Download SPRITE of early river valleys

Mesopotamia
Nile River
SOCIAL
 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASSES
BASED ON WEALTH
(NOBLES, COMMONERS,
SLAVES) CONSIDERED IN
HAMMURABI’S CODE
 PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY
(VEILING OF WOMEN)
REINFORCED BY
HAMMURABI’S CODE OF
LAW
 URBAN CENTERS WERE
CULTURAL, POLITICAL, &
ECONOMIC HUBS
 RURAL POPULATIONS
EXISTED THROUGHOUT
THE VALLEY
 MARRIAGES ARRANGED
POLITICAL
 INDEPENDENT CITYSTATES
W/INDEPENDENT
KINGS & LAWS
EMERGED IN THE
VALLEY
 FIRST WRITTEN CODE
OF LAW
(HAMMURABI’S
CODE)
 MESOPOTAMIAN
KINGS WERE DIVINE
(OF THE GODS) &
SEEN AS CHIEF
SERVANT OF THE GOD
(THEOCRATIC)
 A COURSE OF EMPIRE
UNFOLDED AS
MESOPOTAMIAN CITYSTATES RIVALED ONE
ANOTHER
 EST. OF LARGE
EMPIRES, SUCH AS
BABYLONIAN AND
ASSYRIAN EMPIRES
RELIGIOUS
 MESOPOTAMIANS
WERE POLYTHEISTIC
(MANY GODS)
 MONOTHEISTIC
RELIGIONS OCCUR
AFTER SEMITIC &
INDO-EUROPEAN
MIGRATIONS
(HEBREWS &
JUDAISM; PERSIANS &
ZOROASTRIANISM)
 GLOOMY VIEW OF AN
AFTERLIFE (EPIC OF
GILGAMESH)
 GODS & GODDESSES
REPRESENTED LIFEGIVING ASPECTS OF
THE UNIVERSE (SUN,
WATER, WIND, ETC.)
 ZIGGURATS BUILT IN
HONOR & WORSHIP
OF GODS &
GODDESSES
INTELLECTUAL
 MESOPOTAMIANS
DEVELOPED A
WRITTEN LANGUAGE
(SUMERIAN
CUNEIFORM)
 INDO-EUROPEANS &
SEMITIC MIGRATIONS
LED TO SIMPLISTIC
ALPHABETS (E.G.
PHOENICIAN
ALPHABET)
 MESOPOTAMIAN
LITERATURE EXISTED
(EPIC OF GILGAMESH)
 LITERACY WAS A
NOBLE & PRIESTLY
CLASS PRIVILEGE
(SCRIBES HIGHLY
REGARDED)
 MOST EDUCATION
GEARED TOWARD
VOCATION (TYPICALLY
BOYS ONLY)
 ACHIEVEMENTS IN
MATHEMATICS &
ASTRONOMY
TECH.
 MAJOR
INVENTIONS
INCLUDED THE
WHEEL,
SUNDIAL, THE
ARCH
 FIRST TO MAKE
BRONZE
METALLURGY
 IRONMETALLURGY,
HORSE
DOMESTICATIO
N (FOR
TRANSPORTATI
ON &
WEAPONRY), &
HORSE-DRAWN
CHARIOTS
COME W/INDOEUROPEAN
MIGRATIONS
 IRRIGATION
SYSTEMS FOR
AGRICULTURE
ECONOMIC
 ECONOMIC
LIVELIHOOD
WAS BASED ON
AGRICULTURE
(CULTIVATION
OF WHEAT,
BARLEY, RYE)
 TRADE
INCREASED AS
CITIES
POPULATED
 TRADE
NETWORKS
EXISTED
W/NILE RIVER,
MEDITERRANEA
N SEA, RED SEA,
PERSIAN GULF,
AND THE INDUS
RIVER VALLEY
 NUMEROUS
INDUSTRIAL
JOBSPECIALIZATIO
NS EXISTED
(METAL WORKS,
TEXTILES,
FARMING,
POTTERY, ETC.)
 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASSES
BASED ON WEALTH &
RELATIVE JOB TO THE
PHARAOH
(NOBLES/PRIESTS,
MERCHANTS, ARTISANS,
TRADESMEN, SCRIBES, &
BUREAUCRATS, FARMERS,
PEASANTS, SLAVES)
 PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY
(THOUGH LESS
PATRIARCHAL THAN OTHER
EARLY CIVS.)
 WOMEN COULD OWN
INHERITED PROPERTY,
BUSINESSES, ETC.
