Download AP US Ch 6-7 pt 1

AP Chapters 6 & 7
Louis XIV – The Sun King
 Interest in colonies.
 In 1608, France
established Quebec,
overlooking the St.
Lawrence River.
 Samuel de Champlain,
“Father of New France”
Quebec 1608
New France
 Primary source of
wealth: fur trade
especially beavers
 French fur trappers
would travel extensively
through North America
 Antoine Cadillac
founded Detroit
 La Salle founded the
colony of Louisiana
 Later New Orleans is
established in 1718
II.
WAGS
and
the
Clash
of
Empires
A. King William’s War
(1689-1697)
B. Queen Anne’s War
(1702-1713)
C. King George’s War
(1740-1748)
D. Seven Years War
(French
and
Indian
War)
 British v.
French
 Native
Americans
on both
sides
The Seven Years
War
 “French & Indian War”
 21 yr old George
Washington…
 Fort Necessity…
 July 4, 1754
Albany Plan of Union - 1754
The Real Fighting Begins…
 60 year-old Gen. Edward
Braddock
 inexperienced soldiers
 slow, heavy artillery.
 British were ambushed by French
using “Indian-tactics.”
 In this battle, Washington had
two horses shot from under him
and four bullets go through his
coat, but never through him.
William Pitt
“Organizer of Victory”
 Changes Pitt made…
 Concentrated on
Quebec-Montreal (the
supply routes to New
France).
 Replaced old, cautious
officers with younger,
daring officers
The 1759 Battle of Quebec
 Fought outside the city on the “Plains of Abraham”
 Wolfe had 4,800 men, Montcalm, 4,000
 British losses 58 killed, 600 wounded
 French losses 644 men killed or wounded
 Both Wolfe and Montcalm were killed in the
battle
 Battle ended in a decisive British victory
The Plains of Abraham…
Treaty of Paris
(1763)
 French Power fades in
North America…
 Proclamation Line of
1763 angers many…
 Marks the end of
salutary neglect…
War’s Fateful Aftermath
 Land-hungry Americans could now settle west of the
Appalachians,
 Parliament issued its Proclamation of 1763,
prohibiting any settlement in the area beyond the
Appalachians.
 Colonists are furious.
Pontiac’s
Rebellion
 1763 Ottawa Chief leads
a handful of tribes…
 British send regular
troops (want colonies to
pay for them)….
 Rebellion crushed but
creates further
problems…
Mercantilism
 Advantages
 Protection
 Assured Trade
 Disadvantages
 Stifled Economy
 Currency Issues

Colonists used butter,
nails, pitch & feathers
Mercantilism
 economic wealth could be measured by the
amount of gold or silver in its treasury.
 To amass gold and silver, a country had to obtain a
favorable balance of trade.
 colonies could supply the mother country with raw
materials, wealth, supplies, a market for selling
manufactured goods etc…
Mercantilism
 For America, that meant giving Britain all
the ships, ships’ stores, sailors, and trade
that they needed and wanted.
 Also, they had to grow tobacco and sugar for
England that Brits would otherwise have to
buy from other countries.
Mercantilism Handcuffs American
Trade
 The Navigation Laws.
 The first of these was enacted in 1650, and was aimed at rival
Dutch shippers who were elbowing their way into the American
shipping.
 The Navigation Laws restricted commerce from the colonies to
England (and back) to only English ships, and none other.
 Other laws stated that European goods consigned to America had
to land first in England, where custom duties could be collected.
 Also, some products, “enumerated goods,” could only be
shipped to England.
Merits of mercantilism:
 The Navigation Laws were hated but not enforced
until 1763. Resulting in widespread smuggling.
“salutary neglect.”
 Tobacco planters, though they couldn’t ship it to
anywhere except Britain, still had a monopoly
within the British market.
Merits of mercantilism:
 Americans had opportunities for self-gov’t.
 Americans also had the mightiest army in the
world in Britain, and didn’t have to pay for it.

