Download Microcontrollers

Microcontrollers
1
Microcontrollers
• Programmers work in the virtual world
• Machinery works in the physical world
• Microcontrollers connect the virtual and
physical world
• The inputs and outputs can be manipulated
by, and can manipulate, the physical world
2
3
Arduino is software
• An Integrated Development
Environment (IDE) for
programming
• Edit code like a word
document
• The platform creates the
“process”, compiles it, and
uploads it to the Arduino
• The language is called
‘wiring’, and is based on C
4
Arduino is a platform
•
A physical Input / Output
board (I/O) with a
programmable
Integrated Circuit (IC).
5
Why Arduino?
• Open Source: anyone who wants can improve upon it
• Cheap: anyone can produce them for any price (<$15)
• Common Interface: communicates via USB
• Low Power: from USB or battery pack
• Standalone: memory allows it to run even when not
connected to a computer
6
What can it do?
• Sensors
–
–
–
–
–
[ INPUTS ]
Buttons, touch pads, tilt switches
Variable resistors (e.g.. volume knob / sliders)
Photoresistors (light sensor)
Thermistors (temperature sensor)
Ultrasound (distance sensor)
• Actuators
–
–
–
–
[ OUTPUTS ]
Lights, LED’s
Motors
Speakers
Displays (LCD)
CURRENT LIMITS!!!
7
Autonomous
Vehicle
8
Laser Harp
9
Clock
10
Sign Language Glove
11
Interfacing
12
Interfacing
• Plugs into pins like a
breadboard
13
14
15
16
Inputs and Outputs
17
Concepts: INPUT vs. OUTPUT
•Referenced from the perspective of the
microcontroller (electrical board).
Inputs is a signal / information going
Output is any signal exiting the
into the board.
board.
18
Concepts: INPUT vs. OUTPUT
•Referenced from the perspective of the
microcontroller (electrical board).
Inputs is a signal / information going
Output is any signal exiting the
into the board.
board.
Examples:
Buttons Switches, Light
Sensors, Flex Sensors,
Humidity Sensors,
Temperature Sensors…
Examples:
LEDs, DC motor,
servo motor,
piezo buzzer,
relay, RGB LED
19
Analog vs. Digital
20
Analog vs. Digital
• Computers communicate in a digital language
– “ON” or “OFF”, “HIGH” or “LOW”, “1” or “0”, “5V or 0V”
• Our physical world is analog
– “warm”, “37 mph”, “92 degrees”
• So how do we create 2.73 volts if all we have is 0 and 5?
• With a technique called Pulse width Modulation (PWM)
• Imagine turning a fan off and on every second. It would
operate at a “medium” speed.
• The longer the pulses (ON’s), the higher the average
voltage and the actual voltage output.
21
Analog vs. Digital
22
Analog vs. Digital
Fixed cycle length:
constant number of cycles/sec
23
BIG 4 CONCEPTS
digitalWrite()
analogWrite()
digitalRead()
analogRead()
24
Components
Name
Image
Type
Function
Push Button
Digital
Input
Digital
Input
Switch - Closes or
opens circuit
Potentiometer
Analog
Input
Analog
Input
Variable resistor
Photoresistor
Analog
Input
Analog
Input
Light Dependent
Resistor (LDR)
Relay
Digital
Output
Digital
Output
Switch driven by a
small signal
Temp Sensor
Analog
Input
Analog
Input
Temp Dependent
Resistor
Flex Sensor
Analog
Input
Analog
Input
Variable resistor
Soft Trimpot
Analog
Input
Analog
Input
Dig Dig
& Analog
& Analog
Output
Output
Variable resistor
RGB LED
16,777,216 different
colors
25
Scales
26
Scales
Physical
0V
5V
Digital Write
LOW (0)
HIGH (1)
Digital Read
LOW (0)
HIGH (1)
Analog Read
0
1023
Analog Write
0
255
27