HOWEVER WOMEN WERE
LIMITED TO GOVERNMENT
POSITIONS
 NILE VALLEY
POLITICALLY UNIFIED
UNDER A DYNASTIC
PHARAOH & HIS
BUREAUCRACY
 PHARAOH SEEN AS A
GOD IN HUMAN FORM
W/IMMORTALITY
 BUREAUCRATS
OVERSAW RURAL
VILLAGES, BUT
REMAINED UNIFIED
 OLD & NEW
KINGDOMS IN EGYPT
WERE POWERFUL
AND IMPERIAL
 RELATIVE POLITICAL
UNITY WHEN
COMPARED TO
 EGYPTIANS WERE
POLYTHEISTIC (MANY
GODS)
 DEVOTIONAL CULTS
TO OSIRIS, AMON-RE
(MONOTHEISTIC
CHALLENGES)
 POSITIVE VIEW OF AN
AFTERLIFE (STORY OF
OSIRIS), BELIEF IN
IMMORAL AFTERLIFE,
MUMMIFICATION
 GODS & GODDESSES
REPRESENTED LIFEGIVING ASPECTS OF
THE UNIVERSE (SUN,
WATER, WIND, ETC.)
 PYRAMIDS BUILT IN
HONOR & WORSHIP
 EGYPTIANS
DEVELOPED A
WRITTEN LANGUAGE
(HIEROGLYPHICS)
 SIMPLIFIED HIERATIC
WRITING SYSTEM
 HIEROGLYPHICS,
DEMOTIC, & GREEK
DISCERNABLE
W/ROSETTA STONE
 EGYPTIAN
LITERATURE EXISTED
(BOOK OF THE DEAD,
STORY OF OSIRIS)
 LITERACY WAS A
NOBLE & PRIESTLY
CLASS PRIVILEGE
(SCRIBES HIGHLY
REGARDED); SATIRE
 BRONZE
METALLURGY
INTRODUCED
FROM
MESOPOTAMIA
 TIMBER
INTRODUCED
BY
PHOENICIANS
 IRONMETALLURGY,
HORSE
DOMESTICATIO
N (FOR
TRANSPORTATI
ON &
WEAPONRY), &
HORSE-DRAWN
CHARIOTS
 ECONOMIC
LIVELIHOOD
WAS BASED ON
AGRICULTURE
(CULTIVATION
OF WHEAT &
MILLET)
 TRADE
INCREASED AS
CITIES
POPULATED
 TRADE
NETWORKS
EXISTED
W/NILE RIVER,
MEDITERRANEA
N SEA, RED SEA,
PERSIAN GULF,
AND THE INDUS
Indus River
 URBAN CENTERS WERE
CULTURAL, POLITICAL, &
ECONOMIC HUBS
 RURAL POPULATIONS
EXISTED THROUGHOUT
THE VALLEY
OTHER EARLY
CIVILIZATIONS (HYMN
TO THE NILE)
 POLITICALLY
CHALLENGED BY
INDO-EUROPEAN
MIGRATIONS
(HITTITES) &
NEIGHBORING
KINGDOMS (HYKSOS
& NUBIANS)
OF PHARAOHS
 MAJESTIC TOMBS
W/MUMMIFIED
BODIES, HEIRLOOMS,
SERVANTS, ETC.
OF THE TRADES
 ADVANCEMENTS IN
MATHEMATICS
 ADVANCEMENTS IN
ASTRONOMY & THE
365-DAY CALENDAR
 MEDICAL
ADVANCEMENTS &
MUMMIFICATION
 PAPYRUS PLANTS FOR
WRITING
COME W/INDOEUROPEAN
MIGRATIONS
 IRON AROSE
INDEPENDENTL
Y THROUGHOUT
SUB-SAHARA
AFRICA
 IRRIGATION
SYSTEMS FOR
AGRICULTURE
RIVER VALLEY
 NILE RIVER
NAVIGABLE
NORTH &
SOUTH
 NUMEROUS
INDUSTRIAL
JOBSPECIALIZATIO
NS EXISTED
(METAL WORKS,
TEXTILES,
FARMING,
POTTERY, ETC.)
