometrical Optics - I
Third Semester
Ocular Microbiology
Optometric optics- I
Visual optics - I
Optometric Instruments
Ocular Diseases - I
Clinical examination of
Visual System
Clinic - II
Fifth Semester
Contact lens - I
Low Vision Aid
Geriatric Optometry
Hours
32 (10)
45 (20)
27(20)
15
49
18
21
20
32
46
29
37(25)
21(6)
25
Hours
Second Semester
Basic Biochemistry II
Ocular Anatomy
Ocular Physiology
Geometrical optics -II
Physical optics
Clinic - I
Fourth Semester
Optometric Optics -II
Visual Optics - II
Ocular Disease - II
Basic Pharmacology
Pathology
Clinics - III
Sixth Semester
Contact Lens - II
Binocular Vision - II
Public Health and
Community optometry
Dispensing Optometry
Occupational Optometry
Clinics - V
Pediatric Optometry
30
Binocular Vision - I
29
Systemic Disease
57
Clinics- IV
Clinical Internship - Seventh and Eight Semester
20(20)
39(10)
47(14)
45(20)
37(15)
37
27
46
24
20
68
30(25)
31
26
19
20
68
Note: Numbers in parenthesis is dedicated practical hours for different courses
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--12--
COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY CURRICULUM
B. S. OPTOMETRY
FIRST YEAR - FIRST SEMESTER – (ACADEMIC YEAR 20xx – 20yy)
COURSE NO
:
COURSE NAME
: General Anatomy
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : A post-graduate, a Ph D or MD in anatomy, with adequate
exposure to the profession of optometry and ophthalmology
1) Course Description: General anatomy deals with the entire human anatomy with
emphasis on different tissues, blood vessels, glands, nerves and the entire central
nervous system in particular.
2) Objectives: At the end of the course, the student should be able to:

Comprehend the normal disposition, inter-relationships, gross, functional and
applied anatomy of various structures in the human body.

Identify the microscopic structures of various tissues, and organs in the human
body and correlate the structure with the functions.

Comprehend the basic structure and connections between the various parts of
the central nervous system so as to analyze the integrative and regulative
functions on the organs and systems.
3) Text Book:
a) BD Chaurasia: Handbook of general Anatomy, Third edition, CBS Publishers,
New Delhi, 1996
b) GJ Tortora, B Derrickson: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology,11th edition,
John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2007
4) Reference Book: No recommendation. It is left to the faculty
5) Prerequisites: Higher secondary level biology or remedial biology
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--13--
6) Course Outline:
Sr. No.
Topics
No.
of
hrs.
2
1
Introduction
to
Human
Anatomy:
Anatomy: Definition and its relevance in
medicine and optometry
Planes of the body, relationship of
structures, organ system
2
Lectures
Short
MCQs
Skeleton System
3
Lecture
MCQs/Viva
3
Tissues of the Body:
Epithelium, connective tissue, bone and
cartilage,
Embryology,
histology,
different types of each of them, types of
cells,
cellular
differentiation
and
arrangements in different tissues
3
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
4
Muscles:
Different types of muscles, their
functional
differentiation,
their
relationship with different structures,
their neural supply
2
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
5
Blood vessels:
Differentiation between arteries and
veins, embryology, histology of both
arteries
and
veins,
Functional
differences between the two, anatomical
differences at different locations
3
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
6
Skin and appendages:
Embryology, anatomical differences in
different areas, functional and protective
variations, innervations, relationship with
muscles and nerves
Lymphatic system:
Embryology, functions, relationship with
blood vessels and organs
Glands:
Embryology, different types of glands
(exocrine and endocrine), functional
differences, neural control of glands
2
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
1
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
2
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
7
8
Mode of
teaching
Mode of
Evaluation
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
notes,
--14-9
10
Nervous system:
Parts of Nervous system, cell types of
nervous system, Blood-brain barrier,
Reflex arc, Peripheral Nerves, Spinal
nerves,
Nerve
fibers,
Autonomic
Nervous system
Brain and Cranial nerves:
Major parts of Brain, Protective
coverings of the Brain, Cerebrospinal
Fluid,
Brain
stem,
Cerebellum,
Diencephalon, Cerebrum, Cranial nerves
3
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
6
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
Total Number of Hours
32
7. Reading Assignment: Encourage the students to develop the habit of referring books
and submit written assignments.
8. Evaluation Schedule:
Component
Duration
EC – I
EC – II
Max. Marks
Remarks
20
1 Hour
EC – III
Comprehensive
Examination
Date & Time
20
20
3 Hours
40
Written
Exam
Practical: 10 Hours
Practical demonstration of each organ using specimen. If specimen for certain organs
are not available, then videos can be shown to make the student understand the
anatomic structures.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--15--
COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY CURRICULUM
B. S. OPTOMETRY
FIRST YEAR - FIRST SEMESTER – (ACADEMIC YEAR 20xx – 20yy)
COURSE NO
:
COURSE TITLE
: General Physiology
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : A post-graduate, a Ph D or MD in physiology, with
adequate exposure to the profession of optometry and ophthalmology
1) Course Description: General physiology deals with the entire human anatomy with
emphasis on different organ systems, their physiological functions with special
emphasis on blood and neuro physiology.
2) Course Objectives: At the end of the course the student will be able to:




Explain the normal functioning of various organ systems of the body and their
interactions.
Elucidate the physiological aspects of normal growth and development.
Describe the physiological response and adaptations to environmental
stresses.
Know the physiological principles underlying pathogenesis of disease.
3) Text Book:


G J Tortora, B Derrickson: Principles of anatomy & physiology,11th edition,
John Wiley & Sons Inc, New Jersey, 2007
4) Reference Book:

AK Khurana, Indu Khurana: Anatomy and Physiology of Eye, Second edition,CBS
Publishers, New Delhi, 2006
 A C Guyton: Text book of Medical Physiology, 6th edition, saunders company,
Japan, 1981
5) Prerequisites: Higher secondary level biology or remedial biology
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--16-6) Course Outline:
Sr. No.
1
2
Topics
No. of
hrs.
Cell structure & organization
Tissue organization
Epithelium
Connective tissue – Collagen fibers –
Elastic fibers – Areolar fibers
Cartilage – Bone
Contractile tissue – striated – skeletal
– cardiac – non striated – plain –
myoepithelial
General principles of cell physiology
Physiology of skeletal muscle
BLOOD:
Composition
Volume measurement & variations
Plasma proteins – classification &
functions
Red blood cells – development,
morphology & measurements –
functions & dysfunctions.
White blood cells – development –
classification, morphology – functions
& dysfunctions
Platelets – morphology – development,
functions & dysfunctions
Clotting – factors – mechanism – anticoagulants dysfunctions
Blood grouping – classification –
importance in transfusion, Rh factor &
incompatibility
Suspension stability
Osmotic stability
Reticulo endothelial system
 Spleen
 lymphatic tissue
 Thymus
 bone marrow
 immune system
 cellular
 Humoral
 autoimmune
Mode of
teaching
Mode of
Evaluation
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
Short
MCQs
notes,
5
10
Lectures
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--17-3
DIGESTION:
General arrangement
Salivary digestion – functions &
regulations
Gastric digestion – functions &
regulations
Pancreatic digestion – functions &
regulations
Intestinal digestion – functions &
regulations
Liver & bile
Absorption
Motility
Deglutition
Vomiting
Defecation
Functions of large intestine
Neurohumoral regulations of
alimentary functions, summary
2
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
4
EXCRETION:
Body
fluids
–
distribution,
measurement & exchange, Kidney –
structure of nephron – mechanism of
urine formation – composition of the
urine and abnormal constituents –
urinary bladder & micturition
2
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
5
ENDOCRINES:
Hormone mechanism – negative feed
backs – tropic action – permissive
action – cellular action, hypothalamic
regulation
Thyroid
- hormones, actions,
regulations
Adrenal cortex - hormones, actions,
regulations
Adrenal medulla – hormones, actions,
regulations
Parathyroid
- hormones, actions,
regulations
Islets of pancreas – hormones,
actions, regulations
Miscellaneous _ hormones, actions,
regulations
Common clinical disorders
6
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--18-6
REPRODUCTION:
Male reproductive system – control &
regulation
Female reproductive system – uterus –
ovaries – menstrual cycle – regulation
– pregnancy & delivery – breast –
family planning
1
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
7
Respiration:
Mechanics of respiration – pulmonary
function tests – transport of respiratory
gases- neural and chemical regulation
of respiration – hypoxia, cyanosis,
dyspnoea – asphyxia.
1
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
8
Circulation:
General principles
Heart: myocardium – innervation –
transmission of cardiac impulseEvents during cardiac cycle – cardiac
output. Peripheral circulation:
peripheral resistances – arterial blood
pressure – measurements – factors
regulation variations – capillary
circulation – venous circulation.
Special circulation: coronary cerebral –
miscellaneous
8
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
9
Environmental Physiology
Body temperature regulation (including
skin Physiology). Exposure to low and
high atmospheric pressure
2
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
10
Nervous System:
Neuron – Conduction of impulse –
synapse – receptor.
Sensory organization – pathways and
perception
Reflexes – cerebral cortex – functions.
Thalamus – Basal ganglia
Cerebellum.
Hypothalamus.
Autonomic nervous system – motor
control of movements, posture and
equilibrium –
conditioned reflex, eye hand coordination
5
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--19-11
Special senses – (Elementary) Olfaction
– Taste – Hearing
3
Total Number of Hours
45
Lectures
Short notes,
MCQs
7) Reading Assignment: Faculty can decide on the topic. This will develop the habit of
referring books and journals among the students.
8) Evaluation Pattern:
Evaluation Component (EC)
Duration
Maximum
Marks
EC – I
1 hour
20
EC – II
1 Hour
20
EC – III
1 hour
20
Comprehensive Examination
3 Hours
40
Remarks
Written Exam
Written Exam
9) Practicals (20 Hours)
Blood test:











Microscope
Haemocytometer
Blood
RBC count
Hb
WBC count
Differential Count
Hematocrit demonstration
ESR
Blood group & Rh. Type
Bleeding time and clotting time.

Test salivary digestions
Digestion:
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--20-Excretion:





Examination of Urine
Specific gravity
Albumin
Sugar
Microscopic examination for cells and cysts
Endocrinology and Reproduction:
 Dry experiments in the form of cases showing different endocrine
disorders.
Respiratory System:
 Clinical examination of respiratory system
 Spirometry
 Breath holding test
Cardio Vascular System:
 Clinical examination of circulatory system
 Measurement of blood pressure and pulse rate
 Effect of exercise on blood pressure and pulse rate
Central Nervous System:
 Sensory system
 Motor system
 Cranial system
 Superficial and deep reflexes
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--21-COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY CURRICULUM
B. S. OPTOMETRY
FIRST YEAR - FIRST SEMESTER – (ACADEMIC YEAR 20xx – 20yy)
COURSE NO
:
COURSE TITLE
: Basic Biochemistry - I
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : A post-graduate, a Ph D or MD in biochemistry, with
adequate exposure to the profession of optometry and ophthalmology
1) Course Description: This course will be taught in two consecutive semesters.
Biochemistry I deals with the biochemical nature of carbohydrates, proteins,
minerals, vitamins, lipids etc. A detailed study of these, emphasizing on their
chemical composition and their role in metabolism is the required aim of this course.
2) Objectives: At the end of the course, the student should be able to: demonstrate his
knowledge and understanding on:\



Structure, function and interrelationship of biomolecules and consequences of
deviation from normal.
Integration of the various aspects of metabolism, and their regulatory pathways.
Principles of various conventional and specialized laboratory investigations and
instrumentation, analysis and interpretation of a given data.
3) Text book:
S. Ramakrishnan: Essentials of biochemistry and ocular biochemistry, Annamalai
University Publications, Chidambaram, India, 1992
5) Reference Books:
 S. Ramakrishnan, K G Prasannan and R Rajan: Text book of Medical Biochemistry,
Orient Longman, Madras, 1990
 D.R. Whikehart: Biochemistry of the Eye, 2nd edition, Butterworth Heinemann,
Pennsylvania, 2003
5) Prerequisites: Higher secondary level chemistry with good knowledge of organic
chemistry.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--22--
6) Course Outline:
Sr.No.
Topics
No
of
hrs
Mode of
teaching
Mode of Evaluation
Lectures
Short notes, MCQs
1
Carbohydrates:
Glucose; fructose; galactose; lactose;
sucrose; starch and glycogen
(properties and tests, Structure and
function)
6
2
Proteins:
Amino acids, peptides, and proteins
(general properties & tests with a few
examples like glycine, trytophan,
glutathione, albumin, hemoglobin,
collagen)
6
3
Lipids:
Fatty acids, saturated and
unsaturated, cholesterol and
triacyglycerol, phospholipids and
plasma membrane
6
4
Vitamins:
General with emphasis on A,B2, C, E
and inositol (requirements, assimilation
and properties)
4
Lectures
Short notes, MCQs
5
Minerals:
Na, K, Ca, P, Fe, Cu and
Se.(requirements, availability and
properties)
3
Lectures
Short notes, MCQs
Total Hours
Lectures
Lectures
Short notes, MCQs
Short notes, MCQs
27
7) Reading Assignment: Faculty can decide on journal articles relevant to the course
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--23--
8) Practical: (20 Hours)
Reactions of monosaccharides, disaccharides and starch:
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Maltose, lactose
Sucrose
Starch
Analysis of Unknown Sugars:
Estimation:
Photometry
Standard graphs
Proteins
Creatinine
Biofluid of choice – blood, plasma, serum
Glucose
Urea
Bilirubin
9. Evaluation Pattern:
Evaluation Component (EC)
Duration
Maximum
Marks
Remarks
EC – I
1 hour
20
Quiz/MCQ
EC – II
1 Hour
20
Written Exam
EC – III
1 hour
20
Assignment/
Seminar
3 Hours
40
Comprehensive Examination
Written Exam
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--24-COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY CURRICULUM
B. S. OPTOMETRY
FIRST YEAR - FIRST SEMESTER – (ACADEMIC YEAR 20xx – 20yy)
COURSE NO.
:
COURSE TITLE
: NUTRITION
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE
: Nutritionist with Masters/ Doctorate
1. Course Description: This course covers the basic aspects of Nutrition for good
health. It also includes nutrients and nutrient derivatives relevant to ocular health,
nutrition deficiency and ocular disease, Nutrition and ocular aging, and
contraindications, adverse reactions and ocular nutritional supplements.
2. Course Objective : At the end of the course student would have gained the
knowledge of the following:




Balanced diet.
Protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, Minerals, carotenoids and eye.
Nutrition and Ocular aging
Adverse effects of ocular nutritional supplements.
3. Text books:




M Swaminathan: Hand book of Food and Nutrition, fifth edition, Bangalore
printing & publishing Co.Ltd, Bangalore,2004
C Gopalan, BV Rama Sastri, SC Balasubramanian: Nutritive Value of Indian
Foods , National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad,2004
Frank Eperjesi & Stephen Beatty: Nutrition and the Eye A practical Approach,
Elsevier Butterworth – Heinemann, USA, 2006
4. Reference books: No recommendation. It is left to the faculty.
5. Prerequisites: Nothing Specific
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--25-6. Course plan:
Sr.
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Topics
Introduction to Nutrition and Food Science,
Food Groups and Food Pyramid
Balanced diet for different age groups,
Recommended dietary Allowances
Assessment of Nutritional Status.
Energy – Units, Metabolisms, Energy
expenditure, and Energy imbalance.
Digestion, absorption and transport of Food
Proteins and eye
Lipids and eye
Carbhohydrates and eye
Vitamins and eye
Minerals and trace elements and eye
Carotenoids and eye
Oxidative stress and the eye
Vitamin A, C and E deficiency
Nutrition and ocular aging
Contraindications, Adverse reactions and
ocular nutritional supplements
No of
Lectures
1
Mode of
Teaching
Lecture
Mode of
Evaluation
Written
1
Lecture
Assignment
1
Lecture
Lecture
Assignment
Written
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Written
Seminar
Seminar
Seminar
Seminar
Seminar
Seminar
Written
Written
Seminar
Seminar
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
7. Reading Assignments: (Example given below. However the faculty can decide on
the assignments to develop the referring habit of the students)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sr. No.
TOPICS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------a.
Age related Eye Disease Study (AREDS)
b.
Carotenoids in Age related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS)
c.
Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial (LAST).
d.
Celtic Age Related Maculopathy Arrestation (CARMA) study
8. Evaluation Schedule:
Component
Duration
EC – I
EC – II
Max. Marks
Remarks
20
1 Hour
EC – III
Comprehensive
Examination
Date & Time
20
20
3 Hours
40
Written
Exam
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--26-COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY CURRICULUM
B. S. OPTOMETRY
FIRST YEAR - FIRST SEMESTER – (ACADEMIC YEAR 20xx – 20yy)
COURSE NO
:
COURSE TITLE
: Geometrical optics
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : A post-graduate, preferably a Ph D, in physics, with
adequate exposure to the profession of optometry as evidenced by previous teaching
experience or publications in optometry journals/magazines
OR
An optometrist with a post-graduate degree, preferably a Ph D
OR
An optometrist with an undergraduate degree
1) Course Description: This course will be taught in two consecutive semesters.
Geometric Optics is the study of light and its behavior as it propagates in a variety of
media. Specifically, the phenomena of reflection and refraction of light at boundaries
between media and subsequent image formation will be dealt with in detail. Reflections
at plane and spherical surfaces and refractions at plane, spherical, cylindrical and toric
surfaces will be studied in this course. Attention will be given to the system of surfaces
and/or lenses and their imaging properties. The effect of aperture stops on the quality of
images, such as blur and aberrations, depth of field and depth of focus, will also be
studied.
2) Objectives: The objective of this course is to equip the students with a thorough
knowledge of mirrors and lenses. At the end of this course, students will be able to
predict the basic properties of the images formed on the retina by the optics of the eye.
3) Text book:

Tunnacliffe A. H, Hirst J. G, Optics, The association of British Dispensing
Opticians, London, U.K., 1990.