After independence, the U.S. had to pay for a tiny army and
navy.
Menace of mercantilism:
 Disadvantages of mercantilism included:
 Americans couldn’t buy, sell, ship, or manufacture
 Virginia, which grew just tobacco, was at the mercy of
the British buyers, who often paid very poorly and were
responsible for putting many planters into debt.
 Many colonists felt that Britain was just milking her
colonies for all they were worth.
Adam Smith
 Scottish born “Father of
Economics”
 Argued against
Mercantilism in Wealth
of Nations
 Encouraged free trade
Prime Minister
George Grenville
 Britain: Biggest Empire
and Biggest Debt
 Proclamation Line




(1763)
Enforce Navigation
Laws
Sugar Act (1764)
Quartering Act (1765)
Stamp Act (1765)
Taxation…..
 Sugar Act of 1764
 increased duty on
foreign sugar imported
from the West Indies;
after numerous protests
from spoiled Americans,
the duties were reduced.
 Stamp Act of 1765
 use of stamped paper or
the affixing of stamps,
certifying payment of
tax.
 required on bills of sale
for about 50 trade items
as well as on certain
types of commercial and
legal documents.
And insult

Both the Stamp Act and
the Sugar Act provided for
offenders to be tried in the
admiralty courts, where
defenders were guilty until
proven innocent.
 The Quartering Act of
1765 required certain
colonies to provide food
and quarters for British
troops.
Colonial Reaction
“No taxation without representation!”
 Americans felt that they were unfairly taxed for an
unnecessary army (hadn’t the French army and
Pontiac’s warriors been defeated?), and they lashed
out violently, especially against the stamp tax.
 Americans denied the right of Parliament to tax
Americans, since no Americans were seated in
Parliament.
Stamp Act
Congress 1765
 Largely Ignored but…
 Nonimportation
Agreements & Boycotts
took their toll…
 Sons of Liberty…
 1766 Parliament repeals
the Stamp Act..
 Passes the Declaratory
Act
Charles
Townshend
 Townshend Acts (1767)
indirect tax on glass,
paper, paint & tea….
The Townshend Tea Tax
 the Townshend Acts in 1767.
 They put light taxes on lead, paper, paint, and
tea, which were later repealed, except tea.
 In 1767, New York’s legislature was
suspended for failure to comply with
the Quartering Act.
the Boston “Massacre”
 Tea was smuggled, though, and to enforce
the law, Brits had to send troops to America.
 March 5, 1770, a crowd of about 60
townspeople in Boston were harassing some
ten Redcoats.
 One fellow got hit in the head, another got hit
by a club.
 Without orders but heavily provoked, the troops
opened fire, wounding or killing eleven
“innocent” citizens, including Crispus Attucks,
a black former-slave and the “leader” of the mob
in the Boston Massacre. Attucks became a
symbol of freedom (from slave, to freeman, to
martyr who stood up to Britain for liberty).
 Only two Redcoats were prosecuted.
George III
 “A good man, a bad
ruler”
 Townshend Acts were a
failure… repealed by
Parliament – except for
the 3 pence tax on tea…
Samuel Adams
 “Zealous, tenacious, and
courageous” he was a
“master propagandist
and engineer of
rebellion”
 Organized the
Committees of
Correspondence…
 1773 – Tea Act passed
 East India Tea Company
 4/5 of taxes collected
refunded to company
 Monopoly
 Price of tea lowered in
colonies
 Seen as a bribe
 Hurt colonial merchants
 Protests throughout
colonies
Boston Tea Party
December 16, 1774
Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts
 Spring 1774 – Coercive Acts
 Boston Port Bill
 Quartering Act
 Administration of Justice Act
 Massachusetts Regulating and
Government Acts
 General Thomas Gage
 2,000 soldiers sent to enforce acts
 Standing army in peacetime
Intolerable Acts
 Quebec Act
 Governor and Council
appointed by the King
would run Quebec.
 Quebec territory expanded
to include:





Ohio
Illinois
Michigan
Indiana
Wisconsin
 Roman Catholicism
 French law established
Prelude to War
 Massachusetts Provisional
Congress
 John Hancock – MA
governor
 Militia – “Minutemen”
 Other colonies followed
 Patrick Henry: “Give me
liberty or give me death.”
First Continental Congress
 Convened in Philadelphia
from September-October,
1774
 55 delegates representing
12 colonies
 Peyton Randolph (VA)
 Declaration of Rights and
Grievances
 Expressed loyalty to the
King
 Condemned the Coercive
Acts
 Continental Association
 Will meet again in May
st
1
Continental Congress - 1774
Rebels, Redcoats, Et Al.
 2.5 million people in colonies at time of Revolution
 British soldiers
 “Redcoats”
 “Lobsterbacks”
 Loyalists (Tories)
 Americans who remained loyal to Britain
 Patriots (Whigs)
 Americans who believed that the British were tyrants
 The forgotten majority?
 Those who favored neither side, but would support the
winner
Paul Revere’s Ride
 General Gage
 Arrest John Hancock and
Samuel Adams
 Secure munitions depot at
Concord
 April 18 – troops set out
 “One if by land, two if by