 CASTE SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTED W/INDOEUROPEAN SETTLEMENTS
(ARYANS)
 CASTES BASED ON VARNAS
(RACE) & JATI (JOBS)
 DRAVIDIANS (DARKER
SKINNED) MADE UP THE
UNTOUCHABLE CASTE
 BRAHMINS, KSHATRIYAS,
VAISYAS, SUDRAS
 PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY
(REINFORCED BY
LAWBOOK OF MANU) &
WIDOW’S PRACTICE OF
SATI
 URBAN CENTERS WERE
CULTURAL, POLITICAL, &
ECONOMIC HUBS
 RURAL POPULATIONS
EXISTED THROUGHOUT
THE VALLEY
 HARAPPA &
MOHENJO-DARO
EXISTED AS TWIN
CENTRAL CAPITALS
 PUBLIC GRANARIES,
TEMPLES, POLITICAL
OFFICES REMAIN AS
ARCHEOLOGICAL
EVIDENCE
 INDO-EUROPEAN
ARYAN MIGRATIONS
SETTLED & CREATED
REGIONAL KINGDOMS
BASED ON TRIBAL
AFFILIATIONS
 ARYAN WARRIORKINGS KNOWN AS
RAJAHS
 ARYAN SETTLEMENT
BROUGHT A
DISCERNABLE
WRITING SYSTEM
(SANSKRIT)
 ARYANS WERE
POLYTHEISTIC
(DEVOTION TO INDRA
AND SUN GOD AND A
WAR GOD)
 THE VEDAS WRITTEN
IN SANSKRIT GAVE
MORAL, SOCIAL, &
ETHICAL VALUES TO
EARLY INDIAN
CULTURE
 THE VEDAS BECAME
THE FIRST HOLY TEXT
TO DEVOTIONAL
RELIGIONS,
(EVENTUALLY
HINDUISM,
BUDDHISM, &
JAINISM)
 ARYAN RELIGIOUS
BELIEFS, SUCH AS
DHARMA, KARMA,
SAMSARA, & MOKSHA
 ARYANS DEVELOPED A
WRITTEN LANGUAGE
(SANSKRIT)
 ARYAN LITERATURE
EXISTED (THE VEDAS)
 LITERACY WAS A
NOBLE & PRIESTLY
CLASS PRIVILEGE
(SCRIBES HIGHLY
REGARDED)
 ONLY MALES WERE
EDUCATED BY A
GURU
 NAVIGATIONAL
KNOWLEDGE OF THE
INDIAN OCEAN &
MONSOONS
 BRONZE
METALLURGY
INTRODUCED
FROM
MESOPOTAMIA
 IRONMETALLURGY,
HORSE
DOMESTICATIO
N (FOR
TRANSPORTATI
ON &
WEAPONRY), &
HORSE-DRAWN
CHARIOTS
COME W/INDOEUROPEAN
ARYAN
MIGRATIONS
 IRRIGATION
SYSTEMS FOR
AGRICULTURE
IN THE INDUS &
GANGES RIVERS
 INVENTION OF
THE IRON PLOW
 ECONOMIC
LIVELIHOOD
WAS BASED ON
AGRICULTURE
(CULTIVATION
OF WHEAT,
BARLEY, RICE,
& MILLET IN
THE INDUS;
GRAIN,
VEGETABLES,
COTTON, &
SPICES IN THE
GANGES)
 TRADE
NETWORKS
EXISTED
W/NILE RIVER,
MEDITERRANEA
N SEA, RED SEA,
PERSIAN GULF,
AND THE INDUS
RIVER VALLEY *
OVERLAND
TRADE
W/MESOPOTAMI
A
 NUMEROUS
INDUSTRIAL
JOBSPECIALIZATIO
NS EXISTED
(METAL WORKS,
TEXTILES,
FARMING,
POTTERY, ETC.)
Yellow River
 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASSES
BASED ON LAND
OWNERSHIP (NOBILITY,
PEASANTRY, MERCHANTS)
 PEASANTS, THOUGH POOR,
REVERED HIGHER THAN
MERCHANTS
 PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY
(REINFORCED BY LATE
ZHOU DYNASTY
PHILOSOPHIES &
LITERATURE)
 URBAN CENTERS WERE
CULTURAL, POLITICAL, &
ECONOMIC HUBS
 MAJORITY OF POPULATION
WAS RURAL, AGRARIAN
PEASANTRY
 FAMILY SOLIDARITY
EXTREMELY IMPORTANT IN
ANCIENT CHINA (FILIAL
PIETY)
 SHANG DYNASTY
POWERFUL &
CENTRALIZED AT
CAPITAL CITIES (E.G.
