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What microorganisms are deactivated by germicidal ultraviolet light? Bacteria Agrobacterium lumefaciens 5 UV Dose Bacteria 8,500 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Environ.Strain) 1,2,3,4,5,9 UV Dose 10,500 Bacillus anthracis 1,4,5,7,9 (anthrax veg.) 8,700 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Lab. Strain) 5,7 3,900 Bacillus anthracis Spores (anthrax spores)* Bacillus megatherium Sp. (veg) 4,5,9 46,200 2,500 Pseudomonas fluorescens 4,9 Rhodospirillum rubrum 5 6,600 6,200 Bacillus megatherium Sp. (spores) 4,9 5,200 Salmonella enteritidis 3,4,5,9 7,600 Bacillus paratyphosus 4,9 Bacillus subtilis 3,4,5,6,9 6,100 11,000 Salmonella paratyphi (Enteric Fever) 5,7 Salmonella Species 4,7,9 6,100 15,200 Bacillus subtilis Spores 2,3,4,6,9 22,000 Salmonella typhimurium 4,5,9 15,200 Clostridium tetani 23,100 Salmonella typhi (Typhoid Fever) 7 7,000 Clostridium botulinum Corynebacterium diphtheriae 1,4,5,7,8,9 11,200 6,500 Salmonella Sarcina lutea 1,4,5,6,9 10,500 26,400 Dysentery bacilli 3,4,7,9 4,200 Serratia marcescens 1,4,6,9 6,160 Eberthella typhosa 1,4,9 Escherichia coli 1,2,3,4,9 4,100 6,600 Shigella dysenteriae - Dysentery 1,5,7,9 Shigella flexneri - Dysentery 5,7 4,200 3,400 Legionella bozemanii 5 3,500 Shigella paradysenteriae 4,9 3,400 Legionella dumoffill 5 5,500 Shigella sonnei 5 7,000 Legionella gormanil 5 Legionella micdadei 5 4,900 3,100 Spirillum rubrum 1,4,6,9 Staphylococcus albus 1,6,9 6,160 5,720 Legionella longbeachae 5 2,900 Staphylococcus aureus 3,4,6,9 6,600 Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaire's Disease) Leptospira canicola-Infectious Jaundice 1,9 12,300 6,000 Staphylococcus epidermidis 5,7 Streptococcus faecaila 5,7,8 5,800 10,000 Leptospira interrogans 1,5,9 6,000 Streptococcus hemolyticus 1,3,4,5,6,9 5,500 Micrococcus candidus 4,9 Micrococcus sphaeroides 1,4,6,9 12,300 15,400 Streptococcus lactis 1,3,4,5,6 Streptococcus pyrogenes 8,800 4,200 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1,3,4,5,7,8,9 10,000 Streptococcus salivarius 4,200 Neisseria catarrhalis 1,4,5,9 8,500 Streptococcus viridans 3,4,5,9 3,800 Phytomonas tumefaciens 1,4,9 Proteus vulgaris 1,4,5,9 8,500 6,600 Vibrio comma (Cholera) 3,7 Vibrio cholerae 1,5,8,9 6,500 6,500 Molds UV Dose Molds UV Dose Aspergillus amstelodami Aspergillus flavus 1,4,5,6,9 77,000 99,000 Oospora lactis 1,3,4,6,9 Penicillium chrysogenum 11,000 56,000 Aspergillus glaucus 4,5,6,9 88,000 Penicillium digitatum 4,5,6,9 88,000 Aspergillus niger (breed mold) 2,3,4,5,6,9 330,000 Penicillium expansum 1,4,5,6,9 22,000 Mucor mucedo Mucor racemosus (A & B) 1,3,4,6,9 77,000 35,200 Penicillium roqueforti 1,2,3,4,5,6 Rhizopus nigricans (cheese mold) 3,4,5,6,9 26,400 220,000 Protozoa UV Dose Protozoa UV Dose Chlorella vulgaris (algae) 1,2,3,4,5,9 Blue-green Algae 22,000 420,000 Giardia lamblia (cysts) 3 Nematode Eggs 6 100,000 40,000 E. hystolytica 84,000 Paramecium 1,2,3,4,5,6,9 200,000 Virus UV Dose Virus UV Dose Adeno Virus Type III 3 Bacteriophage 1,3,4,5,6,9 4,500 6,600 Influenza 1,2,3,4,5,7,9 Rotavirus 5 6,600 24,000 Coxsackie 6,300 Tobacco Mosaic 2,4,5,6,9 440,000 Infectious Hepatitis 1,5,7,9 Yeasts 8,000 0 UV Dose Yeasts UV Dose Baker's Yeast 1,3,4,5,6,7,9 8,800 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4,6,9 13,200 Brewer's Yeast 1,2,3,4,5,6,9 Common Yeast Cake 1,4,5,6,9 6,600 13,200 Saccharomyces ellipsoideus 4,5,6,9 Saccharomyces sp. 2,3,4,5,6,9 13,200 17,600 These are all the known bacteria, viruses, molds, yeasts, and protozoa that can be killed by UV Light, followed by the UV dose required to do the job. Scientists are still finding more with further investigation. http://www.ultraviolet.com/microorgan.htm How UV light works When microbes are exposed to UV light, the nucleus of the cells absorbs the UV energy, which “scrambles” the DNA structure. This sterilizes the cell and it can no longer reproduce. Thus, because it cannot reproduce (which is how an infection