Pedrotti L. S, Pedrotti Sr. F. L, Optics and Vision, Prentice Hall, New Jersey,
USA, 1998.
4) Reference Books:

Loshin D. S. The Geometric Optics Workbook, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston,
USA, 1991.

Schwartz S. H. Geometrical and Visual Optics: A Clinical Introduction, McGrawHill, New York, USA, 2002.
5) Prerequisites: Higher secondary level mathematics and physics.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--27-6) Course Outline:
No.
Topics
No
of
hrs.
Mode of
teaching
Mode of Evaluation
1
Nature of light – light as electromagnetic
oscillation; ideas of sinusoidal oscillations;
amplitude and phase; speed of light in
vacuum and other media; refractive index.
2
Lectures;
Sample
problems
Problems;
conceptual MCQs
2
Wavefronts – spherical, elliptical and plane;
Curvature and vergence; rays;
convergence and divergence in terms of
rays and vergence; vergence at a distance
2
Lectures;
Sample
problems
Problems;
conceptual MCQs
3
Refractive index; its dependence on
wavelength
1
Lectures
MCQ-s; Conceptual
descriptive
questions
4
Fermat’s and Huygen’s Principle –
Derivation of laws of reflection and
refraction (Snell’s law) from these principles
4
Lectures;
Assignments
MCQ-s; Conceptual
descriptive
questions
5
Plane mirrors – height of the mirror; rotation
of the mirror
1
Lectures;
Assignments
Problems; MCQs
6
Reflection by a spherical mirror – paraxial
approximation; sign convention; derivation
of vergence equation
1
Lectures;
Assignments
Problems;
conceptual MCQs
7
Imaging by concave mirror
2
Lectures;
Sample
Problems
Problems
8
Imaging by convex mirror
2
Lectures;
Sample
Problems
Problems
9
Reflectivity; transmittivity
1
Lectures;
Sample
Problems
MCQs; Problems
10
Snell’s Law; refraction at a plane surface
1
Lectures
Conceptual
questions
11
Glass slab; displacement without deviation;
displacement without dispersion
2
Lectures and
student
presentation
Problems, MCQs
12
Thick prisms; angle of prism; deviation
produced by a prism; refractive index of the
prism
2
Lectures and
sample
problems
Problems, MCQs
13
Prisms; angular dispersion; dispersive
power; Abbe’s number.
2
Lectures and
sample
problems
Problems, MCQs
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--28-14
Definition of crown and flint glasses;
materials of high refractive index
1
Lectures and
student
presentation
MCQs
15
Thin prism – definition; definition of Prism
diopter; deviation produced by a thin prism;
it dependence on refractive index
2
Lectures and
sample
problems
Problems; MCQs
16
Refraction by a spherical surface; sign
convention; introduction to spherical
aberration using image formed by a
spherical surface of a distance object; sag
formula
3
Lectures and
computer
demonstratio
n
Problems
17
Paraxial approximation; derivation of
vergence equation
1
Lectures and
sample
problems
Problems, MCQs
18
Imaging by a positive powered surface
2
Lectures and
sample
problems
Problems, MCQs
20
Imaging by a negative powered surface
2
Lectures and
sample
problems
Problems, MCQs
21
Vergence at a distance formula; effectivity
of a refracting surface
1
Lectures and
sample
problems
Problems, MCQs
22
Definition of a lens as a combination of two
surfaces; different types of lens shapes.
1
Student
Presentation
or
assignment
MCQs
23
Image formation by a lens by application of
vergence at a distance formula; definitions
of front and back vertex powers; equivalent
power; first and second principal
planes/points; primary and secondary focal
planes/points; primary and secondary focal
lengths
4
Lectures,
sample
problems,
assignments
Problems, MCQs
24
Newton’s formula; linear magnification;
angular magnification
2
Lectures,
sample
problems,
assignments
Problems, MCQs
25
Nodal Planes
1
Lectures,
sample
problems,
assignments
Problems, MCQs
26
Thin lens as a special case of thick lens;
review of sign convention
1
Student
Presentation
Problems
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--29-27
Imaging by a thin convex lens; image
properties (real/virtual; erect/inverted;
magnified/minified) for various object
positions
2
Lectures;
Assignments
Problems, MCQs
28
Imaging by a thin concave lens; image
properties (real/virtual; erect/inverted;
magnified/minified) for various object
positions
2
Lectures;
Assignments
Problems, MCQs
29
Prentice’s Rule
1
Lectures;
Assignments
Problems;
Conceptual
questions
30
System of two thin lenses; review of front
and back vertex powers and equivalent
power, review of six cardinal points.
2
Lectures;
Sample
Problems,
Assignments
Problems, MCQs
31
System of more than two thin lenses;
calculation of equivalent power using
magnification formula
2
Lectures;
Sample
Problems
Problems, MCQs
Total number of Lectures
49
7) Reading Assignment: Faculty needs to give opportunity to students to go and refer
relevant literatures
8) Evaluation pattern:
Evaluation Component (EC)
Duration
Maximum
Marks
EC – I
1 hour
20
EC – II
1 Hour
20
EC – III
1 hour
20
3 Hours
40
Comprehensive Examination
Remarks
Written Exam
Written Exam
Note: All EC-s to be spaced approximately 1 month apart.
9) Practical: Please see the Geometrical optics – II course contents for details. It is left
to the faculty to split the practical and conduct in first and second part of the course.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--30-SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS:
The course curriculum is structured such that there is a smooth flow of ideas from the
easy to the difficult. However, there is one deviation from this ideal. Concepts of thick
lenses are dealt with before moving on to thin lenses. Since the human eye and most of
its visual aids are thick lenses in nature, we have decided to emphasize on thick lenses
and deal thin lenses only as a simplification of thick lens. Universally, thin lenses are
taught first before moving on to thick lenses. Therefore, we leave it to the instructors to
make a choice of which one of these to teach first.
Nodal planes are not taught along with the other cardinal planes. This is because, unless
the students get a clear understanding of angular magnification, it is difficult to teach
them nodal planes. However, we leave it to the instructor to do it the way given in this
curriculum or teach all the six cardinal planes at one go.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--31-COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY CURRICULUM
B. S. OPTOMETRY
FIRST YEAR - SECOND SEMESTER – (ACADEMIC YEAR 20xx – 20yy)
COURSE NO
:
COURSE TITLE
: Basic Biochemistry -II
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : A post-graduate, a Ph D or MD in biochemistry, with
adequate exposure to the profession of optometry and ophthalmology
1) Course Description: This course is being taught in two consecutive semesters.
Biochemistry II deals with the metabolism that takes place in the human body. It also
deals with ocular biochemistry in detail. Clinical estimation as well as the clinical
significance of biochemical values is also taught.
2) Objectives: At the end of the course, the student should be able to: demonstrate his
knowledge and understanding on:



Integration of the various aspects of metabolism, and their regulatory pathways.
Understand metabolic processes taking place in different ocular structures and
fluids
Principles of various conventional and specialized laboratory investigations and
instrumentation, analysis and interpretation of a given data.
3) Textbooks:
S. Ramakrishnan: Essentials of biochemistry and ocular biochemistry, Annamalai
University Publications, Chidambaram, India, 1992
4) Reference Books:
 S. Ramakrishnan, K G Prasannan and R Rajan: Text book of Medical
Biochemistry, Orient Longman, Madras, 1990

D R Whikehart: Biochemistry of the Eye, 2nd edition, Butterworth Heinemann,
Pennsylvania, 2003
5) Prerequisites: Higher secondary level chemistry with good knowledge of organic
chemistry and knowledge of Biochemistry I.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--32--
6) Course Outline:
No.
Topics
No
of
hrs
Mode of
teaching
Mode of
Evaluation
1
Hormones and their receptors basic
concepts in metabolic regulation with
examples, insulin, glucagons and
thyroxine
2
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
2
Metabolism
General whole body metabolism
(carbohydrates, proteins, lipids)
6
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
3
Ocular Biochemistry
Various aspects of the eye, viz. tears,
cornea, lens, aqueous, vitreous, retina
and pigment epithelium rhodopsin. (The
important chemicals in each and their
roles).
8
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
4
Clinical Biochemistry
Blood sugar, urea, creatinine and
Bilirubin, cholesterol etc and
significance of their estimation.
4
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
Total Hours
20
7) Reading Assignment: Faculty will decide on the articles to be read by the students.
8) Practical (20 Hours):
Quantitative exercises:
i. Abnormal constituents in urine, sugar, proteins, ketones, blood and bile salts
ii. Detection of abnormal constituents in urine
Techniques:
Electrophoresis, Chromatography, Preparation of - normal, molar and percentage
solutions, buffers, PH determination
Demonstration:
Estimation of blood cholesterol, estimation of alkaline phosphate, salivary
amylase (effect of PH, etc.).
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--33--
9. Evaluation Pattern:
Evaluation Component (EC)
Duration
Maximum
Marks
Remarks
EC – I
1 hour
20
Quiz/MCQ
EC – II
1 Hour
20
Written Exam
EC – III
1 hour
20
Seminar/
assignment
Comprehensive Examination
3 Hours
40
Written Exam
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--34--
COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY CURRICULUM
B. S. OPTOMETRY
FIRST YEAR – SECOND SEMESTER – (ACADEMIC YEAR 20xx – 20yy)
COURSE NO
:
COURSE TITLE
: Ocular Anatomy
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : A post-graduate, a Ph D or MD in anatomy with
adequate exposure to the profession of optometry and ophthalmology or an
ophthalmologist with M.S.
1) Course Description: This course deals with detailed anatomy of the orbit, eyeball
and cranial nerves associated with ocular functions.
2) Course Objectives: At the end of the course, the student should be able to:




Comprehend the normal disposition, inter-relationships, gross, functional and
applied anatomy of various structures in the eye and adnexa.
Identify the microscopic structures of various tissues in the eye and correlate
the structure with the functions.
Comprehend the basic structure and connections between the various parts
of the central nervous system and the eye so as to understand the neural
connections and distribution.
To understand the basic principles of ocular embryology.
3) Text Book:
L A Remington: Clinical Anatomy of the Visual System, Second edition, Elsevier
Butterworth Heinemann, Missouri, USA, 2005.
3)
Reference Books:
AK Khurana, Indu Khurana: Anatomy and Physiology of Eye, Second edition,
CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 2006
5) Prerequisites: Higher secondary level biology and knowledge of general human
anatomy.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--35--
6) Course outline:
No.
1
2
Topics
Cornea:
Anatomy of all the layers, cellular
structure, nerve supply, reason for
transparency, refractive properties
Coats of eyeball:
1. Sclera (episclera & sclera)
2. Choroid (Iris, ciliary body, choroid)
3. Retina
Detailed anatomy, cellular structure,
vasculature, nerve supply for all the
above coats, pupils, nerve supply for
pupillary actions, pupillary pathway.
3
4
Crystalline lens
No
of
hrs
2
2
6
Detailed study of orbit
9
Orbital Blood supply
notes,
MCQs
Short
notes,
6
Ocular Embryology
Extra ocular muscles (anatomy,
innervations, action)
Short
MCQs
5
8
Lectures
Lectures
3
Ocular Adnexa and Lacrimal system
Mode of
Evaluation
2
Aqueous, anterior chamber, vitreous
body
7
Mode of
teaching
2
2
2
2
Lecture
MCQs,
Short
notes
Lectures
Short
notes,
MCQs
Lecture
MCQs
Lectures
Short
notes,
MCQs
Lectures
Short
notes,
MCQs
Lectures
Short
notes,
MCQs
Lectures
Short
MCQs
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
notes,
--36-10
CRANIAL NERVES:
Detailed study of each of the following
nerves in terms of their nucluei, course,
relationship within brain, effects of
compression etc at different regions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Optic nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Abducent nerve
Facial nerve
Lectures
Short
notes,
MCQs
10
11
Visual Pathway
3
12
Autonomic Innervations of Ocular
structures
3
Total Number of Hours
39
Lectures
MCQs, Quiz
Lectures
MCQs,
Short
Notes
7) Reading Assignment: Faculty can decide on the topic. This will develop the habit of
referring books and journals among the students.
8) Evaluation Pattern:
Evaluation Component (EC)
EC – I
Duration
1 hour
Maximum Marks
Remarks
20
EC – II
1 Hour
20
EC – III
1 hour
20
Comprehensive Examination
3 Hours
40
Written Exam
Written Exam
9) Practical: (10 Hours)


Eye dissection of bull’s eye
Orbital bones and landmarks using Skull
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--37-COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY CURRICULUM
B. S. OPTOMETRY
FIRST YEAR - SECOND SEMESTER – (ACADEMIC YEAR 20xx – 20yy)
COURSE NO
:
COURSE TITLE
: Ocular Physiology
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : A post-graduate, a Ph D or MD in physiology, with
adequate exposure to the profession of optometry and ophthalmology or an
Optometrist/Ophthalmologist who have adequate experience in teaching Physiology
1) Course Description: Ocular physiology deals with the physiological functions of each
part of the eye.
2) Course Objectives: At the end of the course the student will be able to:




Explain the normal functioning of all the structures of the eye and their
interactions.
Elucidate the physiological aspects of normal growth and development of
the eye.
Understand the phenomenon of vision.
List the physiological principles underlying pathogenesis and treatment of
disease of the eye.
3) Text book:
AK Khurana, Indu Khurana: Anatomy and Physiology of Eye, Second edition,
CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 2006
4) Reference Book:


RD Ravindran: Physiology of the eye, Arvind eye hospitals, Pondicherry,
2001
PL Kaufman, A Alm: Adler’s Physiology of the eye clinical application, 10th
edition, Mosby, 2002
5) Prerequisites: Higher secondary level biology and/or General physiology.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--38-6) Course outline:
No.
1
Topics
No
of
hrs
Mode of
teaching
Mode of
Evaluation
Protective mechanisms in the eye
1
Lectures
Precorneal tear film, eyelids and
lacrimation
Extrinsic Ocular muscles, their actions
and control of their movements
2
Lectures
Saccadic, smooth pursuit and
Nystagmic eye movements
2
Coats of the eye ball
2
Corneal Physiology
4
Aqueous humor and vitreous: Intra
ocular pressure
3
Iris and pupil
3
Lectures
9
Crystalline lens and accommodation –
presbyopia
2
Lectures
10
Retina – structure and functions, dark
and Light Adaptations
4
11
Vision – general aspects of sensation
2
Lectures
12
Pigments of the eye and
photochemistry, electrophysiology
4
Lectures
The visual stimulus, refractive errors
3
Lectures
14
Visual acuity, vernier acuity and
principle of measurement
2
Lectures
15
Visual perception – Binocular vision,
stereoscopic vision, optical illusions
4
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
16
Visual pathway, central and cerebral
connections, lesions of pathway and
effects
4
Lectures
Short
MCQs
notes,
Lectures
Short
notes,
2
3
4
2
5
Lectures
Lectures
Lectures
6
7
8
13
17
Colour vision and colour defects.
Theories and diagnostic tests
Total number of Hours
Lectures
Lectures
Lectures
3
Short
MCQs
Short
MCQs
Short
MCQs
notes,
Short
MCQs
Short
MCQs
notes,
Short
MCQs
Short
MCQs
notes,
Short
MCQs
Short
MCQs
Short
MCQs
notes,
notes,
notes,
notes,
notes,
notes,
notes,
Short notes,
MCQs
Short
notes,
MCQs
Short
notes,
MCQs
Short
notes,
MCQs
MCQs
47
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--39-7) Reading Assignment: Faculty can decide on the topic. This will develop the habit of
referring books and journals among the students.
8) Evaluation Pattern:
Evaluation Component (EC)
Duration
Maximum
Marks
EC – I
1 hour
20
EC – II
1 Hour
20
EC – III
1 hour
20
Comprehensive Examination
3 Hours
40
Remarks
Written Exam
Written Exam
9) Practicals (14 Hours):









-
Eye movements
Tests for lachrymal secretion (Schirmer’s)
Break up time
Anterior segment examination – Slit lamp examination - demo
Pupillary reflexes
Schiotz tonometry
Measurement of accommodation
Visual acuity measurement
Ophthalmoscopy and retinoscopy
Light and dark adaptation
Binocular vision
Colour vision
Electrophysiology
All the above procedures are demonstrated to enable students to understand the
physiological concepts.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--40-COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY CURRICULUM
B. S. OPTOMETRY
FIRST YEAR - SECOND SEMESTER – (ACADEMIC YEAR 20xx – 20yy)
COURSE NO
:
COURSE TITLE
: Geometrical optics II
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : A post-graduate, preferably a Ph D, in physics, with
adequate exposure to the profession of optometry as evidenced by previous teaching
experience or publications in optometry journals/magazines
OR
An optometrist with a post-graduate degree, preferably a Ph D
OR
An optometrist with an undergraduate degree
1) Course Description: This course will be taught in two consecutive semesters.
Geometric Optics is the study of light and its behavior as it propagates in a variety of
media. Specifically, the phenomena of reflection and refraction of light at boundaries
between media and subsequent image formation will be dealt with in detail. Reflections
at plane and spherical surfaces and refractions at plane, spherical, cylindrical and toric
surfaces will be studied in this course. Attention will be given to the system of surfaces
and/or lenses and their imaging properties. The effect of aperture stops on the quality of
images, such as blur and aberrations, depth of field and depth of focus, will also be
studied.
2) Objectives: The objective of this course is to equip the students with a thorough
knowledge of mirrors and lenses. At the end of this course, students will be able to
predict the basic properties of the images formed on the retina by the optics of the eye.
3) Text book:

Tunnacliffe A. H, Hirst J. G, Optics, The association of British Dispensing
Opticians, London, U.K., 1990.

