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Chapter 9 Drug Identification and Toxicology By the end of this chapter you will be able to: o o o o o Identify the five types of controlled substances Relate signs and symptoms of overdose with a specific class of drugs or toxins Describe the role of various types of toxins in causing death Discuss agents that may be used in bioterrorism Define and describe the goals and practice of toxicology All Rights Reserved South-Western / Cengage Learning © 2012, 2009 1 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Introduction Forensic toxicology helps determine causeand-effect relationships between o Exposure to a drug or other substance and o o Toxic or lethal effects from that exposure Toxicology is the study of poisons and the identification of drugs. (Medicinal, Recreational or Criminal purpose) 2 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Introduction Toxicity – deals with degree substance if poisonous or can cause injury. People can be exposed to toxic substances: o intentionally— by treating illness or relieving pain o accidentally— by harmful combinations or overdoses o deliberately— by harming or killing others, or by suicide 3 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 History o o Socrates – 399 B.C. (hemlock) 17th Century (1600’s) – Rich and famous • o 18th Century (1700’s) – chemical analysis available • 4 Arsenic and cyanide Orfila and Christison (M.D.’s) Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Poison—Murder, Accidental Overdoses, and Drug Offences 5 o Poisoning causes less than ½ of 1% of all homicides o Accidental drug overdoses are more common o Drug offenders • More than 50% of the federal prison population • About 20% of the population in state prisons Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances Legal drugs – sale and possession are restricted (potential for abuse) 1. Hallucinogens 2. Narcotics 3. Stimulants 4. Anabolic steroids 5. Depressants 6 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances —Hallucinogens o o o 7 Often derived from plants The effect and intensity of response to these drugs varies from person to person. Affects the user’s perceptions, thinking, selfawareness, and emotions Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances —Hallucinogens o Affects of an overdose often include • Increased heart rate • Increased blood pressure • Panic attacks, anxiety, or psychosis 8 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances —Hallucinogens 9 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances —Narcotics Reduce pain by suppressing pain receptors in the central nervous system o o Often referred to as pain killers Affects the user’s perceptions, thinking, self awareness, and emotions o 10 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances —Narcotics 11 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances —Stimulants o o o o o 12 Increases feelings of energy and alertness Suppresses appetite Afterwards, depression often results Overdose affects include high blood pressure, agitation, confusion, seizures Stimulants tend to be highly addictive Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances —Stimulants 13 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances —Anabolic Steroids A chemical structure similar to testosterone o Promote cell and tissue growth increasing bone mass and body muscle. o Popular with weightlifters, bodybuilders, and other athletes o What are some of the negative side effects? Mild- acne, baldness, increased body hair Severe- high blood pressure, high cholesterol, impaired male fertility, blood clotting, liver failure, cancer, heart attack o 14 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances —Depressants o o o o o 15 Affects the central nervous system by increasing GABA activity, a neurotransmitter Increased GABA causes drowsiness and slowed brain activity Relieves anxiety and produces sleep Side effects include slurred speech and loss of coordination Mixing depressants with alcohol and other drugs increases potency and health risks Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances —Alcohols o In what way are alcohols toxic? • o How is grain alcohol produced? • o Depression What can chronic alcohol abuse cause? • 16 Dehydration, nausea, headache, weakness What is the effect of alcohol on the central nervous system? • o Fermentation of sugar in fruits and grains What are the classic symptoms of a hangover? • o Acetaldehyde…..acetic acid……hangover symptoms Liver damage and dangerous behavior Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances —Bacterial Toxins o Tetanus (also called Lockjaw) • Produced by the Clostridium tetani bacteria • Causes violent muscle spasms o Botulism • Produced by Clostridium botulinum—botulism • Paralyzes muscles – painful spasms • Causes irreversible damage to nerve endings • Extremely deadly in very small amounts • Most poisonous biological substance 17 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances —Pesticides and Heavy Metals 18 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances —Pesticides and Heavy Metals 19 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances —Bioterrorism Agents Ricin o o o A poisonous protein in the castor bean Lethal in extremely small amounts Enters the body in various ways: • inhaled as a mist or a powder • ingested as food or drink • injected into the body o 20 Causes death within a few hours Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances—Bioterrorism Agents Anthrax o o o Bacillus anthracis, which forms endospores Spreads to humans from infected animals Enters the human body through: • Inhalation; causing breathing problems that usually result in death • Ingestion; becoming fatal in 25% to 60% of cases • Absorption via the skin; leading to death in about 20% of untreated cases 21 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . Summary. . . . . . . . o o 22 Forensic toxicology seeks to identify poisons or drugs in criminals and victims. Toxicology is important in studying cases of drug overdose and sporting violations. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary. . . . o Controlled substances fall into five main groups: • • • • • 23 Hallucinogens Narcotic Stimulants Steroids Depressants Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary o o o 24 Poisons can be produced by living organisms. Pesticides and heavy metals are common poisons. Bioterrorism agents include ricin and anthrax. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9