takes off) it is considered dead and no possible threat. The thicker the organism, the more light (contact time within the UV light chamber) is needed to reach the organism’s DNA structures. Take giardia. Giardia is a parasite that is much larger than any bacterium. It is a multi-cellular creature. The amount of light needed to scramble the DNA in giardia is more than ten times that is used to kill the infectious hepatitis virus and more than 20 times needed to kill the dysentery bacteria. When it comes to water purification and water treatment, UV light kills many more microbes than chlorination. The hepatitis virus can survive swimming around in chlorinated water for a considerable time, but is quickly wiped out by UV Light. Why are there no UV Light water treatment sites in this county? Actually, there are, but they are very few. In the US, our chemical companies have way too much clout, or to put it in a way we can all understand, they have more lobbyists than the UV light enthusiasts have. What are the cons to Chlorination? 1. The production of chlorine is energy intensive and wasteful. 2. Byproducts of chlorine production are toxic to aquatic life. 3. Byproducts are carcinogenic. 4. Chlorine is a hazardous substance. Storage, transportation, and handling are a potential safety hazard. 5. Chlorine is much less effective in deactivating virus than in deactivating bacteria, and still not as effective as UV Light in deactivating both. 6. Chlorine attacks your arteries and is a powerful contributing cause to Cardiovascular Disease and has been linked to colon cancers. 7. Chlorine in the blood forms calcium carbonate, the main cause of strokes (prior to the chlorination of water, Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA) and strokes were nearly unknown). In a 1992 study that made front-page headlines, and was reported on in the July issue of the American Journal of Public Health researchers at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee found that people who regularly drink tap water containing high levels of chlorine by-products have a greater risk of developing bladder and rectal cancers than people who drink un-chlorinated water. The study estimates that about 9 percent of all bladder cancer and 18 percent of all rectal cancer cases are associated with long-term consumption of these by-products. This amounts to over 20,000 new cases each year. UV light is the Ultimate in water disinfection. (UV light only works on biological contaminants) Chemical contaminants need other forms of filtration. A proper water analysis would help determine the right form of filtration needed for your potential situation. Proper sizing (contact time needed) of UV light system is extremely important when buying a UV system for biological disinfection. "The drinking of chlorinated water has finally been officially linked to an increased incidence of colon cancer. An epidemiologist at Oak Ridge Associated Universities completed a study of colon cancer victims and non-cancer patients and concluded that the drinking of chlorinated water for 15 years or more was conducive to a high rate of colon cancer." Health Freedom News, January/February 1987 http://www.naturalnews.com/023565_water_lead_drinking.html References: 1) (http://www.agonist.org/story/2005/8/4/44118/79781) 2) National Resources Defence Council. Ozonoff is chair of the Environmental Health Program at Boston University School of Public Health and a nationally known expert on drinking water and health issues (http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/uscities/execsum.asp) 3) (http://www.roanoke.com/news/roanoke%5C29130.html) 4) Drinking Water Act in 1996 banned plumbing devices with pure lead pipe but still allows low levels of lead. Homes built before 1986 are more likely to have lead pipes, fixtures and solder. However, new homes are also at risk: even legally "lead-free" plumbing may contain up to 8 percent lead. The most common problem is with brass or chrome-plated brass faucets and fixtures which can leach significant amounts of lead into the water, especially hot water. 