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ENZYMES 2-4 http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif Chemical reactions need help to get started. Ex: A fire needs a match to get it started. http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif ______________ Energy required to get a chemical reaction _______________ STARTED ACTIVATION ENERGY = ________________________ ACTIVATION ENERGY REACTANTS PRODUCTS Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved CATALYSTS HELP CHEMICAL ___________ HAPPEN FASTER REACTIONS _______________ Catalysts work by ____________ DECREASING the ___________________________to ACTIVATION ENERGY required get a chemical reaction started. IT’S LIKE PUSHING A SNOWBALL UP A HILL Once it gets to top . . . it can roll back all by itself http://www.gifs.net Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm CATALYSTS in Living Things In living systems PROTEINS that __________ act as catalysts ________________to control chemical reactions are called ENZYMES = _________ SEE ANIMATION of AMYLASE More about this in Chapters 7,8,9 and 12 Video 4 Enzymatic Reactions 2D • Click the image to play the video segment. PROTEINS CAN BE ENZYMES ENZYME ACTIVE SITE SUBSTRATE ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX ENZYME Unchanged & Reusable Image modified from: http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif Arrow: http://www.gifanimations.com/action/ImageDisplay/1/2/11/next PRODUCTS Click HERE to learn more about enzymes FIT like ENZYMES _____ a _______________ LOCK AND KEY SUBSTRATE to only _________of _________. ONE KIND Enzymes are ___________ UNCHANGED by the reaction and ___________ REUSABLE http://www.grand-illusions.com/images/articles/toyshop/trick_lock/mainimage.jpg FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYME ACTIVITY temperature pH __________ & ______________ Conditions that are TOO ACIDIC or TOO HOT cause proteins to UNWIND or _________ DENATURE ________ See a movie Choose narrated http://www.desktopfotos.de/Downloads/melt_cd.jpg http://www.nealbrownstudio.com/adm/photo/163_nb_fried_egg.jpg Denaturing _______ changes the _______ shape of the ACTIVE SITE so enzyme ______________ SUBSTRATE ______________ CAN’T BIND to ____________ _______________ HOMEOSTASIS (keeping pH and temperature constant) is ______________ IMPORTANT ENZYME FUNCTION for maintaining ____________________ Image modified from: http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html -ASE Many enzyme NAMES end in _____ and the beginning of the name tells what it does DNA Polymerase= “polymerizes” joins monomers to make DNA Protease= breaks down proteins ATP synthase= synthesizes ATP MAKE CONNECTIONS How is the SHAPE of an enzyme related to its FUNCTION? http://www.gb-sports.co.uk/zoggsfinz.jpg http://www.webweaver.nu/clipart/img/misc/construction/hammer-animation.gif SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. EXAMPLE: role of enzymes SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things. 9-12.L.1.2A. (Synthesis) Describe how living systems use biofeedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. 9-12.L.1.4A. (Application) Identify factors that change the rates of enzyme catalyzed reactions. Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: explain how protein production is regulated; predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, …ADP/ATP, role of enzymes); High school students performing at the BASIC level name chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes); recognize that different structures perform different functions; identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic code; define homeostasis; describe the relationship between structure and function