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Crit. Thinking
Topic: Laughing
College Prep
1-15-13
Heads up ya’ll
 You
need to have your independent
reading novel in your hands by Tuesday,
January 22nd.
 Although
you wont need it everyday, you
will need to bring it to class everyday.
RAFT…..again
 Role:
A
Who is the writer?
reporter, a sports writer, a social critic
 This
is important because it lets you (the
reader) know where the writer is coming from,
RAFT
 Audience:
To whom is the writer writing?
 This
is important because this allows the
critical reader to evaluate WHY and HOW the
writer makes his/her argument.
 It
also allows the reader to judge how
effectively the writer has made his/her
argument.
Hostile
Sometimes an audience is openly hostile or generally tends to
disagree with you. Perhaps they do not want to be there.
Perhaps they do not like your or what you represent.







Work harder than usual on developing trust.
Carefully construct your presentation, either form an area
of agreement or from a point of disagreement.
Establish basic principles before moving on to specific
proposals.
Challenge them. Show that they may be wrong or have
incomplete evidence. Create tension.
Use reference sources and evidence that they find
acceptable and cannot deny.
Use humor to disarm them.
Show what does not work, leaving an inescapable
conclusion.
Critical
Critical audiences consider themselves intelligent and
probably more intelligent than you. They will thus pick
holes in what you say and disbelieve your assertions.

Use copious evidence with strong references.

Do not exaggerate anything. If anything, play on
the safe side.

Use rational argument, revealing premises and
avoiding fallacies.

Argue both sides of the case with pros-vs-cons
reasoning.

Be fair and reasonable.

Respond to criticisms evenly and with rational
argument.
Uninformed
People who do not have all the facts before
them may well be open to argument,
particularly if it makes sense.




Question them to find out what they know
and do
not know.
Give basic facts to fill in the detail.
Use rational argument to explain the logic.
Use references and respected people to
lend
weight.
Sympathetic
People who are sympathetic have an emotional
attachment to you and are easiest to persuade.





Build a bond with them by showing how you are
they are similar in some way.
Make personal appeals, asking for their help.
Trigger their emotions (positive ones!).
Just ask nicely (which may be all that is
needed).
In a group argument, get them on your side
(which
they may do anyway just to balance
things up).
RAFT
 Format:
What form does the piece take?
 This
is important because it reflects HOW the
writer makes his/her argument.
 This
also allows the reader to judge how
effective the argument is based on the
conventions of the medium.
RAFT
 Topic:

What is the writer writing about?
This is important because one cannot make
evaluative claims without knowing the
topic….
Ethos, Pathos, Logos
 Aristotle
observed that persuasion comes
in three different forms: Ethos, Pathos, and
Logos.
 Overview
Ethos

Ethos (Greek for 'character') refers to the
trustworthiness or credibility of the writer or
speaker. Ethos is often conveyed through
tone and style of the message and through
the way the writer or speaker refers to
differing views. It can also be affected by the
writer's reputation as it exists independently
from the message--his or her expertise in the
field, his or her previous record or integrity,
and so forth. The impact of ethos is often
called the argument's 'ethical appeal' or the
'appeal from credibility.’
Ethos Vidja
 Watch
 To
this!
4:28
Satire
 The
use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or
ridicule to expose and criticize people's
stupidity, vices, or social issues.

Examples: The Simpsons, Family Guy
“A Modest Proposal”
 Who
is the author?

Listen for RAFT information

READ “A Modest Proposal”
 Annotate
as you read
 Look for ETHOS arguments
 Keep RAFT information and Satire in mind
Homework
1
page write up detailing:

The theme of the piece (what is the author
talking about AND what is his/her opinion
on it)

4 examples of ETHOS claims AND how
effective are they in regard to the THEME