ANYANG)
 SHANG
MONOPOLIZATION OF
BRONZE & TAX
COLLECTION OF
CROPS & SILK
 SHANG KING USE OF
PRIESTS & ORACLE
BONES AS THEIR
ANCESTORS WERE
SEEN TO BE DIVINE
 ZHOU DYNASTY
POWERFUL, BUT
DECENTRALIZED
W/USE OF REGIONAL
NOBLE FAMILIES &
RELATIVES
 ZHOU
ESTABLISHMENT OF
THE MANDATE OF
HEAVEN & THE
DYNASTIC CYCLE
 RELATIVE WEAKNESS
DURING THE PERIOD
OF WARRING STATES
(LATE ZHOU PERIOD)
 VENERATION OF
ANCESTORS
 FAMILIES TYPICALLY
KEPT SHRINES FOR
OFFERINGS TO
ANCESTORS
 FATHERS LED THE
WORSHIP RITUALS
 NEW RELIGIOUS
BELIEF IN DAOISM
FORMALIZED DURING
THE PERIOD OF
WARRING STATES IN
THE LATE ZHOU
DYNASTY (BECOMES
POPULAR UNDER
NEXT DYNASTY)
 CHINESE WRITTEN
LANGUAGE AS A
CULTURAL UNIFIER
(NON-PHONETIC)
 ANCIENT CHINESE
LITERATURE PRESENT
FROM THE LATE ZHOU
(FIVE CLASSICS: BOOK
OF SONGS, BOOK OF
DOCUMENTS, BOOK
OF RITES, BOOK OF
CHANGES, & SPRING
AND AUTUMN
ANNALS)
 LITERACY WAS A
NOBLE & PRIESTLY
CLASS PRIVILEGE
(SCRIBES HIGHLY
REGARDED)
 DEVELOPMENT OF
CONFUCIANISM IN
LATE ZHOU LEADS TO
CHINESE CIVILSERVICE &
EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEMS
 BRONZE
METALLURGY
HIGHLY
REVERED &
MORE DURABLE
THAN
MESOPOTAMIA;
BRONZE
VESSELS USED
IN ANCESTRAL
WORSHIP; SEEN
AS LUXURIOUS
 IRONMETALLURGY,
HORSE
DOMESTICATIO
N (FOR
TRANSPORTATI
ON &
WEAPONRY), &
HORSE-DRAWN
CHARIOTS
COME W/INDOEUROPEAN
MIGRATIONS
 IRRIGATION
SYSTEMS FOR
AGRICULTURE
IN THE YELLOW
RIVER (CHINA’S
SORROW)
 SILK-MAKING
 ECONOMIC
LIVELIHOOD
WAS BASED ON
AGRICULTURE
(CULTIVATION
OF MILLET IN
THE YELLOW;
RICE IN THE
YANGTZE)
 RELATIVELY
ISOLATED,
ECONOMICALL
Y, FROM THE
OTHER EARLY
CIVILIZATIONS
(UNTIL
CLASSICAL
PERIOD)
THOUGH SOME
SILK FROM
ZHOU PERIOD
MADE IT TO
THE WEST
 ZHOU
DEVELOPMENT
OF STANDARD
CURRENCY
 NUMEROUS
INDUSTRIAL
JOBSPECIALIZATIO
NS EXISTED
(METAL WORKS,
TEXTILES,
FARMING,
POTTERY, ETC.)
Mesoamerica
 ESTIMATES OF URBAN
POPULATIONS AS HIGH AS
200,000 HAVE BEEN MADE
FOR TEOTIHUACAN
 PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY

 CENTERS OF MAYAN
POLITICAL
DEVELOPMENT EXIST
IN TIKAL,
TEOTIUACAN, ETC.
 THE POPUL VUH
ENABLES HISTORIANS
TO UNDERSTAND THIS
REGION’S BELIEF IN
CREATIONISM
 BLOODLETTING AND
HUMAN SACRIFICE
WERE MAJOR RITUALS
WITHIN THIS REGION
 NUMEROUS COLOSSAL
HEADS, FOUND IN SAN
LORENZO AND LA
VENTA, MAY HAVE
BEEN CONSTRUCTED
TO INDICATE THE
LIKENESS OF OLMEC
LEADERSHIP
 RUINS OF ARENAS IN
CHICHEN-ITZA AND
TEOTIHUACAN
 THIS REGION
HAD VERY VEW
LARGE
DOMESTICATAB
LE ANIMALS,
THE MOST
COMMON
DOMESTICATAB
LE ANIMAL WAS
THE ALPACA
 IRON
 MAIZE WAS
THIS REGION’S
MOST
IMPORTANT
STAPLE CROP
 CULTURAL
DIFUSION,
MOSTLY
CENTRALIZED
AT
TEOTIHUACAN,
INDICATE WHERE
SOCIETY’S FAMOUS
BALLGAMES WERE
PLAYED IN THIS
REGIONS
 SOCIETY WITHIN THIS
REGION LEFT ONLY
FOUR WRITTEN TEXTS
INCLUDING THE
POPUL VUH
 WRITING WITHIN THIS
REGION WAS BOTH
IDEOGRAPHIC AND
SYLLABIC
 SOCIETY WITHIN THIS
REGION DEVELOPED
A COMPLEX
CALENDAR SYSTEM,
WHICH WAS BASED ON
BOTH SOLAR AND
CEREMONIAL
PERIODS
METALLURGY
WAS NOT
ADOPTED
WITHIN
SOCIETIES OF
THIS REGION
 JADE AND
OBSIDIAN WERE
NOT ONLY
MADE INTO
CRAFTS, BUT
WERE ALSO
USED AS TOOLS
IN SOCIETIES
WITHIN THIS
REGION
SUGGEST A LOT
OF
INTERACTION
AND
NUMEROUS
CITIES, WHICH
HAS LED
HISTORIANS TO
CONCLUDE
THE
IMPORTANCE
OF A
MERCHANT
CLASS