Download the british in india

Sec. 1 – Buddhist and Hindu Art
and Architecture
BUDDHISM
• FIRST
SYMBOL OF BUDDHISM = ASHOKAN
PILLAR
• GREAT STUPA (shrine) – BOWLS WITH ASHES FOLLOWERS GRANTED MERIT (KARNA) FOR
DONATING TO TEMPLES
•SITES: BODH GAYA – ENLIGHTENMENT
SARNATH = 1ST SERON, FOOTPRINT
•BUDDHA PAINTING – DAMBULLA CAVE TEMPLE
•SALVATION POSSIBLE FOR ALL (MAHAYANA)
•GOAL : NIRVANA (END OF CYCLE, BIRTH, DEATH,
REBIRTH)
HINDUISM
• DOMINANT RELIGION – PERSIAN TERM FOR PEOPLE
BEYOND INDUS RIVER
• VEDAS (BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE) – LITERARY SOURCE OF
HINDUISM
• BRAHMA (4 HEADS) SENT VEDAS – HUMAN SMRTI
(REMEMBERED)
• BHAKTI = DEVOTION
• RESPECT FOR DHARMA (LAWS, DUTIES, VIRTUES)
• SAMSARA (REINCARNATION)
• KARMA (CAUSALITY) – ULTIMATE GOAL TO BE LIKE BUDDHA
• SALVATION (MOKSA) FROM REINCARNATION
HINDU ART
• 2000 YEARS OLD – STARTED WITH RELIEF CARVINGS IN CAVE
TEMPLES
• STORIES OF THEIR ADVENTURES
• CHIEF GOD: VISHNU – PRESERVER
SHIVA – DESTROYER
BRAHMA – CREATOR
• FUNDAMENTALS – SWEEPING POWER WITH CONTRASTING
NATURES
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PRINCIPLE= MULTIPLICITY – MANY ARMS = SUPERHUMAN
HEADS – AVATARS (ANIMALS/HUMAN)
ATTRIBUTES = WEAPONS THEY HOLD
BRAHMA – HOLDS SCEPTER, BOOK OF PRAYER
HINDU ART
• SHIVA – DESTROYER – UNPREDICTABLE, DEVASTATING FORCE (HAS TO BE
DESTRUCTION BEFORE CHANGE – CAST OFF OLD HABITS), ALSO MERCY
• SEEN AS YOGI ON MT. KAILASH, OR MARRIED (MRS. PARVATI), CHILDREN
• SHIVA TEMPLE STONE PILLAR = SHAFT OF LIGHT AND GLORY – 25-50
BRONZE PILLARS AROUND TEMPLE
• SHIVA WORKS OF ART:
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–
–
–
LORD OF DANCE (NATARAJA)
TIPURAVIJAYA – VICTOR OF 3 CITIES
SOMASKANDA – WIFE AND INFANT
CHANDRA SHEKKARA – MOON CROWNED LORD
• BOLD FIGURE WITH VERTICLE 3RD EYE , DREADLOCKS, MOON, SKULL,
SERPENT, SNAKE, LOIN CLOTH, 2 DIFFERENT EARRINGS (MALE AND
FEMALE), SERPENT OR LION (MASCULINE), HALO AT BACK – HOLDING AX,
DRUM, FLOWERS, DEER
• BRONZE SCULPTURES UNDER CHOLA DYNASTY IN SOUTH (TAMIL) –
BECAME MORE PORTABLE, PRESIDING OVER FESTIVALS
NATARAJA SHIVA – LORD OF DANCE
LORD OF DANCE
• DANCE OF BLISS, DESTROYS UNIVERSE, GOAL
OF RECREATING IT, 4 ARMS, DRUM=BEATS OF
TIME, PALM OUT = REASSURANCE, DWARF
MUSHALAGA = DARKNESS, IGNORANCE.
SHIVA STOMPS ON HIM
• He learned Hindu Law – Orientalism sought to
capture and preserve India as it was at its
height
SEATED BUDDHA
• MADE OF GRAY SCHIST – GANDARA REGION
• INDO-GREEK ART
• CROSS LEGGED, MEDITATION, HAND FOLDED, PALM UP, HALO
BEHIND HIM – RELIEF CARVINGS WITH MULTIPLE FIGURES.