sea”
Paul Revere
William Dawes
Lexington
Dr. Samuel Prescott
By the rude bridge that arched the flood,
Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled,
Here once the embattled farmers stood
And fired the shot heard ‘round the world.
The Shot Heard ‘Round the World
Lexington and Concord
 April 19, 1775
 Lexington
 77 Minutemen
 “The shot heard round the
world”
 Concord
 8 killed, 10 wounded
 North Bridge – 400 Minutemen
 Bloody retreat
 British: 99 dead, 174 wounded
 Colonists: 49 dead, 46 wounded
 May 1775 – Militia surround
Boston
Second Continental Congress
apprehensions
 "...the
Began May
10, 1775
now oppress our
which
Members:
hearts
with
unspeakable
 John
Hancock
(MA) –
grief, President
being once removed,
your Majesty
will(MA)
find your
John Adams
faithful
subjects
this
 Samuel
Adams on
(MA)
continent
ready
and willing
 Benjamin
Franklin
(PA)
at all
times...to
assert (VA)
and
 George
Washington
maintain
the
rights
 Richard
Henry
Lee and
(VA)
interests
of Jefferson
your Majesty
 Thomas
(VA)
our Mother
and
JohnofDickinson
(DE)
Country.”
~ The Olive
Branch Petition ~
 July 1775 – Olive Branch
Petition by Dickinson
 War preparations
 Washington appointed




commander-in-chief of
the Continental Army
Negotiate with the Native
Americans
Postal system established
(B. Franklin – Postmaster
General)
Continental Navy and
Marine Corps established
Privateering authorized
Fighting Begins in Earnest
 Fort Ticonderoga
 May 1775
 Benedict Arnold
 Ethan Allen
 Green Mountain Boys of
Vermont
 Crown Point
 The Battle of Bunker
(Breed’s) Hill
 June 16, 1775
 Both sides claim victory
 Gage resigns – replaced by
Gen. William Howe
 Washington takes
command
“Don’t fire until you see the
whites of their eyes.”
~ Colonel William Prescott ~
Fighting Begins in Earnest
 Attack on Quebec
 July 1775
 Captured Montreal
 Benedict Arnold
 Failed to take Quebec
 Proclamation for Suppressing
Rebellion and Sedition
 August 22, 1775
 King George III declares that the
colonies are “open and avowed
enemies”
Fighting Begins
 Boston
 March 1776 – Washington
seizes Dorchestor Heights
 Henry Knox
 Cannon captured by Ethan
Allen placed around
Boston
 British Actions
 Prohibitory Act


Cut off trade to America
Naval blockade
 30,000 Hessians hired
 Mercenaries primarily from
Hesse-Cassel, Germany
 Freedom offered to slaves
who fight for British
Common Sense
 Thomas Paine – recent British
immigrant
 January 1776
 46 page long polemic
 Half a million copies sold in
colonies
“When in the Course of Human Events…”
Social Contract Theory
 Thomas Hobbes
 Leviathan (1651)

John Locke

Two Treatises of Government
 “Original State of Nature”
(1690)
 “Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”
Government to protect life,
 Government is to protect life and
liberty, and property
safety
 Provides stability
 It is worth giving up some
freedom to keep most of it
 Government derived from “the
consent of the governed”
 If the government breaks its
end of the contract, the people
have a right to revolt.

The Declaration of Independence
 The Lee Resolution
 June 7, 1776
 Richard Henry Lee
 “That these United Colonies are, and of right, ought to be,
Free and Independent States.”
 Committee of Five
 John Adams (MA)
 Benjamin Franklin (PA)
 Roger Sherman (CT)
 Robert Livingston (NY)
 Thomas Jefferson (VA) – primary draftsman
The Declaration of Independence
 When in the Course of human events, it becomes
necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands
which have connected them with another, and to
assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and
equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of
Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the
opinions of mankind requires that they should declare
the causes which impel them to the separation.
The Declaration of Independence
 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are
created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with
certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty
and the pursuit of Happiness
 That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted
among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of
the governed,
 That whenever any Form of Government becomes
destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to
alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government,
laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its
powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to
effect their Safety and Happiness.
Signing of the Declaration
 July 2, 1776
 Congress votes unanimously for
independence
 July 4, 1776
 Members begin to sign their
names