5) (http://www.epa.gov/safewater/lead/index.html) Amendments made to the federal Safe 6) Detected contaminants include caffeine, which was the highest-volume pollutant, codeine, cholesterol-lowering agents, anti-depressants, and Premarin, an estrogen replacement drug taken by about 9 million women. Also chemotherapy agents were found downstream from hospitals treating cancer patients. Final results from the study are expected to be released in the fall. For additional information about the U.S.G.S. study check the website: (http://toxics.usgs.gov/regional/emc.html) 7) Chloramine is a disinfectant put into many municipal water supplies. In recent years it has often replaced chlorine for two main reasons. The first is that it is much longer lasting, so it continues to provide a disinfectant action in supply pipes, where chlorine typically loses its capacity to disinfect. The second is that it does not react with organics nearly as readily as does chlorine. The reaction products of chlorine and organics (chlorinated organics) are very toxic to people, and water supply operators elect to use chloramine to reduce this toxicity. 8) Bollyn, Christopher. The Unhealthy Consequences of Chlorinated Water. (http://www.americanfreepress.net/html/chloraminated_water.html) 9) (http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/09/040915111128.htm) 10) Sep 2004 (http://www.watertechonline.com/News.asp?mode=4&N_ID=50190) 11) (http://www.americanfreepress.net) 12) US House of Representatives, Committee on Government Reform Hearing on the District of Columbia's Lead Contamination Experience Statement of Paul D. Schwartz, National Policy Coordinator, Clean Water Action May 21, 2004. (http://www.dcwatch.com/wasa/040521i.htm) 13) From April 2 to May 8 of 2004, utility officials switched back to chlorine, a yearly change intended to rinse bacteria from the pipes before summer. During that time, officials said yesterday, lead level test results in homes with lead service lines were 25 percent to 30 percent lower than they would have predicted. (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43649-2004May20.html) 14) (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A7094-2004Oct4.html) xv. The weed killer atrazine affects the levels of a number of hormones needed for normal development and function of the reproductive system, including estrogen, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone. Atrazine has been linked to sexual malformations in frogs that were exposed to water containing just 1/30th as much atrazine as the EPA regards as safe in human drinking water. Sanders, Robert. Popular weed killer atrazine feminizes native frogs across Midwest, could be- impacting amphibian populations worldwide 30 October 2002. The University of Berkley, (http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2002/10/30_frogs.html) 15) Nitrate in drinking water is also associated with increased risk for bladder cancer, according to a University of Iowa (UI) study that looked at cancer incidence among nearly 22,000 Iowa women. The study results suggest that even low-level exposure to nitrates over many years could cause increases in certain types of cancer, said Peter Weyer, Ph.D., associate director of the UI Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination (CHEEC) and one of the study's lead authors. The study was published in the May 2001 issue of the journal Epidemiology. "From a public health perspective, source water protection is a main concern. Sources of nitrate which can impact water supplies include fertilizers, human waste, and animal waste," Weyer said. "All of us, rural and urban residents alike, need to be more aware of how what we do as individuals can impact our water sources and, potentially, our health." (http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/ndwc/articles/OT/FA03/News_Notes.html)