• BODHISATTVA = LARGE FIGURE NEXT TO BUDDHA MEANS:
PERFECTED HUMANS NOT YET FULLY ENLIGHTENED
• RIGHT HAND WITH JEWEL = TREASURES AVAILABLE TO
FOLLOWERS
• 4 LOWER FIGURES = LOWER STATUS WORSHIPPERS, FARTHER
AWAY
• LION = KINGSHIP GANDHARA
• BUDDHA SERVES AS MEDITATIVE TOOL – PATH TO
ENLIGHTENMENT
• STORIES OF HIS LIFE IN RELIEF CARVINGS (4 OR 8 – 4 TRUTHS, 8TH
FOLD PATH)
• BIRTH, ENLIGHTENMENT, FIRST SERMON, WHEEL OF
LAW,RENUNCIATION OF PRINCELY LIFE, MEDITATION IN FOREST
• GOLD COIN – MORE GREEK-LIKE
• SPIRITUAL DHARMA – BUDDHA MADE OF
SANDALWOOD- KING MISSED HIS SON AND
MADE THIS
• BROAD SHOULDERS, TINEY WAIST.
• ANGULA = MEASURE = BREADTH OF FINGER
• SYMBOLS ON BODY, LUMPS ON HEAD, MOLE ON
FOREHEAD (URNA), WEBBED FINGERS, LOTUS
AND WHEEL ON SOLES OF FEET
SEC.II – INDO-ISLAMIC ART
• QUBBAT UL ISLAM MOSQUE – DONE BY LOCAL INDIANS
WITH IMPORTED ISLAMIC SCULPUTURES,FORMS,
PRACTICES
• MOGHUL DYNASTY MOST SIGNIFICANT ISLAMIC INFLUENCE
ON INDIAN ART AND CULTURE
• BABER THE TIGER – IMPRESSED BY WEALTH – DISLIKED
INDIAN CULTURE
• BENEFITS: RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE, CURRENCY, ART
• Took over many other Indian kingdoms over period from
1799 – 1856
• 1840s to 1850s marked by major infrastructure projects,
such as railways, the Ganges Canal, and the telegraph
SHAHJAHAN RIDING WITH
AFTABI(SUNSHADE)
MINIATURE PAINTING – ISLAMIC ART
• DONE ON PAPER – ASSEMBLY LINE
• GOLD AND SILVER TRIM
• SHOWING LIFE OF EMPEROR, ANIMALS, LANDSCAPE
• FLAT, WITH TOP POINT OF VIEW, EVEN LIGHT, NO
SHADING
• SIMPLIFIED ARCHITECTURE
• PROFILE OF ANIMALS/HUMAND
• DEPTH SHOWN BY FIGURES HIGH OR LOW ON PAGE
• HIGHLY DETAILED AND DECORATIVE
MOGHUL MINIATURES
• RULER HUMAYUN BROUGHT PERSIAN PAINTERS TO INDIA
• AKBAR’S REIGN – MOGHUL MINIATURES
• PATNA’S ALBUM = MURAQQA – 41 PAINTINGS
SHAH JAHAN EMPEROR RIDING ANALYSIS: (WATER COLOR
ON PAPER)
• ELEPHANT – ELEVATES RULER
• RULES WITH ONE HAND – HE IS IN CONTROL
• SERVANT FOLLOWING WITH SUNSHADE, WHITE CLOTHING,
WHITE HORSE (SERVANT)
• PROFILE, MOVING LEFT TO RIGHT,
• SHOWS IMPORTANCE OF SHAH JAHAN
• USED AS PROPAGANDA TO INFLATE EMPEROR
INDO-ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
BABER – GARDENS SIGNIFICANT –
HUMAYUN (SON) – FLOATING PALACE ON JUMMA
AKBAR (SON) – GREAT MOSQUE AT FATEHPUR – MOGHUL
BUILDING WITH WHITE MARBLE/SANDSTONE
SHAH JAHAN – MASTERED QURAN CALLIGRAPHY, SINGING,
ARCHITECT, GREAT ATTENTION TO DETAIL – BUILT TOMB
FOR HIS WIFE – TAJ MAHAL – CROWN OF PALACES, BASED
ON GARDEN PLEASURE PAVILION – SHADE AS BLESSING
FROM HEAVEN.