Pedrotti L. S, Pedrotti Sr. F. L, Optics and Vision, Prentice Hall, New Jersey,
USA, 1998.
4) Reference Books:


Loshin D. S. The Geometric Optics Workbook, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston,
USA, 1991.
Schwartz S. H. Geometrical and Visual Optics: A Clinical Introduction, McGrawHill, New York, USA, 2002.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--41-5) Prerequisites:
Higher
secondary
level
mathematics
and
physics.
6) Course outline:
1
Cylindrical Lenses; image formation;
relation between cylinder axis and line
image orientation
2
Lectures; Sample
Problems
Problems, MCQs
2
Imaging due to two cylinders in contact with
axes parallel
1
Lectures;
Assignments
Problems, MCQs
3
Two cylinders in contact with axes
perpendicular; line images and their
orientations to the cylinders’ powers;
interval of Sturm; circle of least confusion
(CLC); spherical equivalent; position of
CLC
6
Lectures; Sample
Problems;
Assignments
Problems, MCQs;
conceptual
questions
4
Spherical lens and a cylindrical lens in
contact; spherical equivalent; interval of
Sturm and CLC
2
Lectures; Sample
Problems;
Assignments
Problems, MCQs;
conceptual
questions
5
Spherocylindrical lens notations –
plus/minus cylinder form, cross
cylinder/meridian form; transformations
between them
3
Lectures; Sample
Problems;
Assignments
Problems,
conceptual
questions
6
Field stops and apertures; entrance and
exit pupils
1
Lectures; Sample
Problems
Problems
7
Apertures and defocus blur
1
Lectures; Sample
Problems
Problems
8
Receiver/detector diameter; depth of focus;
depth of field
1
Lectures; Sample
Problems;
Assignments
Problems; MCQs;
conceptual
questions
9
Chromatic Aberrations; methods of
removing chromatic aberrations; Abbe
number
2
Lectures;
Assignments
Problems; MCQs;
Conceptual
questions
10
Monochromatic Aberrations – deviation
from paraxial approximation; difference
between ray aberrations and wavefront
aberrations
Lectures
2
Problems;
conceptual
questions
11
Third order aberrations – spherical
aberrations; coma; astigmatism; distortion
and curvature of fields
2
Lectures
Conceptual
questions
12
Ways of minimizing spherical aberrations –
pupil size, bending of lens, shape factor
2
Lectures
Conceptual
questions
13
Lens tilt – astigmatism
Lectures
Problems;
conceptual
questions
1
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--42-14
Higher order aberrations; introduction to
Zernike Polynomials
15
Telescopes – Keplerian, Galilean and
Newtonian; position of cardinal points,
entrance and exit pupils; magnifications;
advantages and disadvantages
1
Lectures
Conceptual
questions
4
Lectures; Student
Presentation
Problems; MCQs;
Conceptual
Questions
2
Lectures;
Assignments
Problems; MCQs;
Conceptual
Questions
Problems; MCQs;
Conceptual
Questions
16
Microscopes – magnification; tube length.
17
Gullstrand’s Schematic Eye (GSE);
calculation of the power of the cornea, the
lens and the eye; axial length; calculation of
the position of the cardinal points;
magnification
2
Lectures; Student
Presentation;
Assignments
18
GSE - Purkinje images and their
reflectances
1
Lectures;
Assignments
Problems;
Conceptual
questions
19
GSE - entrance and exit pupils for a 3mm
pupil; ocular aberrations – spherical
aberrations and coma; chromatic
aberrations.
2
Lectures;
Assignments
Problems;
Conceptual
questions
Lectures;
Assignments
Problems;
Conceptual
questions
Lectures;
Assignments
Problems;
Conceptual
questions
20
21
GSE – introduction to refractive errors myopia and hyperopia; corneal curvature;
axial length; far point; blur size calculations;
corrections; astigmatism; blur size; circle of
least confusion; correction.
4
GSE - Object closer than at infinity;
introduction to accommodation; far point;
near point; presbyopia; spectacle and
contact Lens corrections - comparison of
magnification
3
Total number of Lectures
45
7) Reading Assignment: Faculty needs to decide.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--43-8) Practical: (20 hours)
Each practical session could be evaluated for 10 marks and the total could be added to
the final evaluations. These practical’s could be customized as per the university
requirements and spaced apart conveniently. The practical’s to be done include the
following:










Thick Prism – determination of prism angle and dispersive power; calculation of
the refractive index
Thin Prism – measurement of deviation; calculation of the prism diopter
Image formation by spherical mirrors
Convex lens - power determination using lens gauge, power determination using
distant object method; power determination using the vergence formula
Concave lens – in combination with a convex lens – power determination.
Construction of a tabletop telescope – all three types of telescopes.
Construction of a tabletop microscope
Imaging by a cylindrical lens – relationship between cylinder axis and image
orientation
Imaging by two cylinders in contact – determination of the position of CLC;
verification of CLC using a spherical lens with power equal to the spherical
equivalent; orientations and position of the line images and their relation to the
cylinders’ powers and orientations
Imaging by a spherocylindrical lens – sphere and cylinder in contact –
determination of the position of CLC; verification of CLC using a spherical lens with
power equal to the spherical equivalent; orientations and position of the line
images and their relation to the cylinder’s power and orientation
9) Evaluation pattern:
Evaluation Component (EC)
Duration
Maximum
Marks
EC – I
1 hour
20
EC – II
1 Hour
20
EC – III
1 hour
20
Comprehensive Examination
3 Hours
40
Remarks
Written Exam
Written Exam
Note: All EC-s to be spaced approximately 1 month apart.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--44-SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS:
The course curriculum is structured such that there is a smooth flow of ideas from the
easy to the difficult. However, there is one deviation from this ideal. Concepts of thick
lenses are dealt with before moving on to thin lenses. Since the human eye and most of
its visual aids are thick lenses in nature, we have decided to emphasize on thick lenses
and deal thin lenses only as a simplification of thick lens. Universally, thin lenses are
taught first before moving on to thick lenses. Therefore, we leave it to the instructors to
make a choice of which one of these to teach first.
Nodal planes are not taught along with the other cardinal planes. This is because, unless
the students get a clear understanding of angular magnification, it is difficult to teach
them nodal planes. However, we leave it to the instructor to do it the way given in this
curriculum or teach all the six cardinal planes at one go.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--45-COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY CURRICULUM
B. S. OPTOMETRY
FIRST YEAR - SECOND SEMESTER – (ACADEMIC YEAR 20xx – 20yy)
COURSE NO
:
COURSE TITLE
: Physical Optics
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : A post-graduate, preferably a Ph D, in physics, with
adequate exposure to the profession of optometry as evidenced by previous teaching
experience or publications in optometry journals/magazines.
OR
An optometrist with a post-graduate degree, preferably a Ph D
OR
An optometrist with an undergraduate degree.
1) Course Description: This course will be taught in one semester. Physical Optics is
the study of light, its properties and its interaction with matter. Specifically, the
phenomena of interference, diffraction, polarization and scattering will be dealt with in
detail.
2) Objectives: The objective of this course is to equip the students with a thorough
knowledge of properties of light. At the end of this course, students will be able to predict
the distribution of light under various conditions.
3) Text Book: Subrahmanyan N, Brij Lal, A text book of Optics, S. Chand Co Ltd, New
Delhi, India, 2003.
4) Reference Books:
 Pedrotti L. S, Pedrotti Sr. F. L, Optics and Vision, Prentice Hall, New
Jersey, USA, 1998.
 Keating NM. P, Geometric, Physical and Visual Optics, ButterworthHeinemann, Massachusetts, USA, 2002.
5) Prerequisites: Higher secondary level mathematics and physics.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--46-8) Course Outline:
No.
Topics
No
Mode of
Mode of
of
teaching
Evaluation
hrs.
1
2
Nature of light – light as electromagnetic
oscillation – wave equation; ideas of
sinusoidal oscillations – simple harmonic
oscillation; transverse nature of
oscillation; concepts of frequency,
wavelength, amplitude and phase.
Lectures;
Sample
problems
Problems;
conceptual MCQs
Lectures;
Sample
problems
Conceptual
MCQs
Lectures
Conceptual
MCQs
Lectures;
Sample
problems
Conceptual
MCQ-s; problems
Lectures;
Assignments
MCQ-s;
Conceptual
descriptive
questions
1
Lectures;
Assignments
Problems; MCQs
2
Lectures;
Assignments;
sample
problems
Problems;
conceptual MCQs
2
Lectures;
Sample
Problems;
Assignments
Problems;
conceptual MCQs
Diffraction; diffraction by a circular
aperture; Airy’s disc
Problems
2
Lectures;
Sample
Problems
Resolution of an instrument (telescope,
for example); Raleigh’s criterion
Lectures;
Sample
Problems
MCQs; Problems
2
Lectures
Conceptual
questions
Sources of light; Electromagnetic
Spectrum.
3
Polarized light; linearly polarized light;
and circularly polarized light.
4
Intensity of polarized light; Malus’ Law;
polarizers and analyzers; Methods of
producing polarized light; Brewster’s
angle.
5
Birefringence; ordinary and extraordinary
rays.
6
Relationship between amplitude and
intensity.
7
Coherence; interference; constructive
interference, destructive interference;
fringes; fringe width.
8
9
10
11
7
1
1
2
2
Double slits, multiple slits, gratings.
Scattering; Raleigh’s scattering; Tyndall
effect.
2
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--47-12
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
13
Basics of Lasers – coherence;
population inversion; spontaneous
emission; Einstein’s theory of lasers.
14
15
16
Radiometry; solid angle; radiometric
units; photopic and scotopic luminous
efficiency and efficacy curves;
photometric units
Inverse square law of photometry;
Lambert’s law.
1
5
4
Lectures
Conceptual
questions
Lectures;
Student
presentation
Conceptual
MCQs.
Lectures
sample
problems
Problems, MCQs
and
Problems, MCQs
2
Lectures;
sample
problems
Other units of light measurement; retinal
illumination; Trolands
Lectures;
sample
problems
MCQs
1
Total number of Lectures
37
7) Reading Assignment: Faculty can decide
8) Practicals:
Each practical session could be evaluated for 10 marks and the total could be added to
the final evaluations. These practical could be customized as per the university
requirements and spaced apart conveniently. The practical to be done include the
following:







Gratings – determination of grating constant using Sodium vapour lamp;
determination of wavelengths of light from Mercury vapour lamp
Circular Apertures – measurements of Airy’s disc for apertures of various
sizes
Verification of Malus’ Law using a polarizer – analyzer combination
Demonstration of birefringence using Calcite crystals
Measurement of the resolving power of telescopes.
Newton’s rings
Demonstration of fluorescence and phosphorescence using crystals and
paints
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--48--
9) Evaluation Pattern:
Evaluation Component (EC)
Duration
Maximum
Marks
EC – I
1 hour
20
EC – II
1 Hour
20
EC – III
1 hour
20
Comprehensive Examination
3 Hours
40
Remarks
Written Exam
Written Exam
Note: All EC-s to be spaced approximately 1 month apart.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--49--
Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
B S OPTOMETRY
SECOND YEAR - THIRD SEMESTER - ACADEMIC YEAR (2008-2009)
COURSE NO.
:
COURSE TITLE
: Ocular Microbiology
Instructor In Charge
: Microbiologist (PG/ PhD)
1) Course Description: This course covers the basic biological, biochemical and
pathogenic characteristics of pathogenic organisms.
2) Course Objectives: The objectives of the course are:




to prepare the students to gain essential knowledge about the
characteristics of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites;
to acquire knowledge of the principles of sterilisation and disinfection in
hospital and ophthalmic practice;
to understand the
pathogenesis of the diseases caused by the
organisms in the human body with particular reference to the eye
infections and
to understand basic principles of diagnostic ocular Microbiology.
3) Text books:
 BURTON G.R.W: Microbiology for the Health Sciences, third edition, J.P.
Lippincott Co., St. Louis, 1988.
 M J Pelczar (Jr),ECS Chan, NR Krieg : Microbiology ,fifth edition, TATA
McGRAW-HILL Publisher, New Delhi,1993
4) Reference Books:
 KJ Ryan, CG Ray: Sherris Medical Microbiology- An Introduction to infectious
Diseases, fourth edition, McGRAW HiLL Publisher, NewDelhi, 1994 MACKIE &
McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology
 SYDNEY M. FINEGOLD & ELLEN JO BARON: Diagnostic Microbiology (DM)
5) Prerequisites: Higher secondary Biology
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--50-6. Course outline:
No.
Topics
1
2
3
Introduction to Microbiology
Types of Microorganisms
Physiology of Microorganisms – Nutrition, Enzymes, Metabolism and
energy, Microbial Growth
Sterilization and disinfection in the laboratory
Control of Microbial Growth – Antimicrobial methods and
Chemotherapy
Microbes versus Humans- The development of Infection, the disease
process, pathogenicity and virulence
Ocular Bacteriology - Gram positive,(Staphylococcus aureus,
Staphlococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus, propionibacterium,
actinomyces,Nocardia) Bacteria including acid fast bacilli (
Myobacterium tuberculosis, Myobacterium leprae)
Ocular Bacteriology - Gram negative Bacteria
(pseudomonas,haemophiilus,Brucella,Neisseria,Moraxella)
Spirochetes (Treponema, Leptospiraceae)
Virology: Classification of Viruses in Ocular Disease, Rubella,
Adenovirus, Oncogenic Viruses (HPV, HBV, EBV, Retroviruses), HIV.
Fungi : Yeasts, Filamentous, Dimorphic
Intracellular parasites - Chlamydia, Protozoa (Taxoplasmosis,
Acanthamoeba,)
Helminths ( Toxocariasis, Filariasis, Onchocerciasis, Trematodes)
TOTAL NO. OF LECTURES
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
No of
Lectures
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
18
7) Reading Assignment: (Faculty can decide)
8) Evaluation Schedule:
Component
Duration
EC – I
EC – II
EC – III
Comprehensive
Examination
Date & Time
Max. Marks
Remarks
20
1 Hour
20
20
3 Hours
40
Recommendation: Faculty can send the students to Microbiology lab for observation.
This will enable the student to understand the microbiology concept better
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--51-Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
SECOND YEAR – THIRD SEMESTER – (ACADEMIC YEAR 200 – 200 )
COURSE HANDOUT
COURSE NO
:
COURSE TITLE
: Optometric Optics I
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Senior Optometrist (undergraduate or Diploma holder in
optometry with adequate experience in optical industry)
CO-INSTRUCTORS
: Optometrists (undergraduate)
1) Course Description: This course deals with understanding the theory behind
spectacle lenses and frames, their materials, types, advantages and disadvantages,
calculations involved, when and how to prescribe. It will impart construction, design
application and development of lenses, particularly of the methods of calculating their
power and effect.
2) Course Objectives: Skills/knowledge to be acquired at the end of this course:













Measurement of lens power , lens centration using conventional
techniques
Transposition of various types of lenses
Knowledge to identify different forms of lenses (equi- convex,
planoconvex, periscopic, etc.)
Knowledge to select the tool power for grinding process.
Measurement of surface powers using lens measure.
Method of laying off the lens for glazing process.
Ophthalmic prism knowledge – effects, units, base-apex notation,
compounding and resolving prisms.
Knowledge of prism and decentration in ophthalmic lenses
Knowledge of different types of materials used to make lenses and its
characteristics
Knowledge lens designs – single vision, bifocals, progressive lens
Knowledge on tinted and protective lenses
Knowledge on special lenses like iseikonic, spectacle magnifiers.
Knowledge on spectacle frames – manufacture, materials
3) Text Books: Jalie M: The principles of Ophthalmic Lenses, The Association of
Dispensing Opticians, London, 1972
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--52--
4) Reference Books:


David Wilson: Practical Optical Dispensing, OTEN- DE, NSW TAFE Commission,
1999
C V Brooks, IM Borish: System for Ophthalmic Dispensing, Second edition,
Butterworth-Heinemann, USA, 1996
5) Pre-requisites: Physical Optics, Geometrical Optics
6) Course Outline:
No.
Topic
1
Introduction – Light, Mirror, Reflection,
Refraction and Absorption
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Prisms – Definition, properties,
Refraction through prisms, Thickness
difference, Base-apex notation, uses,
nomenclature and units, Sign
Conventions, Fresnel’s prisms, rotary
prims
Lenses – Definition, units, terminology
used to describe, form of lenses
Vertex distance and vertex power,
Effectivity calculations
Lens shape, size and types i.e.
spherical, cylindrical and Spherocylindrical
Transpositions – Simple, Toric and
Spherical equivalent
Prismatic effect, centration, decent
ration and Prentice rule, Prismatic
effect of Plano-cylinder and Spherocylinder lenses
Spherometer & Sag formula, Edge
thickness calculations
Magnification in high plus lenses,
Minification in high minus lenses
No. of
Lectures
1
Mode of
teaching
Theory +
Home
assignment
Mode of
evaluation
Assignment
evaluation
Theory
Written + Viva
4
2
Theory
2
Theory +
Home
assignements
1
Theory +
Practicals
1
4
3
1
Theory +
Home
assignements
Theory +
Practicals +
Home
assignements
Theory +
Practicals +
Home
assignements
Theory +
Practicals
Witten +
Practicals +
Viva
Written
Written + Viva
Written
Written + Viva
Written + Viva
Written + Viva
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--53-10
Tilt induced power in spectacles
1
11
Aberration in Ophthalmic Lenses
1
21
Total Hours
Theory +
Practicals
Written + Viva
Theory
Written + Viva
Recommendation – to give extensive home assignments for all calculations
7) Reading Assignment: (Faculty can decide)
8) Evaluation Schedule:
Component
Duration
EC – I
EC – II
EC – III
Comprehensive
Examination
Date & Time
Max. Marks
Remarks
20
1 Hour
20
20
3 Hours
40
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--54-Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
Bachelor Of Optometry
Second Year - THIRD SEMESTER (ACADEMIC YEAR 20XX-20YY)
COURSE NO
:
COURSE TITLE
:
INSTRUCTOR IN-CHARGE
: Optometrist with B.Optom
Visual Optics I
1) Course Description: This course deals with the concept of eye as an optical
instrument and thereby covers various optical components of eye, types of refractive
errors, clinical approach in diagnosis and management of various types of refractive
errors.
2) Course Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student should be able:


to understand the fundamentals of optical components of the eye
to gain theoretical knowledge and practical skill on visual acuity
measurement, objective and subjective clinical refraction.
3) Text books:


A H Tunnacliffe: Visual optics, The Association of British Optician, 1987
AG Bennett & RB Rabbets: Clinical Visual optics, 3rd edition, Butterworth
Heinemann, 1998
4) Reference Books:





M P Keating: Geometric, Physical and Visual optics, 2nd edition, ButterworthHeinemann, USA, 2002
HL Rubin: Optics for clinicians, 2nd edition, Triad publishing company. Florida, 1974.
H Obstfeld: Optic in Vision- Foundations of visual optics & associated computations,
2nd edition, Butterworth, UK, 1982.
WJ Benjamin: Borish’s clinical refraction,2nd edition, Butterworth Heinemann,
Missouri, USA,2006
T
Grosvenor:
Primary
Care
Optometry,4th
edition,
Butterworth
–
heinneman,USA,2002
5) Prerequisites: Geometrical optics, Physical optics, Ocular Physiology
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--55-6) Course Outline:
Topic
1. REVIEW OF GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
VERGENCE AND POWER:
No. of
hours
Mode of
teaching
Mode of
evaluation
4 hours
Lectures and MCQs
seminars
by
students
2 hours
Lectures
MCQs
8 hours
Lectures
Written and
MCQs
1.1 Conjugacy, object space and image
space
1.2 Sign convention
1.3 Spherical refracting surface
1.4 Spherical mirror; catoptric power
1.5 Cardinal points
1.6 Magnification
1.7 Light and visual function
Clinical Relevance of: Fluorescence,
Interference, Diffraction, Polarization,
Bi-refringence, Dichroism
1.9 Aberration and application
Spherical and Chromatic
2.OPTICS OF OCULAR STRUCTURE
2.1 Cornea and aqueous
2.2 Crystalline lens
2.3 Vitreous
2.3 Schematic and reduced eye
3.MEASUREMENTS OF OPTICAL
CONSTANTS OF THE EYE
3.1 Corneal curvature and thickness
3.2 Keratometry
3.3 Curvature of the lens and
ophthalmophakometry
3.4 Axial and axis of the eye
3.5 Basic Aspects of Vision.
• Visual Acuity
• Light and Dark Adaptation
• Color Vision
• Spatial
and
Temporal
Resolution
• Science
of
Measuring
visual performance and
Application
to
Clinical
Optometry
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--56-4. REFRACTIVE ANOMALIES AND
THEIR CAUSES
6 hours
Lectures
Written, MCQs,
assignments
4.1 Etiology of refractive anomalies
4.2 Contributing variability and their
ranges
4.3 Populating distributions of anomalies.
4.4 Optical component measurements
4.5 Growth of the eye in relation to
refractive errors
Total hours
20
hours
7) Reading Assignment: (Faculty can decide)
8) Evaluation Schedule:Component
Duration
EC – I
EC – II
EC – III
Comprehensive
Examination
Date & Time
Max. Marks
Remarks
20
1 Hour
20
20
3 Hours
40
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--57-Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
Bachelor Of Optometry
Second Year - THIRD SEMESTER (ACADEMIC YEAR 20XX-20YY)
COURSE NO
:
COURSE TITLE
: Optometric Instruments
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Optometrist
GUEST LECTURE
: by a Bioengineer, preferably from one of the companies
who make and services ophthalmic instruments like Lensometers, Keratometers etc.
1) Course Description: This course covers commonly used optometric instruments, its
basic principle, description and usage in clinical practice.
2) Course Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student should be able to
gain theoretical knowledge and basic practical skill in handling the following instruments:














Visual Acuity chart/drum
Retinoscope
Trail Box
Jackson Cross cylinder
Direct ophthalmoscope
Slit lamp Biomicroscope
Slit lamp Ophthalmoscopy ( +90, 78 D)
Gonioscope
Tonometer: Applanation Tonometer
Keratometer
Perimeter
Electrodiagnostic instrument (ERG, VEP, EOG)
A – Scan Ultrasound
Lensometer
3) Text books: David Henson: Optometric Instrumentations, Butterworth- Heinnemann,
UK, 1991
4) Reference books:


P R Yoder: Mounting Optics in Optical Instruments, SPIE Society of PhotoOptical Instrumentation, 2002
G Smith, D A. Atchison: The Eye and Visual Optical Instruments, Cambridge
University Press, 1997
5) Prerequisites: Geometrical optics
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--58--
6) Course Outline:
Topic
1.REFRACTIVE INSTRUMENTS
No. of
hours
12
Mode of teaching
Lectures
Mode of
evaluation
MCQs
 Optotypes and MTF, Spatial
Frequency
 Test charts standards.
 Choice of test charts
 Trial case lenses
 Refractor (phoropter) head
units
 Optical
considerations of
refractor units
 Trial frame design
 Near vision difficulties with
units and trial frames
 Retinoscope – types available
 Adjustment of Retinoscopesspecial features
 Objective optometers.
 Infrared optometer devices.
 Projection charts
 Illumination of the consulting
room.
 Brightness acuity test
 Vision analyzer
 Pupilometer
 Potential Acuity Meter
 Abberometer
2. OPHTHALMOSCOPES
AND
RELATED DEVICES
3 hours
 Design of ophthalmoscopes illumination
 Design of ophthalmoscopesviewing
 Ophthalmoscope disc
 Filters for ophthalmoscopy
 Indirect ophthalmoscope
Lectures with
practical
demonstration
Written and
assignments
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--59--
3. Lensometer,Lens gauges or clock
2 hours
Lectures and hands
on sessions
Written
4. Slit Lamp
2 hours
Lectures and hands
on sessions
Written
2 hours
Lectures and hands
on sessions
Written
2 hours
Lectures and hands
on sessions
Written
1 hour
Lectures and hands
on sessions
Written
1 hour
Lecture
Written
1 hour
Lectures
Written
Lectures
Written
1 hour
Lectures
Written
1 hour
Lectures
MCQs
2 hours
Lectures
MCQs
5. Tonometers
6. Keratometer and corneal
topography
7. Refractometer
8. Orthoptic Instruments
(Synaptophore Only)
9. Color Vision Testing Devices
10. Fields Of Vision And Screening 2 hours
Devices
11. Scans
12. ERG
13. New Instruments
Total no. hrs
32 hours
7) Reading Assignment: Latest informations on optometry instruments available in the
literatures can be given as reading assignment. The topics can be decided by the
faculty.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--60--
8) Evaluation Component:
Component
Duration
Date & Time
Max. Marks
EC – I
1 Hour
30
Written Exam
1 Hour
30
Written Exam
And practical
Written Exam
1 hour
30
3 Hours
40
EC – II
EC - III
Comprehensive
Examination
Remarks
Written Exam
and Practical
Note: Demonstration of the instruments parts and how it works will definitely add
value to the course.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--61-Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
B S OPTOMETRY
SECOND YEAR – THIRD SEMESTER (ACADEMIC YEAR 200 - 200)
COURSE NO.
:
COURSE TITLE
: Ocular Diseases I
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Ophthalmologist
CO – INSTRUCTORS
: Optometrist (Minimum UG in Optometry)
2) Course Description: This course deals with various ocular diseases affecting
various parts of the eyes. It covers clinical signs and symptoms, cause,
pathophysiological mechanism, diagnostic approach, differential diagnosis and
management aspects of the ocular diseases.
3) Course Objective: At the end of the course the students will be knowledgeable in
the following aspects of ocular diseases: knowledge
 on the etiology,
 epidemiology,
 symptoms,
 signs,
 course sequelae of ocular disease,
 diagnostic approach, and
 management of the ocular diseases.
4)
Text books:
A K Khurana: Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 4th edition, New age international (p)
Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi, 2007
5) Reference Books:
 Stephen J. Miller : Parsons Diseases of the Eye, 18th edition, Churchill
Livingstone, 1990
 Jack J. Kanski Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach, 6th edition,
Butterworth - Heinemann, 2007
6) Prerequisites: Ocular anatomy and Ocular Physiology, Ocular Biochemistry
and Microbiology, Pharmacology
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--62-7)
Course outline:
S. No.
Topics
No. of
Lectures
Mode of
teaching
Mode of
Evaluation
1
a) ORBIT
10
Lectures
Written
2
 Applied Anatomy
 Proptosis
Classification,Causes,Investigations)
 Enophthalmos
 Developmental Anomalies
 ( craniosynostosis, Craniofacial
Dysostosis, Hypertelorism, Median
facial cleft syndrome)
 Orbital Inflammations (Preseptal
cellulites, Orbital cellulitis Orbital
Periostitis, cavernous sinus
Thrombosis)
 Grave’s Ophthalmopathy
 Orbital tumors( Dermoids, capillary
haemangioma, Optic nerve glioma)
 Orbital blowout fractures
 Orbital surgery (Orbitotomy)
 Orbital tumors
 Orbital trauma
 Approach to a patient with
proptosis
b) LIDS
6
Lecture
Written
 Applied Anatomy
 Congenital anomalies
( Ptosis, Coloboma, Epicanthus,
Distichiasis, Cryptophthalmos)
 3.Oedema of the eyelids
(Inflammatory, Solid, Passive edema)
 Inflammatory disorders (Blepharitis,
External Hordeolum, Chalazion,
 Internal hordeolum,,Molluscum
Contagiosum)
 Anomalies in the position of the
lashes and Lid Margin (Trichiasis,
Ectropion, Entropion,
Symblepharon, Blepharophimosis,
Lagophthalmos, Blepharospasm,
Ptosis).
 Tumors (Papillomas, Xanthelasma,
Haemangioma, Basal carcinoma,
Squamous cell carcinoma,
sebaceous gland melanoma)
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--63--
3
4
c)




LACRIMAL SYSTEM
Applied Anatomy
Tear Film
The Dry Eye ( Sjogren’s Syndrome)
The watering eye ( Etiology, clinical
evaluation)
 Dacryocystitis
 Swelling of the Lacrimal gland
( Dacryoadenitis)
d) CONJUNCTIVA
4
Lecture
Written
4
Lecture
Written
12
Lecture
Written
 Applied Anatomy
 Inflammations of conjunctiva
( Infective conjunctivitis – bacterial,
chlamydial, viral , Allergic
conjunctivitis, Granulomatous
conjunctivitis)
 Degenerative conditions
 ( Pinguecula, Pterygium,
Concretions)
 Symptomatic conditions
 ( Hyperaemia, Chemosis,
Ecchymosis, Xerosis, Discoloration)
 5.Cysts and Tumors
e) CORNEA
5
 Applied Anatomy and Physiology
 Congenital Anomalies
(Megalocornea, Microcornea,
Cornea plana, Congenital cloudy
cornea)
 Inflammations of the cornea
(Topographical classifications:
Ulcerative keratitis and Non
ulcerative
 Etiological classifications: Infective,
Allergic, Trophic, Traumatic,
Idiopathic)
 Degenerations ( classifications,
Arcus senilis, Vogt’s white limbal
girdle, Hassal-henle bodies, Lipoid
Keratopathy, Band shaped
keratopathy, Salzmann’s nodular
degeneration, Droplet keratopathy,
Pellucid Marginal degeneration)
 Dystrophies ( Reis Buckler
dystrophy,Recurrent corneal erosion
syndrome, Granualr
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--64-dystrophy,Lattice dystrophy, Macular
dystrophy, cornea guttata, Fuch’s
epithelial endothelial dystrophy,
Congenital hereditary endothelial
dystrophy)
 Keratoconus, Keratoglobus
 Corneal oedema, Corneal opacity,
Corneal vascularisation
 Penetrating Keratoplasty
f)
UVEAL TRACT AND SCLERA













Applied Anatomy,
Classification of uveitis
Etiology
Pathology
Anterior Uveitis
Posterior Uveitis
Purulent Uveitis
Endophthalmitis
Panophthalmitis
Pars Planitis
Tumors of uveal tract( Melanoma)
Episcleritis and scleritis
Clinical examination of Uveitis and
Scleritis
Total
10
Lecture
Written
6
46
8) Reading Assignment: (Faculty can decide)
9) Evaluation Schedule:
Component
Duration
EC – I
EC – II
EC – III
Comprehensive
Examination
Date & Time
Max. Marks
Remarks
20
1 Hour
20
20
3 Hours
40
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--65-Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
B S OPTOMETRY
SECOND YEAR - THIRD SEMESTER - ACADEMIC YEAR (20xx-20yy )
COURSE NO
:
SUBJECT TITLE
: Clinical Examination of the Visual System
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE
: Optometrist (Minimum BS/B.Op t/ B.Sc optometry)
1) Course Description: This course covers various clinical optometry procedures
involving external examination, anterior segment and posterior segment examination,
neuroophthalmic examination, pediatric optometry examination, and Glaucoma
evaluation.
2) Course Objectives: At the end of the course the students will be skilled in knowing
the purpose, set-up and devices required for the test, indications and contraindications
of the test, step-by-step procedures, documentation of the findings, and interpretation of
the findings of the various clinical optometry procedures.
3) Text books:
T Grosvenor: Primary Care Optometry, 5th edition, Butterworth – Heinneman, USA,
2007.
4) Reference Books:





A K Khurana: Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 4th edition, New age international
(p) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi, 2007
D B. Elliott :Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care,3rd edition, ButterworthHeinemann, 2007
Jack J. Kanski Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach,6th edition,
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007
J.B Eskridge, J F. Amos, J D. Bartlett: Clinical Procedures in Optometry,
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,1991
N B. Carlson , Dl Kurtz: Clinical Procedures for Ocular Examination ,3rd edition,
McGraw-Hill Medical, 2003
5) Prerequisites:
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--66-6) Course Outline:
Topic
No. of
hours
Mode of teaching
Mode of
evaluation
History taking,
4
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
Visual acuity estimation
1
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
Extraocular motility, Cover teat,
Alternating cover test
2
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
1
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
Pupils Examination
1
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
Maddox Rod,
1
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
1
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
1
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
2
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
1
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
1
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
1
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
1
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
Hirschberg test, Modified Krimsky,
van Herrick,
External examination of the eye, Lid
Eversion
Schirmer’s, TBUT, tear meniscus
level, NITBUT (keratometer),
Color Vision
Stereopsis,
Confrontation test,
Photostress test,
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--67-3
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
1
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
3
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
1
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
1
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
Corneal Sensitivity, HVID
1
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
Saccades and Pursuits
1
Lectures and
Demonstration
Written
Total no. hours
29
Slitlamp biomicroscopy,
Direct Ophthalmoscopy,
Digital pressure, Schiotz Tonometry,
Applanation Tonometry
Gonioscopy
ROPLAS
Amsler test,
7) Reading Assignment: Faculty can decide
8)
Evaluation Pattern:
Evaluation Component (EC)
Duration
Maximum
Marks
EC – I
1 hour
20
EC – II
1 Hour
20
EC – III
1 hour
20
Comprehensive Examination
3 Hours
40
Remarks
Written Exam
Written Exam
9) Practicals: Hands–on of all the procedure taught are given as practical (total hours
allotted: 40 hours)
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--68-Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
Bachelor Of Optometry
SECOND YEAR - FOURTH SEMESTER (ACADEMIC YEAR 20XX-20YY)
COURSE NO
:
COURSE TITLE
: Optometric Optics II
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Senior Optometrist (undergraduate or Diploma holder in
optometry with adequate experience in optical industry)
CO-INSTRUCTORS
: Optometrists (undergraduate)
1) Course Description: This course deals with understanding the theory behind
spectacle lenses and frames, their materials, types, advantages and disadvantages,
calculations involved, when and how to prescribe. It will impart construction, design
application and development of lenses, particularly of the methods of calculating their
power and effect.
2) Course Objectives: Skills/knowledge to be acquired at the end of this course:













Measurement of lens power , lens centration using conventional techniques
Transposition of various types of lenses
Knowledge to identify different forms of lenses (equi- convex, planoconvex,
periscopic, etc.)
Knowledge to select the tool power for grinding process.
Measurement of surface powers using lens measure.
Method of laying off the lens for glazing process.
Ophthalmic prism knowledge – effects, units, base-apex notation,
compounding and resolving prisms.
Knowledge of prism and decentration in ophthalmic lenses
Knowledge of different types of materials used to make lenses and its
characteristics
Knowledge lens designs – single vision, bifocals, progressive lens
Knowledge on tinted and protective lenses
Knowledge on special lenses like iseikonic, spectacle magnifiers.
Knowledge on spectacle frames – manufacture, materials
3) Text Books:
Jalie M: The principles of Ophthalmic Lenses, The Association of Dispensing
Opticians, London, 1972
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--69-4) Reference Books:


David Wilson: Practical Optical Dispensing, OTEN- DE, NSW TAFE Commission,
1999
C V Brooks, IM Borish: System for Ophthalmic Dispensing, Second edition,
Butterworth-Heinemann, USA, 1996
5) Pre-requisites: Physical Optics, Geometrical Optics
6) Course Outline:
1. Optical Lenses
No.
Topic
1
Raw materials – History and General Outline,
Manufacturing of Ophthalmic Blanks – Glass &
Plastics, Terminology used in Lens
Workshops, Surfacing process from Blanks to
lenses
Definition & Materials (Glass, Plastics,
Polycarbonate, Triology) types and
Characteristics
Properties (Refractive index, specific gravity,
UV cut off, impact resistance – include drop
ball test, abbe value, Center thickness)
Best form of lenses & Safety standards for
Ophthalmic lenses (FDA, ANSI, ISI, Others)
Design of High Powered Lenses
Hi-index lenses, Calculation of Refractive
index
Bifocal designs, their manufacturing & uses
(Kryptok, Univis D, Executive, Invisible,
Occupational)
2
3
4
5
6
7
Progressive Addition Lenses, modified near
vision lenses (designs, advantages,
limitations)
8
Lens enhancements (Scratch resistant
coatings – spin/dip, Anti-reflection coating, UV
coating, Hydrophobic coating, anti-static
coating
No. of
Lectures
Mode of
Teaching
Mode of
Evaluation
4
Theory + Lab
visit OR
Video
presentation
Written + Viva
4
Theory +
Practicals
Written + Viva
4
Theory +
Practicals
Home
assignments
Theory +
Home
assignments
Written + Viva
Theory + Lab
visit+ case
studies
Theory +
Home
assignments
+ case
studies
Theory +
Practicals +
Lab visit +
Home
assignments
Theory +
Practicals
Demonstarti
on
Written + Viva
2
6
3
4
9
Lens defects – Description and Detection
2
10
Glazing & edging (manual & automatic)
2
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
Assignment
evaluation
Written
Written + Viva
Written + Viva
Written + Viva
Demonstratio
n
--70-11
12
Special lenses
 Lenticulars
 Aspherics
 Fresnel lenses & Prisms
 Aniseikonic lenses
 Photochromics
 Polaroids
 Tinted lenses – Tints, filters
Project to ensure awareness on lens
availability in Indian market
6
Theory +
Practicals
Written + Viva
Project
Project
evaluation
2. Spectacle Frames
No.
1
2
3
Topic
History of Spectacles, manufacturing overview,
Definition, parts & measurements
Classification of frames – Materials (cover in
detail), Colours and Temple position (advantages
& disadvantages, where to use)
Special purpose frames (sports, kids, reading)
No. of
Lectures
Mode of
Teaching
Mode of
Evaluation
2
Theory +
Demonstration
Written +
Viva
4
Theory +
Demonstration
Written +
Viva
1
Demonstration Written + Viva
Recommendation – Lab visit and/or video presentations where recommended are
important and to keep samples of all lenses & frames in the college
7) Reading Assignment: Latest informations on optometry optics available in the
literatures can be given as reading assignment. This can be decided by the faculty.
8) Evaluation Component:
Component
Duration
EC – I
Date & Time
Max. Marks
Remarks
30
Written Exam
30
Written Exam
And practical
30
Written Exam
40
Written Exam and
Practical
1 Hour
EC – II
1 Hour
EC - III
1 hour
Comprehensive
Examination
3 Hours
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--71-Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
Bachelor Of Optometry
SECOND YEAR - FOURTH SEMESTER (ACADEMIC YEAR 20XX-20YY)
COURSE NO
:
COURSE TITLE
: Visual Optics II
INSTRUCTOR IN-CHARGE
: Optometrist with B.Optom
1. Course Description: This course deals with the concept of eye as an optical
instrument and thereby covers various optical components of eye, types of refractive
errors, clinical approach in diagnosis and management of various types of refractive
errors.
2. Course Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student should be able
 to understand the fundamentals of optical components of the eye
 to gain theoretical knowledge and practical skill on visual acuity measurement,
objective and subjective clinical refraction.
3. Text books:


A H Tunnacliffe: Visual optics, The Association of British Optician, 1987
AG Bennett & RB Rabbets: Clinical Visual optics, 3rd edition, Butterworth
Heinemann, 1998
4. Reference Books:





M P Keating: Geometric, Physical and Visual optics, 2nd edition, ButterworthHeinemann, USA, 2002
HL Rubin: Optics for clinicians, 2nd edition, Triad publishing company. Florida, 1974.
H Obstfeld: Optic in Vision- Foundations of visual optics & associated computations,
2nd edition, Butterworth, UK, 1982.
WJ Benjamin: Borish’s clinical refraction,2nd edition, Butterworth Heinemann,
Missouri, USA,2006
T
Grosvenor:
Primary
Care
Optometry,4th
edition,
Butterworth
–
heinneman,USA,2002
5) Prerequisites: Geometrical optics, Physical optics, Ocular Physiology
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--72-6) Course outline:
Topic
1.Refractive conditions
No. of
hours
Mode of
teaching
Mode of
evaluation
9 hours
Lectures
MCQs
6 hours
Lectures and
seminars
MCQs and
written
3.Objective refraction
 Streak Retinoscopy only
3 Hours
Lectures and
practicals
Practical and
Viva
4.Subjective Refraction
9 hours
Lectures and
practicals
Written and
practicals








Emmetropia
Myopia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism
Accommodation
Presbyopia
Anisometropia and Aniseikonia
Aphakia and Pseudophakia
2.Accommodation
 Far and near points of
accommodation
 Correction of spherical
ametropia
 Axial versus refractive
ametropia
 Relationship between
accommodation and
convergence, AC / A ratio
 Review of subjective
refractive methods
 Cross cylinder methods
for astigmatism,
Astigmatic Fan Test
 Difficulties in subjective
and objective tests and
their avoidance
 Ocular refraction versus
spectacle refraction
 Ocular accommodation
versus spectacle
accommodation
 Spectacle magnification
and relative spectacle
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--73-magnification
 Retinal image blur; depth
of focus and depth of field
 Prescribing Prisms /
Binocular Refraction
Total no. of hours
27 hours
7. Reading Assignment: Faculty can decide
8. Evaluation Pattern:
Evaluation Component (EC)
Duration
Maximum
Marks
EC – I
1 hour
20
EC – II
1 Hour
20
EC – III
1 hour
20
Comprehensive Examination
3 Hours
40
Remarks
Written Exam
Written Exam
9) Practicals: Hand-on clinical refraction procedure – retinoscopy, keratometry, and
subjective refraction will be taught.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--74-Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
B S OPTOMETRY
SECOND YEAR – THIRD SEMESTER (ACADEMIC YEAR 200 - 200)
COURSE NO.
COURSE TITLE
INSTRUCTOR IN- CHARGE
CO – INSTRUCTORS
:
: Ocular Disease - II
: Ophthalmologist
: Optometrist (Minimum UG in Optometry)
1. Course Description: This course deals with various ocular diseases affecting various
parts of the eyes. It covers clinical signs and symptoms, cause, pathophysiological
mechanism, diagnostic approach, differential diagnosis and management aspects of
the ocular diseases.
2. Course Objective: At the end of the course the students will be knowledgeable in the
following aspects of ocular diseases: knowledge
 on the etiology,
 epidemiology,
 symptoms,
 signs,
 course sequelae of ocular disease,
 diagnostic approach, and
 management of the ocular diseases.
3. Text books:
A K Khurana: Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 4th edition, New age international (p)
Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi, 2007
4. Refernce Books:
 Stephen J. Miller : Parsons Diseases of the Eye, 18th edition, Churchill
Livingstone, 1990
 Jack J. Kanski Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach, 6th edition,
Butterworth- Heinemann, 2007
5. Prerequisites: Ocular anatomy and Ocular Physiology, Ocular Biochemistry
and Microbiology, Pharmacology
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--75-6. Course Outline:
No.
1
Topics
Retina and Vitreous:
No of
Lectures
12
Mode of
Teaching
Lecture
Mode of
Evaluation
Written
4
Lecture
Written
 Applied Anatomy
 Congenital and Developmental
Disorders ( Optic Disc: Coloboma,
Drusen, Hypoplasia, Medullated
nerve fibers; Persistent Hyaloid
Artery)
 Inflammatory disorders ( Retinitis :
Acute purulent , Bacterial, Virus,
mycotic)
 Retinal Vasculitis ( Eales’s)
 Retinal Artery Occlusion ( Central
retinal Artery occlusion)
 Retinal Vein occlusion ( Ischaemic,
Non Ischaemic , Branch retinal vein
occlusion)
 Retinal degenerations : Retinitis
Pigmentosa, Lattice degenerations
 Macular disorders: Solar
retinopathy, central serous
retinopathy, cystoid macular
edema, Age related macular
degeneration.
 Retinal Detachement:
Rhegmatogenous, Tractional,
Exudative)
 Retinablastoma
2
Ocular Injuries:
Terminology : Closed globe injury (
contusion, lamellar laceration) Open globe
injury ( rupture, laceration, penetrating
injury, peforating injury)
 Mechanical injuries ( Extraocular
foreign body, blunt trauma,
perforating injury, sympathetic
ophthalmitis)
 Non Mechanical Injuries ( Chemical
injuries, Thermal, Electrical,
Radiational)
 Clinical approach towards ocular
injury patients
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--76--
3
Lens










4
10
Lecture
Written
12
Lecture
Written
10
Lecture
Written
Applied Anatomy and Physiology
Clinical examination
Classification of cataract
Congenital and Developmental
cataract
Acquired ( Senile, Traumatic,
Complicated, Metabolic, Electric,
Radiational, Toxic)
Morphological: Capsular,
Subcapsular, Cortical,
Supranuclear, Nuclear, Polar.
Management of cataract ( Non
surgical and surgical measures;
preoperative evaluation, Types of
surgeries,)
Complications of cataract surgery
Displacement of lens: Subluxation,
Displacement
Lens coloboma, Lenticonus,
Microsperophakia.
Clinical Neuro-ophthalmology
 Anatomy of visual pathway
 Lesions of the visual pathway
 Pupillary reflexes and abnormalities
(Amaurotic light reflex, Efferent pathway
defect, Wernicke’s hemianopic pupil,
Marcus gunn pupil. Argyll Robetson
pupil, Adie’s tonic pupil)
 Optic neuritis, Anterior Ischemic optic
neuropathy, Pappilloedema, optic
atrophy
 Cortical blindness
 Malingering
 Nystagmus
 Clinical examination
5
Glaucoma
 Applied anatomy and physiology of
anterior segment
 Clinical Examination
 Definitions and classification of
glaucoma
 Pathogenesis of glaucomatous ocular
damage
 Congenital glaucomas
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--77-



Primary open angle glaucoma
Ocular hypertension
Normal Tension Glaucoma
Primary angle closure glaucoma (
Primary angle closure suspect,
Intermittent glaucoma, acute
congestive, chronic angle closure)
 Secondary Glaucomas
 Management : common medications,
laser intervention and surgical
techniques
Total hours
46
7. Reading Assignments: Faculty can decide on the topics. This will kindle interest
among the students to refer books and journals.
8. Evaluation Schedule:
Component
Duration
EC – I
EC – II
EC – III
Comprehensive
Examination
Date & Time
Max. Marks
Remarks
20
1 Hour
20
Written
Exam
20
3 Hours
40
Written
Exam
INSTRUCTOR-IN-CHARGE
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--78--
Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
B S OPTOMETRY
SECOND YEAR - FOURTH SEMESTER - ACADEMIC YEAR (200-200 )
COURSE NO.
COURSE TITLE
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE
CO-INSTRUCTOR
:
: Ocular Pharmacology
: Pharmacologist with B Pharm/ M Pharm
: Ophthalmologist
1. Course Description: This course covers the actions, uses, adverse effects and mode
of administration of drugs, especially related to eyes.
2. Course Objective: At the end of the course students will be knowledgeable in the
following:


basic principles of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
commonly used ocular drugs, mechanism, indications, contraindications, drug
dosage, and adverse effects.
3. Textbook:


K D TRIPATHI: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. 5th edition, Jaypee, New
Delhi, 2004
Ashok Garg: Manual of Ocular Therapeutics, Jaypee, NewDelhi, 1996
4. Reference Books:
T J Zimmerman, K S Kooner, M Sharir, R D Fechtner: Text Book of Ocular
Pharmacology, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1997
5. Prerequisites: General Physiology, Biochemistry
6. Course Plan:
NO.
Topics
1
Pharmacokinetics : Drug absorption,
distribution, metabolism and excretion
Pharmacodynamics : Drug Handling by the
body – effect of drug and the relationship
between drug concentration and response
Drug – Receptor interactions
Ocular Pharmacology : Drug Handling by
cells and Tissues - Pharmacokinetics ,and
Pharmacodynamics– specific to ocular –
2
3
4
No of
Lectures
4
Mode of
Teaching
Lecture
Mode of
Evaluation
Written
2
Lecture
Written
1
2
Lecture
Lecture
Written
Written
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--79--
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
surface and intraocular conditions
Delivery methods of Ocular Medication:
Residence in the Conjunctival sac, drug
vehicles affect drug delivery, advanced
ocular delivery systems
Reconstituting the tear film: Tear
Substitutes
Ocular Drugs and the Autonomic Nervous
system: Parasympathetic( antimuscaranic)
and Sympathetic
Intraocular pressure Drugs
Eicosanoids : prostaglandins,thromboxaes
and leukotrienes
Serotonin : Neurotransmitter;
Glucocorticoids, Immunosuppressive
agents
Local Anaesthetics
Ocular Toxicity from systemic
administration of Drugs
Total No. of lectures
2
Lecture
Written
1
Lecture
Assignment
2
Lecture
Assignment
2
2
Lecture
Lecture
Assignment
Written
2
Lecture
Written
2
2
Lecture
Lecture
Written
Assignment
24
7. Reading Assignment: (faculty has to decide on the relevant topics) This will motivate
the students to refer many books and journals.
8. Evaluation Schedule:Component
Duration
EC – I
EC – II
EC – III
Comprehensive
Examination
Date & Time
Max. Marks
Remarks
20
1 Hour
20
20
3 Hours
40
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--80-Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
B S OPTOMETRY
SECOND YEAR - FOURTH SEMESTER - ACADEMIC YEAR (20XX-20YY )
COURSE NO.
COURSE TITLE
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE
CO-INSTRUCTOR
:
: Pathology
: Pathologist
: Ophthalmologist
1) Course Description: This course describes basic aspects of disease processes with
reference to specific entities relevant in optometry/ophthalmology.
2) Course Objective: At the end of the course students will acquire knowledge in the
following aspects :


Inflammation and repair aspects.
Pathology of various eye parts and adnexa
3) Text books:
K S Ratnagar: Pathology of the eye & orbit, Jaypee brothers Medical
Publishers, 1997
4) Reference books:


CORTON KUMAR AND ROBINS: Pathological Basis of the
Disease, 7th Edition, Elsevier, newDelhi, 2004.
S R Lakhani Susan AD & Caroline JF: Basic Pathology: An introduction to
the mechanism of disease, 1993.
5) Prerequisites: Higher Secondary Biology, General and Ocular Anatomy, General
and Ocular Physiology
6) Course plan:
No.
1
2
3
4
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Topics
General Pathology : Principles
Pathophysiology of Ocular Angiogenesis
Ocular Infections
Pathology of cornea and Conjunctiva
Pathology of Uvea
Pathology of Glaucoma
Pathology of Retina
Pathology of retina in systemic disease/disorders
Pathology of eyelids and adnexa
Pathology of orbital space occupying lesions
Pathology of the optic nerve
No of
Lectures
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--81-11
12
Retinoblastoma
Pathology of Lens
3
1
20
Total
7. Reading Assignments: Faculty should make the student develop habit of referring
books and journals. The topic of the assignments can be decided by the faculty.
8. Evaluation schedule:
Component
Duration
EC – I
EC – II
EC – III
Comprehensive
Examination
Date & Time
Max. Marks
Remarks
20
1 Hour
20
20
3 Hours
40
Note: Faculty are encouraged to show students various Histopathological slides
during the course for better understanding of the concepts.
INSTRUCTOR INCHARGE
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--82--
Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
B S OPTOMETRY
THIRD YEAR – FIFTH SEMESTER - ACADEMIC YEAR (200-200 )
COURSE NO.
:
COURSE TITLE
: Contact Lenses I
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE
: Optometrist
CO- INSTRUCTORS
: CL Practitioner (Non Academic)
1. Course Description: The subject provides the student with suitable knowledge both
in theoretical and practical aspects of Contact Lenses.
2. Course Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student should be able to:






Understand the basics of contact lenses
List the important properties of contact lenses
Finalise the CL design for various kinds patients
Recognize various types of fitting
Explain all the procedures to patient
Identify and manage the adverse effects of contact lens
3. Text books:





IACLE modules 1 - 10
CLAO Volumes 1, 2, 3
Anthony J. Phillips : Contact Lenses, 5th edition, Butterworth-Heinemann,
2006
Elisabeth A. W. Millis: Medical Contact Lens Practice, ButterworthHeinemann, 2004
E S. Bennett ,V A Henry :Clinical manual of Contact Lenses, 3rd edition,
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2008
4. Reference Books:
5. Prerequisites: Geometrical optics, Visual optics, Ocular Anatomy, Ocular Physiology,
Biochemistry, Ocular Microbiology, Ocular Disease, Optometric Instruments
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--83-6. Course Outline:
No.
Topics
1
Introduction to Contact lenses
 Definition
 Classification / Types
2
History of Contact Lenses
No of
Lecture(s)
Mode of
Teaching
Lecture
Mode of
Evaluation
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Lecture
Written
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture &
Industry
lab visit
Lecture &
Practical
Written
Lecture
Lecture &
Practical
Written
Practical
1
1
Optics of Contact Lenses
 Magnification & Visual field
 Accommodation & Convergence
 Back & Front Vertex Power /
Vertex distance calculation
3
4
5
3
Review of Anatomy & Physiology of
 Tear film
 Cornea
 Lids & Conjunctiva
Introduction to CL materials
 Monomers, Polymers
Properties of CL materials
 Physiological (Dk, Ionicity,
Water content)
 Physical (Elasticity, Tensile
strength, Rigidity)
 Optical (Transmission,
Refractive index)
2
2
6
7
Indications and contraindications
3
2
8
Parameters / Designs of Contact Lenses
& Terminology
3
9
RGP Contact Lens materials
1
10
Manufacturing Rigid and Soft Contact
Lenses – various methods
11
12
Pre-Fitting examination – steps,
significance, recording of results
Correction of Astigmatism with RGP lens
3
2
14
Types of fit – Steep, Flat, Optimum – on
spherical cornea with spherical lenses
1
1
Practical
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--84--
15
Types of fit – Steep, Flat, Optimum – on
Toric cornea with spherical lenses
16
Calculation and finalising Contact lens
parameters
17
Ordering Rigid Contact Lenses – writing
a prescription to the Laboratory
1
18
Checking and verifying Contact lenses
from Laboratory
1
19
Modifications possible with Rigid lenses
1
20
Common Handling Instructions
 Insertion & Removal Techniques
 Do’s and Dont’s
21
Care and Maintenance of Rigid lenses
 Cleaning agents & Importance
 Rinsing agents & Importance
 Disinfecting agents & importance
 Lubricating & Enzymatic cleaners
22
23
Follow up visit examination
1
Lecture &
Practical
Practical
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Practical
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
1
1
3
Complications of RGP lenses
1
2
Total No. of lectures
37
7. Reading Assignment: (Faculty can decide)
8. Evaluation Schedule:
Component
Duration
EC – I
EC – II
EC – III
Comprehensive
Examination
Date & Time
Max. Marks
Remarks
20
1 Hour
20
20
3 Hours
40
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--85-Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
B S OPTOMETRY
THIRD YEAR – FIFTH SEMESTER - ACADEMIC YEAR (200-200 )
COURSE NO.
:
COURSE TITLE
: LOW VISION AIDS
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE
: Optometrist with Low vision clinical experience
1. Course Description: This course deal with the definition of low vision,
epidemiology aspect of visual impairment, types of low vision devices and its
optical principles, clinical approach of the low vision patients, assistive devices
for totally visually challenged, art of prescribing low vision devices and training
the low vision patients and other rehabilitation measures.
2. Course Objectives: At the end of the course , the student will be knowledgeable
in the following:





Definition and epidemiology of Low Vision
Clinical examination of Low vision subjects
Optical, Non-Optical, Electronic, and Assistive devices.
Training for Low Vision subjects with Low vision devices
Referrals and follow-up
3. Text books:


Christine Dickinson: Low Vision: Principles and Practice Low vision care,
4th edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998
E Vaithilingam: practice of Low vision – A guide book, Medical Research
Foundation, 2000.
4. Reference Books:



Richard L. Brilliant: Essentials of Low Vision Practice, ButterworthHeinemann, 1999
Helen Farral: optometric Management of Visual Handicap, Blackwell
Scientific publications, 1991
A J Jackson, J S Wolffsohn: Low Vision Manual, Butterworth
Heinnemann, 2007
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--86-5. Course Plan:
Number of
lectures
Topics
Definitions & classification of
Low vision
Epidemiology of low vision
Model of low vision service
Pre-clinical evaluation of low
vision patients – prognostic &
psychological factors; psychosocial impact of low vision
Types of low vision aids – optical
aids, non-optical aids &
electronic devices
Optics of low vision aids
Mode of
Teaching
Mode of
Evaluation
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture/Demonstr
ation
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Discussion
Viva- Voce
1
1
1
3
1
Clinical evaluation – assessment
of visual acuity, visual field,
selection of low vision aids,
instruction & training
3
Pediatric Low Vision care
4
Low vision aids – dispensing &
prescribing aspects
1
Visual rehabilitation &
counseling
1
Legal aspects of Low vision in
India
1
Case Analysis
5
Total hours
21
7. Reading Assignment: (Faculty can decide on the reading assignments. The only
guideline to the faculty is to make sure that the topics for reading assignment to be from
recent journals. This will motivate the students to read recent scientific journals.)
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--87-8. Evaluation Component:
Component
Duration
Date & Time
EC – I
EC – II
Max. Marks
20
1 Hour
Remarks
Faculty
Choice
Written Exam
20
Faculty
Choice
EC – III
20
Comprehensive
Examination
Written Exam
3 Hours
40
9. Practical:
a) Practical 1:
 Attending in low vision care clinic and history taking.
b) Practical 2:
 Determining the type of telescope and its magnification (Direct comparison method
& calculated method)
 Determining the change in field of view with different magnification and different eye
to lens distances with telescopes and magnifiers.
c) Practical 3:
 Inducing visual impairment and prescribing magnification.
 Determining reading speed with different types of low vision aids with same
magnification.
 Determining reading speed with a low vision aid of different magnifications.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--88-Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
B S OPTOMETRY
THIRD YEAR – FIFTH SEMESTER - ACADEMIC YEAR (200-200 )
COURSE NO.
:
COURSE TITLE
: Geriatric Optometry
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE
: Optometrists / Ophthalmologists
1. Course Description : This course deals with general and ocular physiological
changes of ageing, common geriatric systemic and ocular diseases, clinical
approach in geriatric patients, pharmacological aspects of ageing, and spectacle
dispensing aspects in ageing patients.
2. Course Objectives:
The student on taking this course should




be able to identify, investigate the age related changes in the eyes.
be able to counsel the elderly
be able to dispense spectacles with proper instructions.
adequately gained knowledge on common ocular diseases.
3. Text Books:
A.J. ROSSENBLOOM Jr & M.W.MORGAN: Vision and Aging, Butterworth-Heinemann,
Missouri, 2007.
4. Reference Books:



OP Sharma: Geriatric Care – A textbook of geriatrics and Gerontology, viva
books, New Delhi, 2005
VS Natarajan: An update on Geriatrics, Sakthi Pathipagam, Chennai, 1998
DE Rosenblatt, VS Natarajan: Primer on geriatric Care A clinical approach to the
older patient, Printers Castle, Cochin, 2002
5. Prerequisites: Ocular anatomy, Physiology, Ocular Disease
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--89-6. Course Outline:
No.
Topics
Number of
Lectures
Mode of
Teaching
Mode of
Evaluati
on
1
Structural , and morphological changes of
eye in elderly
2
Lecture
Written
2
Physiological changes in eye in the
course of aging.
2
Lecture
Seminar
3
Introduction to geriatric medicine –
epidemiology , need for optometry care,
systemic
diseases
(Hypertension,
Atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease,
congestive Heart failure, Cerebrovascular
disease, Diabetes, COPD)
3
Lecture
Written
4
Optometric Examination of the Older Adult
2
Lecture
Writing
Assignme
nt
5
Ocular diseases common in old eye, with
special reference to cataract, glaucoma,
macular disorders, vascular diseases of
the eye
4
Lecture
Written
6
Contact lenses in elderly
1
Lecture
Written
7
Pharmacological aspects of aging
2
Lecture
Written
8
Low vision causes, management and
rehabilitation in geriatrics.
4
Lecture
Written
9
Spectacle dispensing in elderly –
Considerations of spectacle lenses and
frames
4
Lecture
Written
Total Number of Lectures
25
7. Reading assignment: Latest journal reading on the aging issues. This can be
decided by the faculty.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--90--
8. Evaluation Component:
Component
Duration
Date & Time
Max. Marks
Remarks
EC – I
1 Hour
30
Written Exam
EC – II
1 Hour
30
Written Exam
Comprehensive
Examination
3 Hours
70
Written Exam
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--91-Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
B S OPTOMETRY
THIRD YEAR – FIFTH SEMESTER - ACADEMIC YEAR (200-200 )
COURSE NO.
:
COURSE TITLE
: Pediatric optometry
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Optometrists / Ophthalmologists (preferable with pediatric
clinical experience)
1.
Course Description: This course is designed to provide the students adequate
knowledge in theoretical and practical aspects of diagnosis, and management of eye
conditions related to pediatric population. Also it will inculcate the skill of
transferring/communicating the medical information to the attender /patient by the
students. The scope of this subject is to train the optometrists to develop a
systematic way of dealing with children below 12, so as to implement primary eye
care and have better, specialized management of anomalies.
2.
Course Objectives: At the end of the course the student is expected to :







3.
have a knowledge of the principal theories of childhood development, and
visual development
have the ability to take a thorough paediatric history which encompasses the
relevant developmental, visual, medical and educational issues
be familiar with the accommodative-vergence system, the genesis of
ametropia, the disorders of refraction, accommodation and vergence, and the
assessment and management of these disorders
be familiar with the aetiology, clinical presentation and treatment of
amblyopia, comitant strabismus and commonly presenting incomitant
strabismus
have a knowledge of the epidemiology of eye disease in children, the
assessment techniques available for examining visual function of children of
all ages and an understanding varied management concepts of paediatric
vision disorders
have knowledge of the art of dispensing contact lens, low vision aids and
referral to the surgeon or other specialists at the appropriate timing.
have a capacity for highly evolved communication and co-management with
other professionals involved in paediatric assessment and care
Text books :
 Pediatric Optometry - JEROME ROSNER, Butterworth, London 1982
 Paediatric Optometry – William Harvey/ Bernard Gilmartin, Butterworth –
Heinemann, 2004
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--92-4.
References:

Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility - VON NOORDEN G K Burian Von
Noorden’s, 2nd Ed., C.V.Mosby Co. St. Louis, 1980.

Assessing Children's Vision. By Susan J Leat, Rosalyn H Shute, Carol A
Westall.45 Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.

Clinical pediatric optometry. LJ Press, BD Moore, Butterworth- Heinemann, 1993
5. Prerequisites:
6. Course Outline:
No
1
Topics
Number of
Lectures
Mode of
Teaching
Mode of
Evaluation
The Development of Eye and Vision
2
Lecture
Written
2
History taking Paediatric subjects
2
Lecture
Written
3
Assessment of visual acuity
1
Lecture
Seminar
4
Normal appearance, pathology and
2
Lecture
Writing
structural anomalies of
Assignment
a) Orbit, Eye lids, Lacrimal system,
b) Conjunctiva, Cornea, Sclera
2
Lecture
Assignment
Anterior chamber, Uveal tract, Pupil
c) Lens, vitreous, Fundus
Writing
1
Lecture
Written
Oculomotor system
5
Refractive Examination
2
Lecture
Written
6
Determining binocular status
1
Lecture
Written
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--93-7
Determining sensory motor adaptability
1
Lecture
Written
8
Compensatory treatment and remedial
2
Lecture
Written
2
Lecture
Written
3
Lecture
Written
2
Lecture
Written
therapy for : Myopia, Pseudomyopia,
Hyperopia, Astigmatism, Anisometropia,
Amblyopia
9
Remedial and Compensatory treatment of
Strabismus and Nystagmus
10
Paediatric eye disorders : Cataract,
Retinopathy of Prematurity,
Retinoblastoma, Neuromuscular
conditions (myotonic dystrophy,
mitochondrial cytopathy), and Genetics
11
Anterior segment dysgenesis, Aniridia,
Microphthalmos, Coloboma, Albinism
12
Spectacle dispensing for children
3
Lecture
Seminar
13
Paediatric contact lenses
2
Lecture
Seminar
14
Low vision assessment in children
2
Lecture
Seminar
Total Number of Lectures
30
6. Reading Assignment: Faculty Decision:
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--94-7. Evaluation Component:
Component
Duration
Date & Time
Max. Marks
Remarks
EC – I
1 Hour
30
Written Exam
EC – II
1 Hour
30
Written Exam
Comprehensive
Examination
Written Exam
3 Hours
70
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--95-Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
B S OPTOMETRY
THIRD YEAR – FIFTH SEMESTER - ACADEMIC YEAR (200-200 )
COURSE NO
:
COURSE TITLE
: Binocular Vision I
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE
: Graduate Optometrist and/or Ophthalmologist
CO – INSTRUCTOR
: Optometrist
1. Course Description:
This course provides theoretical aspects of Binocular Vision and its clinical
application. It deals with basis of normal binocular vision and space perception,
Gross anatomy and physiology of extrocular muscles, various binocular vision
anomalies, its diagnostic approaches and management.
2. Course Objectives:
On successful completion of this module, a student will be expected to be able to:


Demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of the gross anatomy and physiology
relating to the extroocular muscles.
Provide a detailed explanation of, and differentiate between the aetiology,
investigation and management of binocular vision anomalies.
Adapt skills and interpret clinical results following investigation of binocular
vision anomalies appropriately and safely.
3. Text Books:




Pradeep Sharma: Strabismus simplified, New Delhi, First edition, 1999, Modern
publishers.
Fiona J. Rowe: Clinical Orthoptics, second edition, 2004, Blackwell Science Ltd
Gunter K. Von Noorden: BURIAN- VON NOORDEN’S Binocular vision and
ocular motility theory and management of strabismus, Missouri, Second edition,
1980, C. V. Mosby Company
Mitchell Scheiman; Bruce Wick: Clinical Management of Binocular Vision
Heterophoric, Accommodative, and Eye Movement Disorders, 2008, Lippincot
Williams & Wilkins publishers
4. Reference Books: Faculty choice
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--96-5. Pre-requisites: Ocular Anatomy, Ocular Physiology
6. Course outline:
No.
1.
Name of the topic
Binocular Vision and Space
perception.
Number
of
lectures
6
Mode of
teaching
Assessment
Lecture and
Demonstration
Written and
practical
Lecture and
Demonstration
Written and
practical
 Relative subjective visual
direction.
 Retino motor value
 Grades of BSV
 SMP and Cyclopean Eye
 Correspondence,
 Fusion, Diplopia, Retinal rivalry
 Horopter
 Physiological Diplopia and
Suppression
 Stereopsis, Panum’s area, BSV.
 Stereopsis and monocular clues significance.
 Egocentric location, clinical
applications.
 Theories of Binocular vision.
2.
Anatomy of Extra Ocular Muscles.
4
 Rectii and Obliques, LPS.
 Innervation & Blood Supply.
Physiology of Ocular movements.
 Center of rotation, Axes of Fick.
 Action of individual muscle.
Laws of ocular motility
 Donder’s and Listing’s law
 Sherrington’s law
 Hering’s law
Uniocular & Binocular movements fixation, saccadic & pursuits.
 Version & Vergence.
 Fixation & field of fixation
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--97--
3.
Near Vision Complex
Accommodation
3
 Definition and mechanism
(process).
 Methods of measurement.
 Stimulus and innervation.
 Types of accommodation.
 Anomalies of accommodation –
aetiology and management.
4.
Lecture and
Demonstration
Written and
practical
Practicals
Convergence
 Definition and mechanism.
 Methods of measurement.
 Types and components of
convergence - Tonic,
accommodative, fusional,
proximal.
 Anomalies of Convergence –
aetiology and management.
5
5.
Sensory adaptations Confusion
1
Lecture
Written
6.
Suppression Investigations
Management Blind spot syndrome
4
Lecture
Practical
Written and
Practical
7.
Abnormal Retinal Correspondence
Investigation and management
Blind spot syndrome
Eccentric Fixation
Investigation and management
1
Lecture
Practical
Written and
Practical
1
Lecture
Practical
Written
Amblyopia Classification
Aeitiology Investigation Management
4
Lecture
Practical
Written and
Practical
8.
9.
Lecture and
Demonstration
Written and
practical
Practicals
6. Reading Assignments: Faculty Choice
7. Evaluation Component:
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--98-Component
Duration
Date & Time
Max. Marks
Remarks
EC – I
1 Hour
30
Written Exam
EC – II
1 Hour
30
Written Exam
Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
B S OPTOMETRY
THIRD YEAR - FIFTH SEMESTER - (ACADEMIC YEAR 200 - 200)
COURSE NO.
:
COURSE TITLE
: Systemic Diseases
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE
: Ophthalmologists/ General Physician
1. Course Description: This course deals with definition, classification, clinical
diagnosis, complications, and management of various systemic diseases. In indicated
cases ocular manifestations also will be discussed.
2. Course Objectives: At the end of the course, students should get acquainted with
the following:
 Common Systemic conditions: Definition, diagnostic approach, complications
and management options
 Ocular findings of the systemic conditions
 First Aid knowledge
3. Text book:
1) C Haslett, E R Chilvers, N A boon, N R Coledge, J A A Hunter: Davidson's
Principles and Practice of Medicine, Ed. John Macleod, 19th Ed., ELBS/Churchill
Livingstone. (PPM), 2002
2) Basic and clinical Science course: Update on General Medicine, American
Academy of Ophthalmology, Section 1, 1999
4. Reference books:
5. Prerequisites: Ocular Disease, General Physiology and Anatomy, Ocular Physiology
and Anatomy, Pharmacology
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--99-6. Course Outline:
No
1
Topics
Hypertension
Number
of
Lectures
4
Mode of
Teaching
Mode of
Evaluation
Lecture
Written
4
Lecture
Seminar
4
Lecture
Seminar
4
Lecture
Writing
Assignment
4
Lecture
Writing
Assignment
4
Lecture
Written
 Definition, classification,
Epidemiology, clinical examination,
complications, and management.
 Hypertensive retinopathy
2
Diabetes Mellitus
 Classification, pathophysiology,
clinical presentations, diagnosis,
and management, Complications
 Diabetic Retinopathy
3
Thyroid Disease
 Physiology, testing for thyroid
disease, Hyperthyroidism,
Hypothroidism, Thyroiditis, Thyroid
tumors
 Grave’s Ophthalmopathy
3
Acquired Heart Disease
 Ischemic Heart Disease, Congestive
heart failure, Disorders of cardiac
rhythm
 Ophthalmic considerations
4
Cancer :