TOMB ON OCTAGONAL BASE (8 PARADISES OF QURAN).
TAJ MAHAL ON SQUARE – TALL AS IT IS WIDE.
CARVINGS OF FLOWERING PLANTS AND VERSES OF QURAN
SEC III – COLONIAL RULE
• BRITAIN HAD MONOPOLY WITH EIC
• EXCLUSIVE TRADE PRIVILEGES, ACQUIRE
TERRITORY, COIN MONEY – DEFEATED FRENCH AT
BATTLE OF PLASSEY IN 1757
• JOINT ADMIN BY EIC AND BRITISH GOV. –
CONTROLLED INDIAN LEADERS
• 1858 POWER WENT TO CROWN
• AFTER WWII, BRITISH INDIA PARTITIONED INTO
INDIA AND PAKISTAN IN 1947
• BRITISH RAJ RULER 1858-1947
COLONIAL ART & ARCHITECTURE
EFFECTS OF COLONIALISM:
EDUCATION, GOVERNMENT, IMPROVED TRANSPORT,
COMMUNICATION, POSTAL, RAILWAYS, CANALS, LITERATURE AND
SCIENCE. REPLACED PERSIAN WITH ENGLISH.
EFFECTS OF CULTURE – GOVERNMENT HOUSES AND CHURCHES ALL
BRITISH, CRICKET GREENS. HOWEVER, BRITISH HAD GREAT
RESPECT FOR ANCIENT TRADITIONS.
• BEFORE STRUCTURES WERE COMMERCIAL (EIC ERECTED) –
GRACEFL, MAJESTIC BACKDROPS TO BRITISH RULING CLASS
• BRITISH LIKED MEDIEVAL ENGLAND – USED PATTERN BOOKS FOR
DESIGN
• GOVERNMENT HOUSES – RESIDENCES AND PLACE OF BUSINESS
• SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLS OF BRITISH
AUTHORITY
VICEREGAL LODGE ANALYSIS
• RESIDENCE OF LORD DUFFERIN BRITISH VICEROY IN
SHIMLA – BRITISH HILL STATIONS (FOOTHILLS OF
HIMALAYAS)
• RETREATED THERE IN SUMMER MONTHS – CALLED
SUMMER CAPITAL OF BRITISH INDIA
• ENGLISH RENAISSANCE – MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN
ARCHITECTURE
• LARGE TOWER ABOVE MAIN ENTRANCE
• MADE OF LIMESTONE AND SANDSTONE, BLUE AND GRAY
• MORE LIKE AN ENGLISH COUNTRY HOUSE WITH TEAK
PANELLING
• TODAY IT IS MANAGED BY MINISTRY OF EDUCATION –
INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY
KALIGHAT PAINTING
• KALIGHAT IS FORM OF PAINTING IN CALCUTTA
• WATER COLOR ON MILL-MADE PAPER
• LOCAL PAINTERS FROM VILLAGES OF BENGAL
SET UP AROUND KALIGHAT TEMPLE
• JOHN KIPLING, BRITISH CURATOR, COLLECTED
KALIGHATS AND DONATED THEM TO BRITISH
MUSEUM
ENGLISHMAN ON TIGER HUNT
• MAN WITH TOP HAT, GREEN COAT, WHITE PANTS, BLACK
SHOES, ON BLUE ELEPHANT
• STEPPING ON TIGER SHOWING TEETH AND TONGUE
• SIGNIFICANT IN DETAIL – ENGLISMAN CLASPS RIFLE HELD
UPSIDE DOWN – LOOKS SILLY
• NO HOWDAH (CARRIAGE) ON ELEPHANT
• NO ELEPHANT TRAINER (MAHOUT)
• NO BACKGROUND
• BOLD, DRAMATIC OUTLINES, FLAT FORMS, NO SHADING,
NO 3D, NO BACKGROUND
• ARTISTS = PATVAS (PRODUCTION-LINE STYLE)
• TODAY REPLACED BY MECHANIZED LITHOGRAPHY PROCESS
1857
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INDIANS REFOLTED – MUTINY OF 1857
1ST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE
MODERN INDIA IS POST COLONIAL
STEEL ENGRAVING OF KING OF DELHI BY
CAPTAIN HODSON