5
Incidence
Etiology
Therapy
Ophthalmologic considerations
Connective Tissue Disease






Rheumatic arthritis
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Scleroderma
Polymyositis and dermatomyositis
Sjogren syndrome
Behcet’s syndrome
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--100- Eye and connective tissue disease
6
Tuberculosis
4
Lecture
Written
 Aetiology, pathology, clinical
features, pulmonary tuberculosis,
diagnosis, complications, treatment
tuberculosis and the eye.
7
Herpes virus ( Herepes simplex,
Varicella Zoster, Cytomegalovirus,
Epstein Barr Virus)
Herpes and the eye
3
Lecture
Written
8
Hepatitis ( Hepatitis A, B, C)
2
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
9
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
4
10
Anemia ( Diagnosis, clinical evaluation,
consequences, Sickle cell disease,
treatment, Ophthalmologic
considerations)
2
9
Common Tropical Medical Ailments
4
Lecture
Written
2
Lecture
Written
2
4
Lecture
Lecture/
Demonstr
ation
Written
Written







10
Nutritional and Metabolic disorders:









11
12
Malaria
Typhoid
Dengue
Filariases
Onchocerciasis
Cysticercosis
Leprosy
Obesity
Hyperlipidaemias
Kwashiorkor
Vitamin A Deficiency
Vitamin D Deficiency
Vitamin E Deficiency
Vitamin K Deficiency
Vitamin B1,B2, Deficiency
Vitamin C Deficiency
Myasthenia Gravis
 First Aid
 General Medical Emergencies
 Preoperative precautions in ocular
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--101-surgeries
13
Psychiatry
2
Lecture
Writing
Assignment
Genetics
4
Lecture
Writing
Assignment
 Introduction to genetics
 Organisation of the cell
 Chromosome structure and cell
division
 Gene structure and basic principles
of Genetics.
 Genetic disorders and their
diagnosis.
 Genes and the eye
 Genetic counseling and genetic
engineering.

Total Number of Lectures
57
 Basic knowledge of psychiatric
condition and
 Patient Management
14
7. Reading Assignment: (Faculty can decide on the reading assignments. The only
guideline to the faculty is to make sure that the topics for reading assignment to be from
recent journals. This will motivate the students to read recent scientific journals.)
8. Evaluation Component:
Component
Duration
EC – I
EC – II
1 Hour
Date & Time
Max. Marks
Remarks
20
Faculty
Choice
Written Exam
20
Faculty
Choice
EC – III
20
Comprehensive
Examination
Written Exam
3 Hours
40
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--102-Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
B S OPTOMETRY
THIRD YEAR - SIXTH SEMESTER - (ACADEMIC YEAR 200 - 200)
COURSE NO.
:
COURSE TITLE
: Contact Lenses II
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE
: Optometrist
CO- INSTRUCTORS
: CL Practitioner (Non Academic)
1. Course Description: The subject provides the student with suitable knowledge both
in theoretical and practical aspects of Contact Lenses.
2. Course Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student should be able to:






Understand the basics of contact lenses
List the important properties of contact lenses
Finalise the CL design for various kinds patients
Recognize various types of fitting
Explain all the procedures to patient
Identify and manage the adverse effects of contact lens
3. Text books:





IACLE modules 1 - 10
CLAO Volumes 1, 2, 3
Anthony J. Phillips : Contact Lenses, 5th edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006
Elisabeth A. W. Millis: Medical Contact Lens Practice, Butterworth-Heinemann,
2004
E S. Bennett ,V A Henry :Clinical manual of Contact Lenses, 3rd edition,
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2008
4. Reference Books:
5. Prerequisites: Geometrical optics, Visual optics, Ocular Anatomy, Ocular Physiology,
Biochemistry, Ocular Microbiology, Ocular Disease, Optometric Instruments
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--103-6. Course outline:
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Topics
SCL Materials & Review of
manufacturing techniques
Comparison of RGP vs. SCL
Pre-fitting considerations for SCL
Fitting philosophies for SCL
SCL fitting assessment
Types of fit – Steep, Flat, Optimum
Calculation and finalising SCL
parameters
Disposable lenses
a) Advantages and availability
Soft Toric CL
No of
Lecture(s)
Mode of
Teaching
Lecture
Mode of
Evaluation
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Written
Written
Written
Written
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Lecture
Lecture
Written
Written
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
 Stabilization techniques
 Parameter selection
 Fitting assessment
8
2
Common Handling Instructions
 Insertion & Removal Techniques
 Do’s and Dont’s
9
1
Care and Maintenance of Soft lenses




10
11
12
Cleaning agents & Importance
Rinsing agents & Importance
Disinfecting agents & importance
Lubricating & Enzymatic cleaners
Follow up visit examination
Complications of Soft lenses
Therapeutic contact lenses
 Indications
 Fitting consideration
13
2
2
4
1
Specialty fitting
 Aphakia
 Pediatric
 Post refractive surgery
14
Introduction to Bifocal CL
Total Number of lectures
3
1
30
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--104-7. Assignment: The student should consult all the manufacturers of RGP lenses and list
down various products (Lenses, care products and accessories) available with them.
Detailed parameters along with manufacturer recommendation should be noted. Also
students will be encouraged to read books and journals and submit a report to the
faculty. The topics of the same can be decided by the faculty.
8. Evaluation Component:
Component
Duration
Date & Time
EC – I
EC – II
1 Hour
Max. Marks
Remarks
20
Faculty
Choice
Written Exam
20
Practicals
EC – III
Comprehensive
Examination
20
Written Exam
3 Hours
40
9) Practical: (50 hours)











Pre fitting evaluation
RGP CL insertion & Removal
Fitting assessment
Over refraction
Follow up examination
SCL insertion & Removal
Fitting assessment
Over refraction
Follow-up Examination
Toric contact lens fitting and assessment
Cosmetic contact lens fitting and assessment
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--105--
Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
B S OPTOMETRY
THIRD YEAR - SIXTH SEMESTER - (ACADEMIC YEAR 200 - 200)
COURSE NO
:
COURSE TITLE
: Binocular Vision II
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Post Graduate/Graduate Optometrist
CO – INSTRUCTORS
: Optometrist
1. Course Description: This course deals with understanding of strabismus, its
classification, necessary orthoptic investigations, diagnosis and non surgical
management. Along with theoretical knowledge it teaches the clinical aspects and
application.
2. Course Objective: The objective of this course is to inculcate the student with the
knowledge of different types of strabismus its etiology signs and symptoms, necessary
investigations and also management. The student on completion of the course should be
able to independently investigate and diagnose case of strabismus with comments in
respect to retinal correspondence and binocular single vision. The student should be
able to perform all the investigations to check retinal correspondence, state of Binocular
Single Vision, angle of deviation and special investigations for paralytic strabismus.
3. Text Books:




Pradeep Sharma: Strabismus simplified, New Delhi, First edition, 1999, Modern
publishers.
Fiona J. Rowe: Clinical Orthoptics, second edition, 2004, Blackwell Science Ltd
Gunter K. Von Noorden: BURIAN- VON NOORDEN’S Binocular vision and
ocular motility theory and management of strabismus, Missouri, Second edition,
1980, C. V. Mosby Company
Mitchell Scheiman; Bruce Wick: Clinical Management of Binocular Vision
Heterophoric, Accommodative, and Eye Movement Disorders, 2008, Lippincot
Williams & Wilkins publishers
4. Reference Books: Faculty Choice
5. Pre-requisites: Ocular Anatomy, Ocular Physiology, Binocular Vision – I,
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--106-6. Course outline:
No.
Name of the topic
Number of
lectures
Mode of
teaching
Assessment
1
Lecture
Written
1.
Neuro-muscular anomalies
Classification and
etiological factors
2.
History – recording and
significance.
1
Lecture and
role plays
Practical
3.
Convergent strabismus
4
Lecture and
Demonstratio
n
Written and practical
3
Lecture and
Demonstratio
n
Written and practical
1
Lecture and
Demonstratio
n
Written and practical
Lecture and
demonstratio
n
Written and practical
 Accommodative
convergent squint
 Classification
 Investigation and
Management
 B Non accommodative
Convergent squint
 Classification
 Investigation and
Management
4.
5.
6.
7.
Divergent Strabismus
Classification
A& V phenomenon
Investigation and
Management
Vertical strabismus
Classification
Investigation and
Management
Paralytic Strabismus
Acquired and Congenital
Clinical Characteristics
Distinction from comitant
and restrictive Squint
Investigations




History and symptoms
Head Posture
Diplopia Charting
Hess chart
3
12
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--107--
8.
9..
10.
 PBCT
 Nine directions
 Binocular field of vision
Non surgical Management
of Squint
Restrictive Strabismus
Features
 Musculo fascical
anomalies
 Duane’s Retraction
syndrome
 Clinical features and
management
 Brown’s Superior
oblique sheath
syndrome
 Strabismus fixus
 Congenital muscle
fibrosis
Surgical management
Total Number of Hours
2
Lecture
3
Lecture
Written
1
31
Lecture
Written
7. Reading Assignment: Faculty Choice
8. Evaluation Component:
Component
Duration
EC – I
EC – II
Date & Time
Max. Marks
Remarks
1 Hour
30
Written Exam
1 Hour
30
Written Exam
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--108-Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
B S OPTOMETRY
THIRD YEAR - SECOND SEMESTER - (ACADEMIC YEAR 200 - 200)
COURSE NO.
:
COURSE TITLE
: Public Health and Community Optometry
INSTRUCTOR INCHARGE
: Optometrist or Ophthalmologist with additional
qualification Preferably Master of Community eye health /Diploma in Community eye
health / Public Health Ophthalmology/ Optometrist with Higher degree/diploma in
Community optometry
CO- INSTRUCTORS
: Optometrists
1. Course Description: Introduction to the foundation and basic sciences of public
health optometry with an emphasis on the epidemiology of vision problems
especially focused on Indian scenario.
2. Course Objectives: At the end of the course students will be be knowledgeable in
the following areas:





Community based eye care in India.
Prevalence of various eye diseases
Developing Information Education Communication materials on eye and vision
care for the benefit of the public
Organize health education programmes in the community
Vision screening for various eye diseases in the community and for different age
groups.
3. Text books:




GVS Murthy, S K Gupta, D Bachani: The principles and practice of community
Ophthalmology, National programme for control of blindness, New Delhi, 2002
Newcomb RD, Jolley JL : Public Health and Community Optometry, Charles C
Thomas Publisher, Illinois, 1980
K Park: Park’s Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine, 19th edition,
Banarsidas Bhanot publishers, Jabalpur, 2007
4. Reference books:
MC Gupta, Mahajan BK, Murthy GVS, 3rd edition. Text Book of Community Medicine,
Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi, 2002
5. Prerequisites: Ocular Disease, Visual optics, Optometric Instruments, Clinical
Examination of Visual System
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--109-6. Course Outline:
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Topics
Public Health Optometry: Concepts
and implementation
Dimensions, determinants and
indicators of health
Levels of disease prevention and
levels of health care patterns
Epidemiology of blindness – Defining
blindness and visual impairment
No of
Lectures
9
10
Vision 2020: The Right to Sight
3
12
13
14
15
16
Screening for eye diseases
National and International health
agencies, NPCB
Role of an optometrist in Public
Health
Organization and Management of
Eye Care Programs – Service
Delivery models
Health manpower and planning &
Health Economics
Evaluation and assessment of
health programmes
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Viva
Field visit
Lecture
Report
writing
Report
writing
Written
Lecture
Written
Practical
Practical
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Lecture
Written
Field Visit
Report
Writing
Report
Writing
1
4
11
Written
1
Community Eye Care Programs
Community based rehabilitation
programs
Nutritional Blindness with reference
to Vitamin A deficiency
8
Lecture
1
1
7
Mode of
Evaluation
Written
1
Eye in primary health care
Contrasting between Clinical and
community health programs
6
Mode of
Teaching
Lecture
2
Field visit
2
1
4
2
1
1
1
1
Field Visit
17
18
Optometrists role in school eye
health programmes
Basics of Tele Optometry and its
application in Public Health
1
Field Visit
2
Practical
19
Information, Education and
Communication for Eye Care
programs
Total Lectures
1
26
Report
Writing
Developing
Public
Health
materials
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--110--
7. Reading Assignment: (Faculty can decide on the reading assignments. The only
guideline to the faculty is to make sure that the topics for reading assignment to be more
from recent journals. This will motivate the students to read recent scientific journals.)
Example:
 Community Eye Health J 2008; 21(66): 21-23
 Community Eye Health J 2008; 21(66): 24-25
8) Evaluation schedule:
Component
Duration
EC - I
EC - II
EC - III
Comprehensive
Examination
Date & Time
Max. Marks
Remarks
20
1 Hour
20
Written
Exam
20
3 Hours
40
Written
Exam
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--111-Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
B S OPTOMETRY
THIRD YEAR - SIXTH SEMESTER - (ACADEMIC YEAR 200 - 200)
COURSE NO
:
COURSE TITLE
: Dispensing Optics
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Senior Optometrist (with experience in dispensing optics)
CO-INSTRUCTORS
: Practicing Optometrists with experience in Optical
Dispensing & Optical Laboratory In-charge
1. Course Description: This course will deal with the dispensing aspects of spectacle
lenses and frames needed to manage the customer in an Optical set up, from
counseling to delivering the spectacles.
2. Course Objective: Skills to be acquired at the end of this course










Reading of spectacle prescription
Counseling the patient
Lens edge thickness calculation
Frame & lens measurements and selection
Writing spectacle lens order
Facial measurements - Interpupillary distance measurement and measuring
heights (single vision, multifocal, progressives)
Lens verification and axis marking and fitting of all lens types
Final checking of finished spectacle with frame adjustments
Delivery and follow-up
Troubleshooting complaints and handling patient’s questions.
3. Text Book:


David Wilson: Practical Optical Dispensing, OTEN- DE, NSW TAFE
Commission, 1999
C V Brooks, IM Borish: System for Ophthalmic Dispensing, Second edition,
Butterworth-Heinemann, USA, 1996
4. Reference Book:


David Wilson, Steve stenersen: Practical optical workshop, OTEN- DE, NSW
TAFE Commission, 2002
Margaret Dowaliby: Practical Aspects of Ophthalmic optics, Fourth edition,
Butterworth Heinemann, USA, 2001
5. Perquisites: Optometric optics I and II
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--112-6. Course Outline:
No.
Topic
1
Components of spectacle prescription &
interpretation, transposition, Add and near power
relation
Frame selection – based on spectacle prescription,
professional requirements, age group, face shape
2
3
Measuring Inter-pupillary distance (IPD) for distance
& near, bifocal height
4
Lens & Frame markings, Pupillary centers, bifocal
heights, Progressive markings & adjustments –
facial wrap, pantoscopic tilt
5
Recording and ordering of lenses (power, add,
diameter, base, material, type, lens enhancements)
Neutralization – Hand & lensometer, axis marking,
prism marking
6
7
Faults in spectacles (lens fitting, frame fitting,
patients complaints, description, detection and
correction)
8
Final checking & dispensing of spectacles to
customers, counseling on wearing & maintaining of
spectacles, Accessories – Bands, chains, boxes,
slevets, cleaners, screwdriver kit
Spectacle repairs – tools, methods, soldering,
riveting, frame adjustments
9
10
12
13
Special types of spectacle frames
 Monocles
 Ptosis crutches
 Industrial safety glasses
 Welding glasses
Frame availability in Indian market
FAQ’s by customers and their ideal answers
No. of
Lectures
Mode of
Teaching
Mode of
Evaluation
1
Theory
Written +
Viva
4
Theory +
Demonstr
ation
Theory +
Viva
1
Demonstr
ation +
Practical
Viva
1
Demonstr
ation +
Practical
Viva
1
Theory
Viva
3
Demonstr
ation +
Practical
Viva
2
Theory +
Demonstr
ation
Theory +
Viva
2
Demonstr
ation +
Role plays
Theory +
Viva
1
Demonstr
ation +
workshop
visit
Viva
1
Demonstr
ation
Viva
Project
Project
evaluation
Viva
2
Role plays
+
Assignme
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--113-nts
Total number of Hours
21
7. Reading Assignments: Make the students read on the pamphlets of different
company products to keep abreast of knowledge.
8. Evaluation Component:
Component
Duration
Date & Time
Max. Marks
Remarks
1 Hour
30
Written Exam
1 Hour
30
Written Exam
And practical
Written Exam
1 hour
30
3 Hours
40
EC – I
EC – II
EC - III
Comprehensive
Examination
Written Exam
and Practical
Recommendation – Keep samples of wrongly fitted lenses, misaligned frames and
special frames. Keep frame repair kit (heater, screw driver, pliers etc.) in the college. Ask
all students to carry a marker pen and PD ruler
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--114-B S OPTOMETRY
THIRD YEAR - SIXTH SEMESTER - ACADEMIC YEAR (2008 -2009)
COURSE HANDOUT
COURSE NO.
:
COURSE TITLE
: Occupational Optometry
INSTRUCTOR INCHARGE : Occupational Medicine + Optometrist
1. Course Description : This course deals with general aspects of occupational health,
Visual demand in various job, task analyzing method, visual standards for various
jobs, occupational hazards and remedial aspects through classroom sessions and
field visit to the factories.
2. Course Objectives : At the end of the course the students will be knowledgeable in
the following aspects :





in visual requirements of jobs;
in effects of physical, chemical and other hazards on eye and vision;
to identify occupational causes of visual and eye problems;
to be able to prescribe suitable corrective lenses and eye protective
wear and
to set visual requirements, standards for different jobs.
3. Text Books:
R V North: Work and the eye, Second edition, Butterworth Heinnemann, 2001
4. Reference Books:




G W Good: Occupational Vision Manual available in the following website:
www.aoa.org
N.A. Smith: Lighting for Occupational Optometry, HHSC Handbook Series,
Safchem Services, 1999
J Anshel: Visual Ergonomics Handbook, CRC Press, 2005
G Carson, S Doshi, W Harvey: Eye Essentials: Environmental & Occupational
Optometry, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008
5. Prerequisites :
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--115-6.
Course Outline:
No.
1
2
3
4
5
5
Topics
Introduction to Occupational health, hygiene and safety, international
bodies like ILO, WHO, National bodies etc
Acts and Rules - Factories Act, WCA,ESI Act.
Electromagnetic Radiation and its effects on Eye
Light – Definitions and units, Sources, advantages and disadvantages,
standards
Color – Definition, Color theory, Color coding, Color defects, Color
Vision tests
Occupational hazards and preventive/protective methods
Task Analysis
No of
Lectures
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
Industrial Vision Screening – Modified clinical method and Industrial
Vision test
Vision Standards – Railways, Roadways, Airlines
5
Visual Display Units
2
6
Contact lens and work
TOTAL NO. OF LECTURES
2
20
6
2
7. Reading Assignments : Faculty can decide on the topics
8. Evaluation Component:
Component
Duration
Date & Time
Max. Marks
Remarks
EC – I
1 Hour
30
Written Exam
EC – II
1 Hour
30
Written Exam
Comprehensive
Examination
3 Hours
70
Written Exam
Note: Faculty should encourage the students to go and observe various industries
and get hands on doing task analysis for understanding visual demand of various
jobs.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--116--
CLINICAL TRAINING FROM THE FIRST YEAR TO THE LAST
YEAR OF THE PROGRAMME
1) First year :
a. Role play
b. Clinical Observations
c. Vision Check
d. Basic Lensometry
2) Second year :
a. History taking
b. CEVS practical
c. Refraction Hands On
d. Clinical Observations
e. Vision screening camps
3) Third year :
a. Clinical Observation
b. Hands-on under senior optometrists
c. Case reporting
d. Case discussion
e. Vision screening camps
f. Diagnostic interpretations
g.
4) Internship :
Primary Eye Care
Dispensing Optics
Contact Lens
Low Vision Aids
Orthoptics
Diagnostics
Anterior Segment
clinic
Posterior Segment
Clinic
25 %
25 %
10%
10%
10%
10 %
5%
5%
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--117-Procedures
1st year
( 2nd Semester)
Minimum
Number
Comments
3 cases
Role Play ( PatientOptometrist)
CLINIC - I
2nd year
st
(1 Semester)
CLINIC -II
Clinical Observation
and Report writing
Vision Check (
Snellen’s Chart) –
Distance + Near
Lensometry
(Spherical lenses)
History taking
 General
 Specific
 Conditions
6 cases
12 cases
9 cases
Can practice on the following
complaints : Blurred Vision,
Headache, Pain, redness,
Watering, Flashes, Floaters,
Blackspots
Lensometry
100 cases
Simple Sphere, Simple cylinder,
Spherocylinder (90, 180,
Oblique degrees),Bifocals, PAL
Vision Check
( log MAR)
Pinhole acuity
100 cases
Simulation, especially to show
and ask the students to interpret
the findings.
Extraocular Motility
Cover test
10 cases
10 cases
Alternate Cover test
10 cases
Video output Simulation of
various conditions
Hirschberg test
10 cases
Video output Simulation of
various conditions
Modified Krimsky test
3 cases
Video output Simulation of
various conditions
Push up test
(Amplitude of
Accommodation)
Push up test ( Near
point of Convergence)
Stereopsis test
Tear Break up time
Video output Simulation of
various conditions
10 cases ( 1
case in
presbyopic
age)
10 cases
10 cases
10 cases
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--118-Amsler’s Grid test
Photostress test
Color vision test
Schirmer’s test
Confrontation test
Slit lamp illumination
Slit lamp examination
Finger tension
Schiotz Tonometry
Applanation Tonometry
Negative Relative
Accommodation
Positive Relative
Accommodation
von Herick Grading of
Anterior chamber depth
Accommodative
facility(+ 2.00 D)
Corneal Sensitivity test
IPD
Proptosis evaluation
10 cases
(simulate)
10 cases
( Normals)
10 cases
10 cases
10 cases
3 cases
10 cases
10 cases
(Normals)
10 cases
(Normals)
10 cases
(Normals)
10 cases
Simulation of various conditions
10 cases
10 cases
10 cases
10 cases
10 cases
1 demo
Ptosis evaluation
Pupillary evaluation
 Direct
 Consensual
 RAPD
HVID
Maddox rod (Phoria)
Negative Fusional
vergence
Positive Fusional
Vergence
1 demo
10 cases
RetinoscopyStatic, Dynamic and
Cycloplegic
Retinoscopy
25 + 25 +25
cases
Video demonstration of cases
Video demonstration of cases
10 cases
10 cases
10 cases
10 cases
2nd year
(2nd semester)
CLINIC-III
Model eye for retinoscopy.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--119--
Keratometry
25 cases
Subjective Refraction
 JCC
 Clock Dial
 Duochrome
 Borish Delayed
25 cases
Addition calculation
25 cases
3rd year
(1st semester)
Direct ophthalmoscope
10 cases
( Normals)
Visual Field chart
interpretation
10 cases discussion
CLINIC IV
B scan Interpretation
A scan chart
Interpretation
Case Analysis
+90 D lens
3rd year
(2nd semester)
CLINIC V
Gonioscopy
Posting in optometry
clinics
5+5+5+5+10
cases
Camps
IDO (on each other)
4 camps
10
cases(Norma
ls)
Case Analysis
-
4th year
CLINICAL
INTERNSHIP
10 cases discussion
10 cases discussion
10 cases
10 cases
( Normals)
5 cases
( Normals)
5+ 5+ 5+ 5
cases
General OPD
(History taking –DO)
500 cases
Contact Lens
Opticals
20 cases ( 5
RGP+ 5 Soft
+ 5 toric )
100 cases
Low Vision care Clinic
10 cases
Give more simulated problems
and discuss on it
Show slides of various
commonly seen retinal
conditions
Both kinetic and Static
Discussion having different
types of wave patterns
Slides of various Cup: Disc
ratios can be shown
Slides of abnormal angles
Pediatric/contact lens/Low
vision/ Orthoptics/
GOPD
School screening, Cataract
Slides of abnormal fundus
Pathology
Binocular Vision
Clinical Refraction
Dispensing optics
Weekly 1 case report
submission
Totally 3 different case reports
submission at the end of the
postings
Weekly 1 case report
submission
Totally 3 different case reports
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--120--
Binocular Vision clinic
10 cases
Ophthalmology clinic
(Common eye
conditions)
Camps
50 cases
10 camps
submission at the end of the
postings
Totally 3 different case reports
submission at the end of the
postings
Totally 3 different case reports
submission at the end of the
postings
Camp report submission
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--121--
Other Essential Topics which can be covered during the Internship (fourth year)

Practice Management

Presentation Skills

Law and Optometry

Accountancy

Communication skills
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--122--
NORMS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE (Number of UG Students : 30)
1.1 General
The norms for space and buildings have been arrived at, based on the functions, a
optometry institution offering degree programme, has to perform. In all the cases, unit
norms have been evolved taking the absolute minimum needs, which are indicated as
norms. As such the institutions, while envisaging their space and building
requirements, must keep their perspectives for development in mind and formulate
their plans accordantly.
Around the administrative building, and classrooms there is considerable movement of
students and, therefore, there must be adequate veranda space in this part of the
college building so that the classes do not get disturbed. For this reason, the ratio of
plinth to carpet area for the normal building may be taken as 1.4 (ratio).
1.2 Classification of Building Area
The building area required for an optometry institution can be classified as:
 Instructional area,
 Administrative area,
 Amenities area and
 Residential area.
 Instructional area will include classrooms, laboratories, computer center, library,
seminar hall, clinical hours etc.
 Administrative area comprises Principal's room, visitors lounge, staff rooms,
college office, stores, etc.
 Area for amenities consists of common rooms, recreation center, hobby center,
Rotaract club and Alumni Association, Play area etc. (all are not necessary.
However any of these facilities will be appreciated)
 Residential area includes student and staff hostels, staff quarters and guesthouse.
(Optional – if alternative approach is adapted by the management)
1.3 Building Space for Instructional Area

The course structure of any optometry institution degree program will include
lectures, laboratory work, clinical practical training and seminars.

The college must have adequate building areas for all these instructional activities.

According to the model curriculum, during different semesters, the total number of
hours per week for which the student is to have contact with the teacher will vary
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--123-between 27 to 34. In view of this, for the instructional schedule, if spread over a
period of 34 hours a week, the college can work for eight hours from Monday to
Friday and for four hours on Saturdays.

The student strength in a theory class should not exceed 30.

The seminars of the students must be conducted with the entire class.

In the case of clinical practice classes or labs for students, which emphasize the
skills component of the training, the classes will have to be divided into smaller
groups and work assigned.
1.3.1
Number of Rooms for Theory Classes :





1.3.2
Separate room for each year students is ideal set-up
Number of Rooms for Lab works.
Separate Rooms for each Lab
Number of Rooms for Basic Clinical Practical Training
1: 5 ( Room : Students) For 30 students should have 6 rooms (
cubicles)
Rooms Size for Theory Classes :
The carpet area requirement of the class rooms depends upon the number
and type of seating arrangement for the students and provisions for a platform,
a table and a chair for the teacher.
Further, as the space required for the teacher will remain the same
irrespective of the class strength, the per student requirement of carpet area
will increase with the decrease in class strength.
Type of Rooms Carpet Area Requirement in Sqm / student
Classification of size Minimum Desirable
Class rooms for 30 students 1.2 Sqm/Student
1.3.3
Laboratories:
The requirements of the laboratories depend upon the programmes that are
being offered by the institution and the curricula adopted for these
programmes irrespective of the students population.
S. No. Laboratory Batch Size Norms for Carpet Area (sq.m.)
Labs ( Number of students/ Batch and area in Sq feet)
1. Optics
10 / 30 feet x 20 feet
2. Chemistry 10/ 30 feet x 20 feet
3. Computer 10/ 10 feet x 10 feet
4. Clinical Practice Lab 3.2 x 1.5 ( length and width)
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--124-The above areas do not include the rooms of the teaching staff even though
such staff rooms are attached to the laboratories. However, they do include
the sitting space for the technical supporting staff and storage of laboratory
consumables and instruments.
1.3.4
Attached Eye Hospital/ Association with Eye Hospital and/or Optometry
clinics and /or Optical centers:
The Eye Hospital must have the following facilities :




1.3.5
Optometry Clinics
Ophthalmology Clinics
Optical Services
Community Outreach programme
Teaching Aids:
Every class room should be provided by a Blackboard / white Board, facility for
PowerPoint facility. Accessibility to VCR, TV and Video Cassettes of various
optometry topics are appreciated.

Building space for Administrative and other facilities
In addition to the teaching space, the norms for building requirement in a
teaching department for other purposes are as below:

Carpet Area
Principal Room 15 feet x 9 feet
Administration Office 15 feet x 9 feet
Faculty norms 10 per teacher
Library 40 feet x 30 feet
Seminar Room 30 feet x 20 feet
Store 10 feet x 10 feet
Maintenance department : Space and storing space for
instruments/goods is essential
Library
At the time of establishing an optometry institution with undergraduate
programme, there should be a minimum of 200 books in the Library distributed
as below:
There should be a minimum of 5 optometry journals - 1 Indian and 4
International. While this is essential for institutions offering P.G. programme,
the number of International Journals may be relaxed, though preferred for
those offering only U.G. Programmes.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--125-1.5 Building Space for Amenities:
Some of the developed institutions in the country provide several amenities for
students and staff. However, the minimum unavoidable requirements for such
amenities for normal functioning of the Institute are given below alongwith the norms
for the Building space.
1.5.1
Student's Activity Centre ( Optional)
This will consist of provisions for the indoor games, gymnasium, dramatics
and alumni center etc. The norms for building are 0.25 sq.m per student
1.5.2
Open Air Theatre (Optional)
The college building and the hostels will be provided with adequate number of
toilet blocks with urinals, lavatories and washbasins. It will also be necessary
to provide separately one toilet block for women in the college building.
1.5.3
Toilet Blocks
The college building will be provided with adequate number of toilet blocks
with urinals, lavatories and washbasins. It will also be necessary to provide
separately one toilet block for women in the college building.
Education Building Hostel (Optional).
10 Sq.m for each 100 student population 75 sq.m. for each unit of 120 student
1.5.4
Cycle and Scooter Stand
This will be provided as open or covered area at the rate of 15 percent of the
plinth area of the college building.
1.5.5
Play Fields
The institution must be provided with play fields so that the students can have
adequate participation in games and sports for healthy and constructive
activities within the campus.
1.5.6
Other Amenities
The norms of space (Carpet area) or other miscellaneous amenities are as
given below :
Sq.m.
Canteen
50
Cooperative Stores (Optional)
50
NCC Office cum Stores (Optional)
50
1.6 Building Space for Residential Area ( Optional)
The hostel requirements depend on the variety of factors like the location of the
institution, the region from which students are admitted, local availability of
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--126-accommodation and that of transport. Though, the requirement for residences for
teachers and other employees of the institution also depend upon these factors but at
the same time it is necessary to provide an attraction to the new teachers from far of
places by providing suitable accommodation at the campus.
1.6.1
Hostels
Location of College Hostel Strength
Within 20 km. of a large city 25% of boys and 50% of girls enrollment
Other locations 50% of boys and 100% of girls enrollment
The boy's hostel will be made as a unit for 50 students while there is not
minimum for a girls-hostel unit. The first year students will be accommodated
in triple seated rooms while others will be given single seated rooms. The
norms for the room areas will be as below :
Carpet
Area (Sq.m.)
Single room
9
Triple seated room
20
The other building space needed in a hostel unit will be as per norm given
below :
Carpet
Area (Sq.m.)
Kitchen and Dining Hall
200
Indoor games cum Common hall
150
Medical room
50
Canteen
15
Warden Office
18*
Guest Room (2 nos.)
18*
(* Four addition rooms of 9 sq.m. each within the hostel blocks)
1.6.2
Staff Residences (Optional):
The minimum residential accommodation that should exist in the campus
should be for the Principal, and all Warden and the essential staff including a
Caretaker, an electrician, a driver, a water supply operator and chowkidars.
The building space for residences will be as per norms given below :
Sq.m.
Principal
140
Professor
100
Asst. Professor/Lecturer
80
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
--127-Class III staff
30
Class IV staff
20
1.6.3
Teachers Hostel (Optional)
It will be desirable to have a hostel type accommodation for 25% strength of
the teachers with the norms of 30 sqm. carpet area per teacher inclusive of an
attached toiled room.
1.6.4
Guest Houses (Optional)
To meet the needs of the guests visiting the institution for official work and the
parents visiting the students it will be necessary to have a guest house.
1.7 Furniture
All laboratories, library, workshops, lecture and tutorial rooms offices hostels and
Guest house etc. should be adequately furnished. No norms for the furniture are begin
laid, however it is expected that the furniture should conform to the requirement of a
dignified institution, The Institution may equip the buildings with the furniture as
available indigenously.
1.8 Land
It will not be desirable to set the norms for the land requirements for an Optometry
college because of existing high pressure on land availability and other similar factors.
If enough land is not available near a large town, the double and triple storey
construction may have to be resorted to. However, it will be desirable to have the total
land area so as all requirements of the building space are fully met as envisaged in
these norms.
In addition, it will be necessary to have additional land available within the campus for
future expansion, with a norm of about 3 times the constructed area.
Keeping all these points in view it is expected that a new optometry institution located
in non-metro location will have a land of about 3 acres at its disposal before starting.
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar
dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009